Sehu - Ophthalmic Pathology-2005

270 I N D E X

Bergmeister’s papilla 128 beta irradiation 196

Blastomyces corneal infections 70 blepharoconjunctivitis 28, 34 blepharospasm, congenital glaucoma 138 blood

corneal blood staining 78, 79 viscosity in diabetes 220

blood agar plates 15, 16 Bodian stain 10, 11

bone spicule pattern, retinal 225, 226 Bowman’s layer of cornea 62, 63, 64, 65

breaks in keratoconus 86, 88 calcification 64, 65

herpes simplex virus 73 Bruch’s membrane

choroidal cavernous haemangioma 256–7 choroidal melanoma 251, 252 cobblestone degeneration of retina 231

disruption in age-related macular degeneration differential diagnosis 231, 232

rupture 188

bullous keratopathy 89 bacterial keratitis 67 postaphakic 86, 89 buphthalmos 154, 155

congenital glaucoma 138

calotte 9 canaliculitis 36, 38 Candida 15

corneal infections 70, 71 pyogenic reactions 163

capillary haemangioma 36 carcinoma-in-situ, conjunctival 52, 53 cataract

congenital 128 hypermature swollen 144 Peters’ anomaly 124, 125 sarcoidosis 168 subcapsular 7

surgical pathology 193–4 cavernous haemangioma 36

choroidal 256–7 orbital 103, 104, 105

cellophane maculopathy see epiretinal membrane cellulitis, orbital 94, 95

chalazion 6, 7, 20, 21 chamber angle 2, 4, 136, 137 CHARGE syndrome 134 chemical injuries 194, 195 Chlamydia trachomatis

conjunctival infection 40, 46, 47 follicular conjunctivitis 40 ophthalmia neonatorum 47 papillary conjunctivitis 47

chocolate agar plates 15

cholesterol crystals, corneal deposition 79 chorioretinitis 175–6, 177, 178, 179, 180

syphilis 165 choristoma

choroidal 257 conjunctival 48, 49 eyelid 36

choroid

angiomas 256–7 blunt trauma 188, 189

cavernous haemangioma 256–7 coloboma 133, 134 hamartomas 256–7, 258

histological features 2, 4

melanoma 250–1, 252, 253, 254, 255 metastases 250–1

naevi 250, 251 osteoma 257 phthisis bulbi 201

sympathetic ophthalmitis 165 tears 188, 189

tumours 150, 250–1, 252, 253, 254, 255 cicatricial pemphigoid, ocular 42, 44, 45 ciliary body

ciliary process epithelial tumours 248, 249 coloboma 133, 134

development 122, 123 diabetes mellitus 222, 224 enucleated globe 2, 3 histological features 2, 4 lens-induced uveitis 170 melanocytoma 248 melanoma 148, 247–8 naevi 247

non-pigmented epithelium adenoma/adenocarcinoma 248, 249

pars plana epithelial tumours 248, 249 pigmented epithelium adenoma/adenocarcinoma

248, 249 ‘shut down’ 188

spindle cell tumours 248 tears 146, 147, 186 transcleral ablation 152, 153 tumours 150, 247–8, 249

ciliary processes, centripetal traction 129 persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous 128

climatic droplet keratopathy 76, 77–8 Coats’ disease 210, 211

retinoblastoma differential diagnosis 261 Coccidioides, corneal infections 70 Cogan’s ‘map-dot-fingerprint’ dystrophy 79 collagen

corneal stromal healing 184 Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy 82

collagenases 74, 185 collagenolysis 64

rheumatoid keratitis 74, 75 colloidal iron stain 10, 11 coloboma 132, 133, 134 commotio retinae 188

cone photoreceptors 204, 205

congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) 66, 84, 85

congenital tilted disc 130, 131 conjunctiva

anatomy 40, 41

autoimmune conditions 42, 43, 44 cysts 48, 49

degenerative conditions 47, 48–9 dysplasia 8, 52, 53

epithelium in closed globe injury 185 inflammatory conditions 42, 43, 44, 45–6, 47 lymphoproliferative disease 57, 58, 59 melanoma 16

normal 40

radiation damage 196 specimens 40, 41 syphilis 165

tumours

benign 48, 49–50, 51

malignant 50, 52, 53–4, 55–6, 57, 58, 59

premalignant 50, 52, 53

conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 50 conjunctivitis

adult inclusion 47 chronic 40, 41 follicular 40, 41

chlamydial 40, 46, 47 toxic 42

trachoma 46, 47 granulomatous 44, 45 papillary 40, 41

trachoma 46, 47 swimming pool 15 vernal 42

contact lenses, reusable 70 cornea

abscess 66 amyloidosis 78, 79 anatomy 62, 63

anomalies 124, 125, 126 blood staining 78, 79 Bowman’s layer 62, 63, 64, 65

herpes simplex virus 73 degeneration 76, 77–8, 79 dermoid 86, 88

Descemet’s membrane 62, 63, 66 fungal infection 70, 71

development 122, 123 diabetes mellitus 219 endothelium 62, 63, 66

dystrophies 82, 83, 84 normal turnover 185 trauma 185

viral infection 74 epithelium 62, 63, 64

closed globe injury 185 ingrowth 190

normal turnover 184 trauma 184

fibrous ingrowth 190, 191 fungal infections 89 histological features 2, 3 infections 66–74, 75 keratocytes 64 malformations 86, 88 neovascularisation 64, 65

