Английский язык для горных инженеров

XII. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. Переведите предложения:

1. The search for primary gold deposits can be made by metallometric method of prospecting. 2. The main aim of geological prospecting is to search for economically useful

deposits. 3. Geologists study geological	prospecting maps
drawn up on the basis of the preliminary	search	and	forecast
of the possible occurrence of new deposits. 4.		The	study of

the character of a locality in the area of search will help determine prospecting methods to be used. 5. Prospecting work

provides information on				the	cost of the geological					investi-
gations. It indicates how much						these	investigations				cost
and	whether	it	is advisable		to	continue		the	exploration.
6. Geologists		use geophysical			methods. 7. As is known,						the
use of certain bacteria helps					search for oil and gas.
XIII. Заполните		пропуски		в предложениях,			используя		выделенные
	слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:
ing	а) I. explore,		II. exploratory,			III. exploration,			IV. explor-
	1. ... deals with a complex range of geological,									mining
and	economic	problems.		Its	main task is to determine the
quality, shape and mode of					occurrence		of	mineral		deposits
and their main properties. 2. Exploration includes										drilling
and	driving of		... openings.		These ... openings				can	supply

the most accurate information on the mineral exposed by them. 3. While ... a deposit the geologists establish its general size, determine shape, dimensions and quality. 4. The

geological

party

was sent to ... a new deposit.

б)

I. survey

(surveying),

II. surveyor(s),

III.

surveyed

1.

In

recent

years combined geophysical ... by air has

been

used

on a

wide scale. 2. In modern ... automation is

being

used

in

recording the field measurements. 3. Now

the

... need

only to set up

the instrument

in

the

field and

it will do all recordings automatically. 4. Laser

is

being

used by mine ... now. 5.

Underground working

can

be ...

by

modern

methods.

XIV. Переведите

предложения,

обращая внимание

на

перевод ин-

финитива

а) в функции определения:

О б р а з е ц :

The first ores of

iron to be mined were deposits

of

magnetite.

Первыми

железорудными

месторождениями, которые должны были раз-

160

рабатываться, были месторождения магнетита.

1.

The geological investigations

to

be carried

out

include

field

prospecting

and

exploration.

2.

Hydrochemical

pros-

pecting to be described in the article

has been used for find-

ing uranium, molybdenum, zinc and

copper

deposits.

3.

The

geological and physical conditions of the seam to be worked

include its thickness, depth,

hardness,

etc.

4.

The possibili-

ty of making direct observations in workings depends on the

mining system to be applied. 5. It has long been recognized

that the work of geologists at

mines has its own

specific

char-

|

acter

and its own

range of

problems

to

be solved

during the

i

exploitation of the deposit. 6. The main points to be observed

>

during the driving of

openings

are

the mode

of

occurrence

of the mineral body, country rocks exposed by the openings,

the type of

fissuring

and

folding,

etc.

б) в функции

обстоятельства

цели:

О б р а з е ц :

(In

order) to

develop

and apply various pros-

pecting

methods

geologists

study

geological

conditions

in

the

particular

area.

Чтобы

разработать

и

применить

различные

мето-

ды разведки,

геологи

изучают

геологические

условия

в данной

местности.

1. То estimate a nickel ore the geologists must know how the nickel is distributed, since the part associated with silicates is not recoverable. 2. Geochemical methods are applied at different stages of geological investigations, and are used to establish the general mineralization of rocks (i.e. the areas of increased concentration of particular elements). 3. To explore certain types of deposits geophysical methods have long been used. In coal basins these methods are used chiefly to study folded and faulted structures. 4. To determine both the shape and the size of a deposit it is very important to establish its structure and those features on which the progress of exploration often depends.

в) в функции подлежащего:

О б р а з е ц : То know the principles of electronic instruments is of great importance to specialists.

-»Знание принципов работы электронных приборов имеет большое значение для специалистов.

1. То increase the daily output of coal became possible

11—2132

161

through the continuous improvement of the equipment				avail-
able. 2. To give a much more exact estimation of			the	deposit
is the main task of	detailed	exploration. 3. To	detect such
concealed (скрытый)	deposits	as coal, shale, iron,	manganese,

salts and others is very difficult.

