330	E. Fontanari and D. Patassini

b.multi-sectoral income generating activities (like tourism, slow mobility, local trade, adapted brand procedures and networking, seasonal work);

c.use of a variety of competences, skills and labour force (new-peasants, immigrants, woofing, work tourism and alike) and dialogue between old and new generations to share and pass on practical knowledge and wisdom;

d.provide direct financial support to individual and to groups of farmers (not only anchored to the main job) to support physical infrastructures and supply eco-systemic services, including related small-scale activities.

7.Special attention should also be given to a context-led capacity building that looks at traditional and ancestral knowledge, latent knowledge (for instance, seed conservation and selection, water and land management practices and so forth). Capacity building should also strive to improve statutory educational

programmes at all levels involving community and family education. A learning by doing approach should be encouraged through “food for work” and “food for heritage” initiatives.

8.Customary institutions related to land and water rights should be recognized and fully integrated within the policy-making processes. Any effort to dismantle these traditional institutions should be contrasted all over the world. Actually, these institutions should be considered at all effects as a social and economic “leverage” for the local development and the regeneration of TL.

9.Abandonment and degradation of TL should be fined or, at least, strongly discouraged.

10.Often TL (mostly TL2) provide only a limited amount of income which is not enough to cover the maintenance and regeneration of investment costs, except for some monoculture, which has little appeal to young generations. Regeneration projects should therefore integrate legal, institutional, production and eco-systemic components, including easier access to the land (even temporary). A simplification of regulations and procedures is welcome in accordance with the protection of TL heritage and potentialities. A coordinated approach among local authorities and actors is taken as the best way to address local needs and implement the mentioned strategies.

Annex

Summary and adjustment from the document prepared by the working group “Rules and policies”, Trento/Rovereto, III World Meeting on Terraced Landscapes.

20 Planning, Policies and Governance for Terraced …

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Foreword

On issues related to the abandonment of TL and aging farmers, there has been renewed interest on the quality and environmental sustainability of agricultural production. Strategies are based on multi-value functions that, beside production, keep such aspects as social interactions, community and cultural development, environment and related activities together, such as compatible tourism and local food markets.

To maintain the TL, the farmer’s role is crucial and concerns tangible and intangible values. It requires a constant presence and a strong subsidiarity of the public.

The public actions include empowerment (education and knowledge), rules and regulations, efficiency, facilities and infrastructure, and efforts to design a governance approach.

Here below the actions in detail.

1.Empowerment

Analysis and knowledge

Geography: general census and sample based surveys on physical-functional assets (atlas, maps, classification and alike)

Economy/ecology: estimate economic capital values of TL (production, environmental externalities, eco-system services)

Agronomy: ensure quality of the food production and processing, knowledge and traditional practices

Education and research

Agronomy: search for new high-value crops (innovation)

Development of new technologies that can be adapted to the specific conditions of TL (new machinery appropriate to the nature of the terraces) and/or enhancement of traditional techniques with contemporary (presence of working animals, etc.) and their supply chains

Promotion, education and training on building and construction techniques, on traditional maintenance (dry stone structures: training courses for farmers, civil engineering specifications to encourage the dissemination of good practices, technical standards for testing drywalls, and so forth).

2.Rules and regulations

Rules, beyond rules, reducing bureaucracy

Facilitate farmers” work, support their direct intervention for restructuring and recovering abandoned areas (see TL1), income for TL oversight

Facilitate the use of abandoned terraces through temporary uses, public acquisitions, adverse possession, bank of land, and so forth