non-infectious conditions 74, 75, 76 normal 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

oedema 64, 89, 90, 154 opacities in sclerocornea 126 penetrating wound 190 rheumatoid keratitis 74, 76, 77 scar 64, 65

scrapings 64

specimen examination 62, 64, 65, 66 spheroidal degeneration 76, 77–8 staphyloma 84

stroma 62, 64, 65 deposits 64, 79

dystrophies 78–80, 81, 82 healing 184–5

normal turnover 184 syphilis 165

trauma 148, 149

treatment-related pathology 86, 89,

90, 91, 92 ulceration 64, 67, 69

rheumatoid 74

viral infections 66, 73–4, 75

see also Bowman’s layer of cornea; Descemet’s membrane; keratectasia

I N D E X 271

corneal grafts 89, 90 corneal hydrops 86, 87–8

corneoscleral envelope rupture 188, 189 cranial neuropathy in diabetes mellitus 219

cyanoacrylate glue, rheumatoid keratitis treatment 76 cyclitic membrane 200, 201

cyclodialysis 147 cyclopia 134

cystoid macular oedema 194, 195 cysts

conjunctival 48, 49 iris 246–7

lymphatic, conjunctiva 49 orbital 101, 102, 103, 134 retinal 234, 235

cysts, eyelid 20, 21, 22 dermoid 20, 22, 23 epidermoid 20, 23

epithelial inclusion 20, 22, 23 sudoriferous 20, 21

cytomegalovirus (CMV), chorioretinitis 176, 177

dacryoadenitis 110, 111 dacryocystitis 36, 37

Actinomyces 15 dacryoliths 36, 37

Dalen–Fuchs nodule 165, 166, 167 demyelinating disease of optic nerve 115, 116 dermoid

conjunctival 48, 49 corneal 86, 88

dermoid cyst, orbital 101 descemetocoele 68

herpes simplex virus 73 Descemet’s membrane 62, 63, 66

breaks 66

corneal hydrops 86, 87, 88

Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy 82, 83 fungal infection 70, 71

Peters’ anomaly 124, 125 rupture 64

secondary 89, 91, 147 diabetes mellitus

clinical presentation 219 macroscopic pathology 220, 221

microscopic pathology 220, 221, 222, 223–4 pathogenesis 219–20

retinal vascular disease 216, 219–20, 221, 222, 223–4 treatment 220

diabetic maculopathy 222, 223 diabetic retinopathy

macular oedema 209 non-proliferative/proliferative 219

Down’s syndrome iris naevus 244 keratoconus 86

drusen 115, 116

age-related macular degeneration 227, 228, 229 dry eye 42, 43

see also Sjögren’s syndrome dyskeratosis 25

dysplasia 7, 8

dysthyroid eye disease see thyroid eye disease dystrophy

congenital hereditary endothelial cornea 66, 84, 85 cornea, stromal 78–80, 81, 82, 83, 84

retinal 224–5

elastin van Gieson stain 10, 12 electron microscopy 13

272 I N D E X

embedding, paraffin 9 embryology, normal 122, 123

endocrine exophthalmos see thyroid eye disease endophthalmitis 160–75

bacterial keratitis 66 blood-borne infection 162, 163 cataract surgical pathology 193

chorioretinitis in HIV infection 176 chronic post-operative 161 phacoanaphylactic 168, 170 postsurgical 162

retinoblastoma differential diagnosis 261 saccular 161

trauma-related 162

endothelial dystrophies, cornea 82, 83, 84

eosinophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes 5, 6, 158, 159 epiphora 36, 37–8

congenital glaucoma 138 epiretinal membrane 231, 233 episclera, hyperpigmentation 255 episcleritis 74

epithelial cells, phthisis bulbi 199 epithelial downgrowth 148, 149 epithelial inclusion cysts 48, 49