XV. Сравните пары предложений и назовите номера предложений, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего. Проверьте себя по ключу:

1. То determine the quantity of a mineral and its quality in relation to the current requirements of industry in the particular area the preliminary exploration is used. 2. To determine the quantity of a mineral and its quality in relation to the current requirements of industry in the particular area is the task of the preliminary exploration. 3. To keep the workings safe and open for operation supports (крепления) are used in mining useful minerals. 4. To keep the work-

ings safe and open for operation is the	main	factor of safety
in mines. 5. To obtain reliable information		on the	deposit,
exploratory openings should be driven.	6. To	obtain	reliable

information on the deposit is necessary for the further planning of current production.

*XVI. Найдите в тексте 8A предложения, в которых употребляется инфинитив в функции i) подлежащего, 2) определения и 3) обстоятельства цели. Переведите предложения.

XVII. Соедините главные предложения с придаточным. Проверьте себя по ключу:

I.

The search for addition-

1.

whether

it

is

advisable

1 ;

al

Supplies

of

miner-

to

continue

the

fexplora-

!

als

took place

tiOn.

II.

Mineral

deposits

must

2.

as

the

deposits

that

first be

found

cropped out at the

surface

were

mined.

'

III.

In

the

19th

century

3.

where

fissures

were

mineral

deposits

were

formed during the

process

found by prospectors

of

mountain

formation.

IV. Prospecting

work

must

4. in

order to obtain the

provide

enough

infor-

necessary

data

on this

mation on the prelimi-

deposit.

nary estimation

of

the

-

deposit

and

it

must

al-

so

indicate

who

' V.

In

mountain

regions

5.

looked

for

visible

ore

minerals

could

be

evidence

of

mineral iza-

,expected

tion.

162

*XVIU. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов:

prospecting from aircraft and helicopters; the choice of the method; both ... and; the search for new mineral depos-

its; ground and aerial		methods of	prospecting; to be		recog-
nized easily;	to depend on the type			of the deposit;	to be
widely used;	natural	conditions;	to	crop out

1. Одной из главных задач геологической разведки является поиск новых месторождений полезных ископаемых. 2. В настоящее время используются как наземные методы (геологической) разведки, так и разведка с воздуха1. 3. Выбор метода разработки зависит от типа месторождения, которое будет разрабатываться. Он зависит также от природных условий. 4. Так как месторождение выходит на поверхность, оно было легко обнаружено геологами. 5. Сейчас широко применяется разведка с самолета или вертолета.

XIX. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста 8А. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

it seems to be wrong; on the contrary; to my mind; in my opinion; as far as I know; as is known; I'd like to say that

1. Prospecting ,and proving (exploration) do not differ at all. 2. The knowledge of the type of ground of the prospecting area is quite enough to find this or that mineral deposit: 3. Coal seams are always found in crystalline (igneous) rocks

while	veins	occur	in	sedimentary formations. 4. At present
great	consideration is			given to surface	(ground)	and miner-
alogical methods			of	prospecting.
XX. Расскажите по			схеме о горном производстве:
				Mining Activity
	before	mining		mining	after	mining

XXI. Перескажите вкратце текст 8A, используя следующие ключевые слова:

can be extracted; must be found; is called; were found; it was necessary; occurs; deposits; took place; was used; is to provide; it indicates; includes; can be obtained; could be expected; are found; determines; there are

XXII. Продолжите диалог. Используйте активную лексику урока 8А, упр. IX, а также разговорные формулы (§ 89).

1 1 *	163

О б р а з е ц :	A.: What		method		of	prospecting			do	you
	В.:	think	to	be the		most	effective?
		I suppose		... because ... but I think not
		only	this	method ...
	A.: I agree with you,					but	it	is necessary		to
		say that ...
	B.:	I see.	And what's			your		opinion	on ...
				II
Грамматика:	Инфинитивный			оборот	«сложное подлежащее» —
§ 61. Значение и употребление союзов					either		... or и neither ...
nor — § 80.
I. Запомните следующие слова				и сочетания слов:

adit ['aedit] п горизонтальная подземная выработка, штольня

angle faeoQl] п угол approximate [a'praksimit] а при-

близительный

bit [bit] п режущий инструмент; буровая коронка, коронка для алмазного бурения; головка бура, сверло; carbide bit армированная коронка, армированный бур; diamond bit алмазная буровая коронка

borehole ['barhoul] п скважина, буровая скважина

crosscut ['kroskAt] п квершлаг dip [dip] п падение (залежи);