Escherichia coli on non-nutrient agar, acanthamoeba 15, 72 exfoliation syndrome 140, 142, 143

eye anomalies, whole 132, 133, 134 eye development, normal 122, 123 eye drops, follicular conjunctivitis 42 eye rubbing, chronic 86

eyelid 18–36 anatomy 18, 19

epidermis benign tumours 22 examination 18, 19 infections 18, 19, 20 inflammation 20, 21

normal 18

premalignant changes 25, 27 radiation damage 196

soft tissue tumours 36 Stevens–Johnson syndrome 44 syphilis 165

tumours

benign 20, 21, 22, 23–4, 25, 26 malignant 25, 27, 28, 29–32, 33, 34–5, 36

factor VIII antibody 16 fibroblasts 160

phthisis bulbi 199 fixatives, U 8–9 Fleischer ring 84, 86, 88 fleurettes 261, 262

Flexner–Wintersteiner rosettes 261, 262 flow cytometry 13

foreign body, intraocular 190, 191–2, 193 inorganic 192, 193

organic 190, 191 formalin, fixative 8 fresh/frozen sections 9

Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy 82, 83, 84, 85 Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis 148 fungal infections

chorioretinitis in HIV infection 176 corneal 70, 71, 89

orbital 94, 95 pathogens 15

pyogenic reactions 161, 163

gamma irradiation 196 gelatinases 185

ghost cell glaucoma 146, 147, 186 giant cell arteritis, orbital 96, 98, 98–9

giant cell granulomatous reactions 44, 45 Gillespie’s syndrome 126

glands of Moll 18, 19 glands of Zeis 18 glaucoma 8

acute 152, 154 angle closure aniridia 127 classification 136 congenital 138, 139

diabetes mellitus 219 ghost cell 146, 147, 186

inflammatory 148, 149, 150 intraocular lymphoma 266 iris cysts 247

lens-related 144, 145–6, 168 nanophthalmos 134 neoplastic 148, 149 neovascular 150, 151, 236 optic disc swelling/atrophy 114 pathological examination 136 Peters’ anomaly 124, 125 phacolytic 144, 145–6, 168 pigmentary 142, 144 post-traumatic 146, 147, 148

primary closed angle 139–40, 141 primary open angle 138–9 sclerocornea 126

secondary 148, 149, 168 iris melanoma 245

neovascular 209, 259, 263

Toxocara 180, 181 toxoplasma infection 178, 179

secondary closed angle 150, 151 lens-induced uveitis 168

secondary open angle 140, 142, 143, 144, 145–6, 147–8, 149

angle recession 186 lens-induced uveitis 168 melanomalytic 248

trauma 150 treatment 152, 153 tumours 150

Glaukomflecken 154 glial cells

intraretinal 231, 233 proliferation 200, 201, 238, 239

glioma, optic nerve 117, 118 gliosis 154

globe

closed injury 185–6, 187, 188 enucleated 2, 3 measurements 9

microscopic features 2, 3–5 shrunken 198–9, 200, 201

glutaraldehyde fixative 8 glycosaminoglycans see mucopolysaccharides Goldenhar’s syndrome 86

Gram stain 10, 11, 13, 15 granular dystrophy, corneal 80, 81 granulomas, sarcoidosis 166

granulomatous inflammatory reaction 5, 6, 7, 160 infections 164–5

non-infective 165–6, 167, 168, 169, 170–1, 172–3, 174–5

granulomatous nodules, perivascular 168 Graves’ dysthyroid disease see thyroid eye disease growth hormone (GH) 220

Haab’s striae 154

haematic cyst, orbital 102, 103

Haemophilus influenzae, orbital infection 94 haemosiderin, retinal deposition 216, 218 haemosiderosis bulbi 188, 189

hamartoma

choroidal 256–7, 258 conjunctival 48, 49 eyelid 36

orbital 104, 105 vascular 256–7

see also astrocytic hamartoma

Hartmanella 72 healing 184–5 herpes simplex

chorioretinitis 175, 176 corneal infection 73–4, 75

herpes zoster chorioretinitis 176, 177 corneal infection 74

heterochromia

iris naevus syndrome 245 medulloepithelioma 263 Histoplasma (histoplasmosis)

corneal infections 70

presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome 231 HIV infection

chorioretinitis 176, 177 Kaposi’s sarcoma of eyelid 33

HMB45, immunohistochemical marker 16 Homer–Wright rosettes 261, 262 Hordeolum, stye 18

human papilloma virus (HPV) 18 hyaloid artery, persistent 129 hyperkeratosis 7

hyperplasia 7

hypersensitivity, follicular conjunctivitis 40 hypertension 207, 213

malignant 209, 213 hypertrophy 7 hyphaema

anterior segment damage 186, 187 post-traumatic glaucoma 146, 147

hypopyon

acanthamoeba infection 72 bacterial keratitis 66

saccular endophthalmitis 161 hypotonia, uveal effusion syndrome 240

immune complex deposition 76

immunocompetent patients, chorioretinitis 175–6, 177 immunocompromised patients

chorioretinitis 176, 177 fungal infections 70 mycobacterial infections 164

immunoelectron microscopy 13 immunohistochemistry, applications 13, 14

acanthamoeba keratitis 73 antibodies 14

choroidal melanoma 253 choroidal naevi 250 conjunctival melanoma 57 conjunctival naevi 50 intraocular lymphoma 266, 267 iris melanoma 246

lymphoproliferative disease 58, 59 ocular cicatricial pemphigoid 43, 44 retinoblastoma 261 rhabdomyosarcoma 106, 108

sebaceous gland carcinoma of eyelid 33, 37

I N D E X 273

Stevens–Johnson syndrome 44 sympathetic ophthalmitis 166 toxoplasma infection 178, 179

immunosuppression, corneal grafts 89, 90 in situ hybridization 13

infants, non-accidental injury 198, 199 infections

conjunctival 46, 47

corneal 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72–4, 75 eyelid 18, 19, 20

granulomatous inflammatory reaction 164–5 lacrimal drainage system 36, 37–8

orbital 94, 95

parasitic 178, 179, 180 protozoal 70, 72–3

see also bacterial infections; fungal infections; viral infections

inflammation 158, 159, 160 definition 5, 6, 7

eyelid 20, 21

glaucoma 148, 149, 150 lacrimal glands 110, 111 optic nerve 115, 116

orbital 94, 95, 96, 97–100, 101 inflammatory reaction classification 160

inflammatory response constituents 158, 159, 160 infrared, radiation injuries 196

intracranial pressure, raised 117, 118 intraocular foreign body 190, 191–2, 193 ionising radiation 196

iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE) 66, 84, 85 iridocyclitis

bacterial keratitis 67 leprosy 164

syphilis 165 traumatic 186

iridocyclodialysis 186, 187 iridodialysis 146, 147, 186, 187 iris

anomalies 126–7 coloboma 132, 133 cysts 246 development 122, 123

diabetes mellitus 222, 223, 224 exfoliation syndrome 142, 143 heterochromia 148, 263 histological features 2, 4 infarction 154, 155 lens-induced uveitis 170

Lisch nodules 106 melanoma 148, 149, 245–6 metastases 247

naevus 244–5

neovascular glaucoma 150, 151, 259 Peters’ anomaly 124, 125

pigment epithelium 4, 246 pigmentary glaucoma 144 syphilis 165 transillumination defects 142 tumours 244–5, 246, 247

iris root 136 tear 186, 187

trauma 146, 147

Kaposi’s sarcoma

chorioretinitis in HIV infection 176 eyelid 33

Kearns–Sayre syndrome 225 keratan sulphate 82 keratectasia 84, 86, 87

274 I N D E X

keratin, spheroidal degeneration of cornea 76, 77–8

keratoacanthoma, eyelid 25, 26 keratoconjunctivitis sicca 42, 43, 74 keratoconus 84, 86, 87

breaks in Bowman’s layer 64 keratocytes, corneal 64, 65, 184 keratohyaline corneal deposits 79, 80, 81 keratopathy

aniridia 127 degenerative 154

Khodadoust line 89 Krukenberg spindle 142

Labrador keratopathy 76, 77–8 lacrimal drainage system 36, 37–8 lacrimal glands

accessory 18, 19

inflammatory diseases 110, 111 metastases 110, 112, 113 normal 110, 111

radiation damage 196 tumours 110, 111, 112

lacrimal sac mucocoele 36 tumours 36, 38

Langhan’s multinucleate giant cells 164 laser refractive surgery 185

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) 91, 92, 185

lasers 194, 196

lattice dystrophy, cornea 80, 81

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy 115, 118 lens

anomalies 128

ciliary body melanoma 247 cortex liquefaction 144 development 122, 123 diabetes mellitus 219 dislocation 186, 187 enucleated globe 2, 3 epithelial infarction 154 histological features 2, 4 phthisis bulbi 200, 201 radiation damage 196, 197 retained matter 193, 194, 195 subluxation 186, 187

lentiglobus 128

lentigo maligna, eyelid 33 leprosy 164

leucocoria 258 Coats’ disease 210

medulloepithelioma 263

persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous 128 retinoblastoma 259

differential diagnosis 244 leucoma 86

light, visible 196

lipid keratopathy 75, 78, 79 lipids, corneal deposits 79

Lisch nodules, neurofibromatosis 106 Lowenstein-Jensen media 15, 15 Loyez stain 10, 11 lymphangiectasias 48, 49 lymphangioma 36

lymphatic cysts 48, 49 lymphocytes 5, 6, 158, 159

thyroid eye disease 100, 101 lymphoid hyperplasia

atypical 103, 109 benign reactive 58, 59

lymphoid neoplasia 264, 265, 266, 267 lymphoid tumours, orbital 103, 108, 109–10 lymphoma