уклон, откос; v падать enable [i'neibl] v давать воз-

можность или право (что-л. сделать)

exploit [iks'pbit] v разрабатывать (месторождение); экс-

плуатировать; exploitation п разработка; эксплуатация

measure ['теЗэ] л мера; мерка; критерий; степень; pi свита,

пласты; и измерять overburden [(ouva'ba:dan] п пок-

рывающие породы, перекрывающие породы; верхние отложения, наносы; вскрыша

pit [pit] п шахта; карьер, разрез; шурф

reliable [ri'laiabl] а надежный;

достоверный

rig [пд] п буровой станок, бу-

ровая вышка; буровая каретка; буровое оборудование

sample ['sa:mpl] п • образец;

проба;

v

отбирать

образцы;

опробовать,

испытывать

сек-

section

['sekjn]

п

участок,

ция,

отделение, отрезок,

раз-

рез,

профиль,

поперечное

се-

чение;

geological

section

гео-

логический

разрез

(пород)

sequence

['si:kwans]

п

последо-

вательность;

порядок

следо-

вания;

ряд

[saeijk],

sunk

sink [siok]

(sank

[sArjk])

v

проходить (шахт-

ный

ствол,

вертикальную

вы-

работку); углублять; погру-

жать; опускать; sinking ['sit)k-

IQ]

п

проходка

(вертикаль-

ных

или

наклонных

вырабо-

ток);

shaft

sinking

проходка

ствола

slope

[sloup]

п

наклон;

склон;

бремсберг;

уклон;

v

клонить-

ся,

иметь

наклон;

sloping

а

наклонный;

gently

sloping

с

небольшим

наклоном

крутопа-

steep [sti:p]

а

крутой,

дающий,

наклонный

простира-

strike

[straik]

п

зд.

|

ние;

v

простираться;

across

the

strike

вкрест

простирания;

j,

along

(on)

the

strike

по

прос-

тиранию

trench [trentj'j n траншея, канава; котлован; v копать, рыть,

шурфовать

to make use (of) использовать, применять

to take into consideration принимать во внимание; syn take

into account	1

164

II. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их: preliminary exploration; general size of a deposit; shape,

dimensions and	quality of a		deposit; exact	estimation of
ore reserves; properties of the surrounding rock				and overbur-
den; exploratory	pits,	crosscuts	and boreholes;	analyses	and
tests of samples; reliable information on the				angle of	dip;
core-drilling; drilling		rigs

to measure bed thickness; to determine the industrial importance of a deposit; to take into consideration detailed estimates of the ore reserves of individual sections; to facilitate the planning of current production; to make use of exploratory openings

III. Определите	значения	выделенных слов	по сходству их		корней
с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
the whole complex of investigations;			industrial	importance
of a deposit;	natural	and economic	conditions	of	the de-

posit; three stages of exploration; geological map of the de-

posit;

detailed survey; information on the preliminary explo-

ration;

methods

of exploration to be chosen

in any particular

case;

surface relief; shape of the

mineral

deposit;

vertical

pits

and

crosscuts;

special

features

in the search for veins;

on

the

basis of

analyses and

tests of

samples;

reliable infor-

mation

on

mineral

reserves;

different

sectors

of

the

deposit;

exploitation

exploration;

mining

operations;

planning of

current

production

and calculating

the balance

of

reserves

and

ore

mined

IV. Образуйте от следующих прилагательных наречия с суффиксом "-1у" и переведите их:

accurate, chief, different, easy, exact, geological, main, particular, practical, proper, slight

V.Определите значения слова "pit" в контексте:

1.Preliminary explorations can make use of trenches, prospecting pits, crosscuts and adits. 2. Minerals at shallow depths are extracted by open pits which are cheaper than mining them underground. 3. Before the October Revolution the Donbas was basically a region of small pits, and some of

them had not even a steam-engine or any drainage system.