chorioretinitis in HIV infection 176 eyelid 33

intraocular 266, 267 lacrimal sac 36, 38 malignant 103, 109

conjunctival 58, 59 orbital 103, 109

thyroid eye disease differential diagnosis 101 lymphoproliferative disease

conjunctival 57, 58, 59 orbital 103, 108, 109–10

MacConkey’s agar plate 15 macrophages 160

phacolytic glaucoma 144, 145 retinal vascular disease 209

macroscopic examination 9 macula

cystoid oedema 194, 195, 209 diabetes 222, 223

normal anatomy 204, 205

macular degeneration, age-related 225, 227–8,

229–30, 231, 232 atrophic 227, 228

basement membrane deposits 227, 228, 229–30 drusen 227, 228, 229

exudative 227 neovascular 227

macular dystrophy, cornea 82, 83 macular oedema 154

macular pucker see epiretinal membrane masquerade syndrome 28

Masson trichrome stain 10, 12 mast cells 5, 6, 158, 159

matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) corneal stromal healing 184–5

meat broth 15 medulloepitheliomas 263, 264 Meesmann’s dystrophy, cornea 79 Meibomian gland, chalazion 20, 21 melanocytes 24

abnormal migration 255 intraocular tumour derivation 244 iris naevus 245

Lisch nodules 106 malignant 54, 55

melanocytic neoplasia, conjunctival 53–4, 55–6, 57 melanocytoma 248

optic nerve head 255 melanocytosis, ocular 255 melanoma, malignant

acquired melanosis 53 amelanotic 56

choroidal 250–1, 252, 253, 254, 255 prognosis 250–1, 253, 255

ciliary body 148, 247–8 conjunctival 16, 54, 56, 57 eyelid 33

iris 148, 149, 245–6 metastatic spread 54 necrosis 252, 253 phthisical eyes 198 pre-existing naevi 49 ring 245

uveal tract spread 253, 254 melanosis, primary acquired, conjunctiva

53–4, 55, 57

melanosis oculi see melanocytosis, ocular

melanosomes 148, 149 meningioma

optic nerve 117, 119

optic nerve glioma differential diagnosis 117 orbit 117, 119

Merkel cell tumour, eyelid 33 metamorphopsia, age-related macular

degeneration 225 metaplasia 7, 8 metastases

choroid 250–1 eyelid 33

iris 247

lacrimal glands 110, 112, 113 panophthalmic neoplasia 264, 265 retinoblastoma 244

microaneurysms, posterior pole in diabetes 220, 221–2 microangiopathy, occlusive in limbal vessels 74 microbiology 15

media 15, 16, 72

microcystoid peripheral degeneration retina 234, 235 microphthalmia 134

iris coloboma 132

persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous 128 microwaves 196

Mikulicz’s syndrome 110 Miller’s syndrome 126 mitotic figures 7, 8 Mittendorf dot 128

molluscum contagiosum 20, 21 chorioretinitis in HIV infection 176

Moraxella, bacterial keratitis 69 morning glory anomaly 132, 133 mucocoele

lacrimal sac 36 orbital 101, 102 mucopolysaccharides

corneal deposits in macular dystrophy 79, 82, 83 deposition in extraocular muscle 100, 101

Mucor (mucormycosis) 15, 94, 95 corneal infections 70

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 57 Müller cells 199

multiple sclerosis, optic nerve 115, 116 Munson’s sign 84

mycobacteria 13, 15 atypical 15

granulomatous conjunctivitis 44 granulomatous reactions 164

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare 164 chorioretinitis in HIV infection 176

Mycobacterium leprae 15, 18 granulomatous reactions 164

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 15, 164

MYOC gene 138 myofibroblasts 64, 65

corneal stromal healing 184 myopia 231, 233

high in age-related macular degeneration differential diagnosis 231

naevi

choroidal 250, 251 ciliary body 247 conjunctival 49–50, 51 eyelid 22, 24

iris 244–5 nanophthalmia 134 necrosis 8

necrotising fasciitis 18 necrotising sclerokeratitis 100

I N D E X 275

nerve fibre layer, glaucomatous atrophy 156 neurilemmoma see schwannoma neurofibroma 19, 36

orbital 103, 104, 105 neurofibromatosis

iris naevus 244

orbital 104, 105–6, 107 neuroretinitis in syphilis 165

non-accidental injury of infants 198, 199 non-granulomatous reactions 160 non-proliferative retinopathy, diabetic 219 nutrient agar plate 15

nutritional deficiency, optic nerve 115

ocular cicatricial pemphigoid 42, 44, 45 oligodendrocytes, retinal 131 ophthalmia neonatorum 47

ophthalmitis, sympathetic 165–6, 167, 168, 190 optic atrophy 114–15, 116, 117

optic cup development 122, 123 optic disc

anomalies 130, 131, 132, 133 coloboma 134

cupping 154, 156 histological features 2, 5 oedema in syphilis 165

swelling 114–15, 116, 117, 155 optic nerve

avulsion 188 blunt trauma 188

compressive lesions 115, 116 development 122 enucleated globe 2, 3 hypoplasia 132

normal anatomy 114, 115 nutritional deficiency 115

pathology 114–15, 116, 117, 118–19 phthisis bulbi 201

retinoblastoma 259 sarcoidosis 166 syphilis 165

toxins 115, 116 tumours 117, 118–19

optic nerve head melanocytoma 255 optic neuritis 115, 116

optic neuropathy diabetes mellitus 219 ischaemic 115, 116 radiation damage 198 traumatic 188

optic pit 132, 133 ora serrata 204, 205 orbit

abscess 94, 95

amyloid deposits 96, 97 anatomy 94

biopsy specimens 94 cellulitis 94, 95

cysts 101, 102, 103, 134 exenteration specimens 94, 95

idiopathic inflammatory disease 94, 96, 97 thyroid eye disease differential diagnosis 101

infections 94, 95

inflammatory conditions 94, 95, 96, 97–100, 101 lymphoma in thyroid eye disease differential diagnosis 101 pathology 94–110

pseudotumour 94, 96, 97 sarcoidosis 96, 97

systemic autoimmune vasculitides 96, 98–100, 101 tumours 101, 102, 103, 104, 105–6, 107–8, 109–10

meningioma 117, 119

276 I N D E X

pannus 64, 65

panophthalmic neoplasia 264, 265, 266, 267 panophthalmitis 160–75

panretinal photocoagulation 216 panuveitis, Behçet’s syndrome 174 papilloedema 154

paraffin embedding 9 parakeratosis 7

paranasal space expansion 101, 102 parasites, chorioretinitis 178, 179, 180 pars plana 204, 205

pathological examination 8 Pax6 gene 127

pemphigoid see ocular cicatricial pemphigoid penetrating injury 190

penetrating keratoplasty corneal graft rejection 89

Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy 82, 83 sclerocornea 126

perforating injury 190

periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain 10, 12 periphlebitis, retinal in sarcoidosis 168

persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) 128–9, 130 retinoblastoma differential diagnosis 261

persistent pupillary membrane 127 Peters’ anomaly 86, 124, 125 phacoanaphylaxis 168, 170 phacomacrophages 144, 145 photoablation, laser 196 photocoagulation

laser 196 panretinal 216

photodisruption, laser 196 photophobia

congenital glaucoma 138 corneal grafts 89

photoreceptor–retinal pigment epithelium interface 204, 205 photoreceptors

retinitis pigmentosa 224–5 photorefractive keratectomy 91, 92, 185 phthisis, uveal effusion syndrome 240 phthisis bulbi 188, 198–9, 200, 201 phycomycosis see Mucor (mucormycosis) pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) 142, 144 pinguecula 46, 47

plasma cells 5, 6, 158, 159 plastic embedding 9 platelets 220

pleomorphic adenoma, lacrimal glands 110, 111, 112, 113

malignant 112

polyarteritis nodosa, orbital 96, 98 polymerase chain reaction 13 polymorphonuclear leucocytes 5, 158, 159 postaphakic decompensation 86, 89, 90 posterior lens capsule opacity 194, 195

posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPD) 84, 85 posterior segment anomalies 128–9, 130, 131–2 premacular gliosis see epiretinal membrane presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POH) 231 programmed cell death see apoptosis

proliferative retinopathy, diabetic 219 proliferative vitreoretinopathy 231

Proprionibacterium acnes 161 proptosis

choroidal tumour 253

idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease 96, 97 retinoblastoma 259

rhabdomyosarcoma 106 scleritis 173, 174 thyroid eye disease 101

proteoglycans see mucopolysaccharides proton beam 196

protozoal infections, corneal 70, 72–3 Prussian blue stain 10, 12 psammoma bodies 117, 119

pseudexfoliation syndrome see exfoliation syndrome pseudohypopyon 144

retinoblastoma 148, 259 Pseudomonas, bacterial keratitis 67 pseudopterygium 47, 48

pseudoretinitis pigmentosa, post-traumatic 188, 189 pseudoxanthoma elasticum 115

pterygium 47, 48 pyogenic granuloma 6, 7

pyogenic reactions 160–2, 163

radial keratotomy 91, 92

radiation injury 194, 196, 197, 198 refractive surgery 91, 92

Refsum’s disease 225 Reis–Bückler dystrophy 80, 81 retina

anomalies 129, 130, 131 astrocytoma 258, 259 atrophy 236, 237

inner layers 154, 155 blunt trauma 188, 189

bone spicule pattern 225, 226 breaks dialysis 234, 235 cobblestone degeneration 231, 234 coloboma 133, 134