VI. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

li] — dip, pit, sink, give, build,		thick
[i:l — each,	seam, need, steep,	'feature
[e] — length,	trench, 'gentle, 'level, 'section

165

[л] — 'current,

'country,

e'nough,

'otherj

re'sult

[э] — cost,

plot,

a'long,

'crosscut

[a:] — task,

'sample,

'sampling,

part

[э:] — search,

'survey,

'surface,

'purpose

[ai ] — strike,

find,

type,

line,

'neither

fei 3 — aid,

vein, 'neighbour,

de'tail,

shape,

case

fou] — slope,

close,

low,

both

б) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов:

the quality

and

quantity

of minerals;

all-round

descrip-

tion of the

deposit; the

depth

of

the

deposit

and

angles of

dip and strike; the degree of uniformity of mineral distribu-

tion; the full geological sequence of rocks; to establish	the
thickness of overburden; special features in the search	for
veins

Vil. Прочитайте текст 8Б. Скажите, в чем различие между предварительной и детальной геологической разведкой (с попутной добычей) месторождения:

ТЕКСТ 8Б

EXPLORATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS				/
' '	•	' "	в;'-.'-': '	'
	Exploration is known to include a whole complex of in-
vestigations carried out		for	determining	the industrial im-

portance of a deposit. The main task is to determine the qual-

ity and quantity of miperal

and

the

natural

and

economic

conditions in which it ofccurs. The

exploration

of

the

depos-

it is

divided

into

three stages, namely

preliminary

explo-

ration,

.detailed

exploration

and

exploitatipn

exploration.

The aim of preliminary exploration

is to establish the gen-

eral

size

of

a

deposit and

to obtain

an / p r o x i m a t e

idea

of its sha'j^ dimensions and quality. At this

stage the geolog- ,,

ical

map of

the deposit is

corrected

and

a

detailed

survey

of its stirface is completed'.

The

information

ofi ,the

preliminary

exploration

is

ex-

pectedJo give an all-round description of the deposit which

wltHfiabJe tl?9 cost; o| its detailed

exploration

to be estimated.

The

following points

should

be

tlak'Ml into, consideration:

1) the

shape and^area of the deposit; 2)

its depth

and

ahgles

^ T d i p

and'strilie;' 3)

its thickness;

4)

the. properties

of

the

surrounding rock and

overburden;

5) the degree of uniform-

ity of

distribution

of

the

mineral

within

the

deposit

and

the country rock, etc.

AV

"

Preliminary explorations

can

make

use

of

exploratory

166

openings such

as trenches, prospecting pits, adits, crosscuts

and

boreholes.

They, are planned according to a

definite

sys-

t e m ,

and some

are clriven to a great

depth.-

'

"м

V

All the exploratory workings are plotted on the plan. These

data

allow the

geologists

to establish

the

vertical

section of

the

deposit.

^ r ' ''

The quality of the mineral deposit is determined on the

basis of analyses and tests of samples taken

from

exploratory

workings.

м/с - , - . f

o ' -

'

f

The

method

of

exploration to

be

choseri in

any particu-

lar

case

depends on

the

thickness

of

overburden,

the/angle

Kof flip, the surface relief,

the ground water

conditions and

the

shape

of the

mineral; deposit.

>/

:

The

task

of

the detailed exploration is

to obtain reliable .

information on the mineral reserves, their grades and dis'tri-"*' bution in the different sectors of the deposit.,Petailed'exploration data provide a much more exact Estimate of the mineral reserves.

Mine or exploitation exploration is known to begin as soon as mining operations start. It provides data for detailed esti-

mates	of	the ore reserge^ of	individual	sections., It facili-
tates	the	planning of current	production	and calculating the

balance (jf reserves and oret mmpd.
The searchifo|f and discovering	of new	mineralized	areas
are based on geological siirvev and	regional	geophysical	pros-
pecting. The results of these inote's!Rations		provide data on

iron-bearing formations and new deposits for commercial extraction.