cysts 234, 235 degeneration

central 225, 227–8, 229–30, 231 peripheral 231–40, 241

detachment 234–40, 241

age-related macular degeneration 231, 232 choroidal cavernous haemangioma 256–7 exudative 240, 241

intraocular lymphoma 266 retinoblastoma 259

rhegmatogenous 188, 189, 234–40, 241 treatment 236, 238, 239, 240, 241

dialysis 234

diabetic retinopathy 216, 219–20, 221, 222, 223–4 dysplasia 129, 130

dystrophies 224–5 enucleated globe 2, 3

glial cells in phthisis bulbi 199 gliosis 200, 201 haemangioma 206 haemorrhage 208, 216, 217

age-related macular degeneration 231, 232 haemosiderin deposition 216, 218

herniation 132, 133 histological features 2, 4 holes 234, 235

hyperpigmentation in age-related macular degeneration 227

lattice degeneration 231, 233–4 microinfarcts 209

myelinated nerve fibres 130, 131 necrosis

acute 175, 176, 179 progressive outer (PORN) 176

neovascularisation 216, 217, 259 diabetes 222, 223

normal anatomy 204, 205, 206 normal development 129, 130 oedema 154, 165, 188 pavingstone degeneration 231, 234

periphery 204, 205 sickle cell disease 224 syphilis 165

tamponading agents 239, 240, 241 tears 188, 189, 234, 235

telangectatic vascular abnormalities 210, 211 tumours 150, 258, 259–63, 264

vascular disease acquired 212–24

malformations 206–7, 208–9, 210, 211 pathological features 206, 207, 208–9

vascular radiation damage 196 vasculature, normal 206

retinal artery occlusion, branch/central 214, 215 retinal pigment epithelium 188, 189

adenoma/adenocarcinoma 257

congenital hypertrophy and hyperplasia 257, 258 photoreceptor fragment attachment 236 photoreceptor interface 204, 205

phthisis bulbi 200, 201 proliferation 238, 239

retinal detachment treatment 236, 237–8 retinitis pigmentosa 225

retinal vein occlusion

branch 168, 213, 215–16, 217–18 central 168, 213, 215–16, 217–18, 219

diabetes 220

retinitis pigmentosa 224–5, 226 retinoblastoma 244, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262

calcification 261, 262

cell differentiation 261, 262 endophytic 258, 259, 260 exophytic 259, 260 genetics 261

necrosis 259 pseudohypopyon 148

retinopathy of prematurity 212–13, 214 retinoblastoma differential diagnosis 261

retinopexy 238

retrocorneal membranes 89, 91 rhabdomyoblasts 106, 107 rhabdomyosarcoma

eyelid 36

orbital 103, 106, 107–8 rheumatoid disease

corneal ulceration 74, 76, 77 scleritis 171, 173

uveal effusion syndrome 240 rod photoreceptors 204, 205

retinitis pigmentosa 224–5 Roth’s spot 161, 162, 208

Sabauraud’s media 15 saccular endophthalmitis 161 sarcoidosis

granulomatous conjunctivitis 44, 45 lacrimal glands 110

ocular 166, 168, 169, 170 orbital 96, 97

scar, corneal hydrops 86, 88 Schlemm’s canal 136, 139 angle recession 146, 147 exfoliation syndrome 143

Schnyder’s crystalline keratopathy 79 schwannoma, orbital 103, 106, 107 sclera

hyperpigmentation 255

thickening in uveal effusion syndrome 240 scleral spur congenital absence 138, 139 scleritis 74, 171, 172–3, 174

acanthamoeba infection 72

I N D E X 277

anterior 171, 172–3 brawny 171 posterior 171, 173

sclerocornea 126

scotoma, retinal detachment 234 sebaceous gland carcinoma

chalazion differential diagnosis 20 eyelid 28, 33, 34–5, 37

seborrhoeic keratosis, eyelid 22, 24 senile keratosis, eyelid 25, 27

shaken baby syndrome see non-accidental injury of infants sickle cell disease 224

silicone oil

emulsification 148, 149

retinal tamponading agent 239, 240, 241 Sjögren’s syndrome

corneal 74 dry eye 42, 43

lacrimal glands 110, 111 soft tissue tumours, eyelid 36 solar keratosis 7

eyelid 25, 27, 31

spheroidal degeneration of cornea 76, 77–8 spring catarrh 42

squamous cell carcinoma conjunctiva 52, 53 eyelid 28, 30–2 lacrimal sac 36, 38 staging 28

squamous cell papilloma, eyelid 22, 25, 26 stains for histology 9, 10, 11–12

microbiological 13, 15

Staphylococcus aureus 18 bacterial keratitis 69 dacryocystitis 36 orbital infection 94