In detailed exploration bot^junderground workings and borehole survey,^je^used. Core-tlrilling with diamond and carbide^Sits'ls widely used. Non-core drilling is also used in

loose rocks in combination with borehole geophysical						survey.
One of the	main	methods	to explore coal	deposits		is also
core-drilling.	Modern	drilling	equipment makes it		possible
to accurately measure bed thickness and determine					structure
of beds, faults and folds. Recording control				jipt^u^nents^are
attached to drilling rigs which allow to get				r mtime		samples'

good for nearly all parameters of coal quality to be determined.

VIII. Укажите,	какие предложения соответствуют содержанию
текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста 8Б. Проверь-
те себя	по ключу:

1. The purpose of preliminary exploration is to determine the mineral reserves and their distribution in the different

167

sectors of the deposit. 2. The properties of the surrounding rock and overburden should be taken into consideration during the preliminary exploration. 3. The purpose of the detailed exploration is to find out the quantity (reserves) of the deposit. 4. Exploitation exploration facilitates the planning of current production. 5. Both core-drilling and non-core drilling are widely used. 6. Recording control instruments allow geologists to get reliable ore samples.

*IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What stages does exploration include? 2. What is the main purpose of preliminary exploration? 3. What should be taken into consideration by geologists during preliminary

exploration? 4.			What	exploratory openings do you know?
5.	Do you	know	how	the	quality	of	the mineral deposit is
determined?		6.	What	is	the aim	of	detailed exploration?
7.	Is core-drilling used in prospecting for loose rocks? 8. What
is	drilling equipment			used	for?

X. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя no ключу:

I. bedded deposits					1.	мощность		наносов
И. core-drilling					2.	разрабатывать				новые
						месторождения нефти
III. the	angle	of	dip of		3.	шурфы	и	квершлаги
the	seam				4.	пластовые		месторожде-
IV. the thickness of over-
burden						ния
V. exploratory		workings			5.	опробование			(отбор) об-
						разцов
VI. composition of			min-		6.	угол падения				пласта
erals					7.	колонковое			бурение
VII. pits and crosscuts
VIII. to	exploit new oil			de-	8.	геологический				разрез
posits						(пород)
IX. sampling					9.	состав	минералов
X. geological		section			10.	разведочные			выработки
б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты										следующих
сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I. буровые скважины					1.	ground	water			conditions
II. по	простиранию			пла-	2.	detailed	exploration
ста
III. равномерность				рас-	3.	boreholes
пределения		минерала
в залежи

168

IV. водоносность			пород	4.	along the			strike		of	the
V. карбидные		и	алмаз-		bed	(seam)
				5.	carbide			and	diamond
	ные коронки				bits
VI. детальная		разведка		6.	the	uniformity			of		min-
					eral	distribution				in	the
VII.	использовать		новые		deposit
				7.	the properties of sur-
	поисковые	методы			rounding			rocks
VIII.	проникать	в	залежь	8.	to make use of new pros-
IX. коренная		порода			pecting		methods
				9.	country		rock
X. свойства		окружаю-		10.	to	penetrate			into		the
	щих пород				deposit

XI. Подберите соответствующие определения к следующим словам. Проверьте себя по ключу:

I. sampling, II. preliminary exploration, III. prospecting, IV. detailed exploration

1. The search for useful minerals which includes the whole range of geological work directed to discovering workable deposits of valuable minerals. 2. The process of a much more exact estimation of mineral reserves, their distribution and quality, grades, etc. 3. The description of the general size of a deposit, its shape and dimensions. 4. The process of taking samples, their analysis and testing.

XII. а) Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:

a)I. bed, II. bedded, III. bedding

1.Exploration of a gently dipping ... deposits is performed by vertical pits. 2. The principal indicator of the economic importance of combustible shales is the persistence (постоянство) of the ...s in thickness and grade. 3. As is known,

any change in the normal ... of a seam is called a disturbance.

b)	I. work,	II.		workable, III. working
1. The term "prospecting" covers the whole range of geo-
logical	... aimed		at	discovering ... deposits. 2. Naturally,
the prospector		also	finds non-... mineral concentrations more

often than economic ones. 3. Many countries have their own classification system of ... deposits. 4. The type of explorato-

ry	...s needed depends on the thickness		of overburden and
the	angle of dip. 5. The thickness	of the	seam considerably
influences the choice of the method		of ... .

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