Staphylococcus endophthalmitis 162 staphyloma 154

corneal 84 scleritis 171

Stevens–Johnson syndrome 43, 44

Streptococcus endophthalmitis 162-haemolytic 16 orbital infection 94

Streptococcus pneumoniae 69 Streptococcus pyogenes 18

bacterial keratitis 69 Streptococcus viridans 68

stromal dystrophies, corneal 79–80, 81, 82 stromelysin 185

Sturge–Weber syndrome, choroidal 256–7 Stye, hordeolum 18

submacular surgery 231, 232

subretinal neovascular membrane 227, 228, 231, 232, 233 sulphur granules in actinomycosis 36, 38

surgical pathology, lens extraction 193–4, 195 synophthalmia 134

syphilis

corneal infection 74 granulomatous reactions 164–5

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), orbital 96, 98

tamponading agents 239, 240, 241 temporal artery occlusion 98–9 teratoma, orbital 102, 103

thermal injury 194 thermotherapy 194

thyroid eye disease 100, 101 TIGR gene 138

tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 74, 184

278 I N D E X

tissue preparation 8–9, 10–12, 13, 14, 15 tissue repair, cornea 184–5

topical medication, follicular conjunctivitis 40, 42 TORCH syndrome 128

toxins

optic nerve 115, 116 pyogenic reactions 161

Toxocara canis 180, 181

retinoblastoma differential diagnosis 261

Toxoplasma gondii

chorioretinitis 176, 178, 179, 180 HIV infection coincidental 176

trabecular meshwork 136, 137 exfoliation syndrome 142, 143 glaucoma

congenital 138, 139 post-traumatic 146, 147

inflammation 148, 149

iris melanoma infiltration 148, 149 melanin deposition 142, 144 silicone oil 148, 149

trabeculectomy 152 trabeculitis 148, 149

lens-induced uveitis 168 trachoma 46, 47

transcleral ciliary body ablation 152, 153 trauma 187, 188–98

age-related macular degeneration differential diagnosis 231

blunt 185–6, 187, 188, 189 chemical 194, 195

cornea 148, 149 endothelial 185 epithelial 184

endophthalmitis 162

glaucoma 146, 147, 148, 149, 150

mechanical 185–6, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191–2, 193 non-accidental injury of infants 198, 199

optic disc swelling/atrophy 114, 115 penetrating injury 190

perforating injury 190 physical 194, 196, 197, 198 surgical pathology 193–4, 195 terminology 185, 186

Treponema pallidum 164

trichiasis, ocular cictricial pemphigoid 42 trisomy 21 86

trisomy D 129 trisomy E 129 tumours 244

choroidal 150, 250–1, 252, 253, 254, 255 ciliary body 150, 247–8, 249

conjunctival 48, 49–59 eyelid

benign 20, 21, 22, 23–4, 25, 26 malignant 25, 27, 28, 29–32, 33, 34–5, 36

glaucoma, secondary to 150 iris 244–5, 246, 247

lacrimal gland 110, 111, 112 lacrimal sac 36, 38

optic nerve 117, 118–19 orbital 101–10

meningioma 117, 119

panophthalmic neoplasia 264, 265, 266, 267 retinal 150, 258, 259–63, 264

ulceration

corneal 64, 67, 69

rheumatoid keratitis 74, 76, 77 tumour 27–29, 31–2

ulcerative keratitis 66–76 infectious 66–74, 75

ultraviolet radiation 25

conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma 53 injuries 196

Usher’s syndrome 225

uveal effusion syndrome 240, 241 uveal tract

melanoma spread 253, 254 ocular melanocytosis 255 syphilis 165

uveitis

anterior 166, 174 bacterial keratitis 66 Behçet’s syndrome 174 glaucoma 150

iris cysts 247

lens-induced 168, 169, 170, 190 non-granulomatous 180 posterior 166, 174

toxoplasma infection 178, 179 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome 174

Vahlkampfia 72

van Gieson stain 10, 12

vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) 150

diabetes mellitus 220 retinoblastoma 259

verruca vulgaris 18, 19

VHLS gene (von Hippel-Lindau) 207 viral infections

corneal 73–4, 75 endothelial 66, 74

eyelid 18, 19, 20 follicular conjunctivitis 40

vitreoretinopathy, proliferative 238, 239 vitreous

abscess 162 anomalies 128–9, 130 endophthalmitis 162 haemorrhage 186

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome 174 von Hippel’s disease 206–7, 210, 211

extraocular abnormalities 207 hamartomatous vascular malformation 259

von Kossa stain 10, 12 vortex vein, melanoma 252

WAGR syndrome 126 wart 18, 19

Wegener’s granulomatosis 76 orbital 96, 98, 99–100

xanthelasmas 22, 23

xenon-arc photocoagulator 196 X-rays 196

yeasts, corneal infections 70, 71

Ziehl–Neelsen stain 10, 13