Английский язык для горных инженеров
.pdfVII. production |
face |
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7. поперечное |
сечение |
вы- |
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работки |
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VIII. the roof |
of |
the |
mine |
8. |
подземные |
выработки |
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working |
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9. |
очистной |
забой |
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IX. to drive |
mine |
work- |
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ings in |
barren |
rock |
10. кровля горной выработ- |
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X. to affect |
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the |
mining |
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method |
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б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих |
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слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу: |
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I. способствовать |
че- |
1. |
thickness |
of |
a seam |
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му-л. |
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II. размер ствола |
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2. |
shaft |
dimension |
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III. извлекать, |
добывать |
3. |
with |
a view to |
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(уголь) |
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4. to contribute to smth. |
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IV. штреки |
и |
квершлаги |
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V. пустая порода |
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5. |
development |
work |
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VI. вообще |
говоря |
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6. |
to remove (timber, |
over- |
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VII. удалять, |
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перемещать |
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burden, |
etc.) |
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7. |
drifts |
(gate |
roads) |
and |
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(крепь, вскрышу |
и др.) |
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crosscuts |
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VIII. с целью чего-л. |
8. |
generally |
speaking |
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IX. подготовительные ра- |
9. |
to recover |
(coat) |
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боты |
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X. мощность |
пласта |
10. |
waste |
(barren) rock |
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X. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие по значению слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:
А. 1) improve, 2) rank, 3) ensure, 4) use, 5) tabular,
6)crop out (outcrop), 7) barren rock, 8) quarry, 9) influence,
10)rib, 11) size, 12) broadly speaking, 13) take into consideration
Б. I. bedded, II. take |
into account, |
III. make |
better, |
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IV waste (country) rock, V. expose, |
VI. affect, VII. general- |
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ly speaking, VIII. apply, |
IX. open |
pit, |
X. dimension, |
XI. |
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side, XII. grade, XIII. guarantee |
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XI. а) Заполните пропуски в |
предложениях, выбрав из предлагае- |
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мых в скобках вариантов подходящее по смыслу слово (см. рис. 5): |
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A deposit shown in Fig. 5 may |
be mined by driving |
the |
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following |
workings: |
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1. ... |
(ab) can be sunk |
from the surface which is a |
verti- |
cal or inclined opening directly connected with the surface. Shafts are classified as main or hoisting and auxiliary. (I. crosscut, II. chute, III. shaft) 2. From the shaft ... (si, sj)
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may be driven which are horizontal openings that have no communication with the surface. Very often they are driven
across the strike. (I. adit, |
II. |
crosscut. III. chute) |
3. From |
the crosscuts ... (ef, cd) |
may |
be driven which are |
vertical |
openings. They have no direct access to the surface. (I. blind
shaft, |
II. |
shaft, III. |
drift) |
4. Sometimes, it is possible |
to |
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drive |
... (Im) |
which |
is |
an opening |
similar |
to ... |
(ab) |
but |
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sunk |
at a |
certain |
angle. |
(I. quarry, |
II. inclined |
shaft, |
III. |
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shaft) |
5. |
... |
( j p ) |
are |
inclined excavations |
that |
have |
no |
immediate communication with the surface and are used for
hoisting |
minerals. |
(I. |
crosscut, II. |
adit, |
III. |
chute) |
6. ... |
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( j , p, o, m, q, r, h, g) |
are horizontal |
openings. They have no |
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connection with the surface and are driven |
along the |
strike |
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of |
a |
deposit. |
(I. |
shaft, |
II. |
drift |
(level), |
III. |
blind |
shaft) |
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7. |
... |
(n) |
are |
used when mineral |
is |
at or |
near |
the surface. |
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(I. |
adit, |
II. |
inclined |
shaft, |
III. |
opencast |
(quarries) |
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Fig. 5. Layout of mine workings
б) Выполните следующее задание (см. рис. 5):
1. Say what vertical workings are shown in Fig. 5 and which of them have no connection with the surface. 2. Say what horizontal workings are driven across the strike. 3. Say
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what is |
the difference between a shaft |
and |
an inclined |
shaft. |
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4. |
Say |
what mine workings are driven |
along the |
strike. |
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5. |
Say |
what mine workings are used |
for |
hoisting minerals. |
ХИ. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных придаточных предложений и союзов:
1. If the geological and prospecting indications are known, it is possible, even before prospecting proper begins, to forecast not only the type of economic deposit that may be found in the given conditions but also the associated elements and the whole complex of forecasting minerals. 2. Provided the geologists make use of proper prospecting methods, they will get necessary results. 3. On conditions that different types of ores are to be tested separately each sample should represent a definite type of ore. 4. Unless the face is directly connected to the upper level, the combine does not cut the face for its whole length.
XIII. Соедините главные предложения с придаточными. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I. It is possible to use trenches for exploration
II.Mine workings are considered to be productive
III. Rock will not easily cleave
IV. A bedded deposit is to be worked by underground mining
V.Bituminous coal will improve coking quality of anthracite
VI. The cutter-loader will cut coal above the floor
1. provided at some distance from the floor there is a waste bed which must be separated from mineral.
2.if the latter is blended with bituminous coal.
3.on condition that the
thickness of overburden is small.
4.unless its schistose structure is disturbed.
5. if |
they are driven with |
a view to extracting use- |
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ful |
mineral. |
6.if it lies at a great distance from the surface.
XIV. Найдите в тексте 9A условные предложения и переведите их.
XV. Заполните пропуски в предложениях соответствующими вопросительными словами ("who", "what", "who(m)", "where," "why"):
1. |
... can be driven either in mineral or in barren rock? |
2. ... |
conducts researches in the field of effective recovery of |
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oil deposits? 3. ... does the term "mining" include? 4. ... do the geologists assist by solving a wide range of problems connected with the efficient exploitation of a deposit? 5. ...
is open-cast mining used here? ... factors are taken into consideration for classifying mine workings? G. ... is development used for?
*XVI, Переведите предложения, используя предлагаемые слова и сочетания слов:
useful mineral; to drive mine workings; exploratory and productive mine workings; barren (waste) rock; it is necessary; to contribute to; both ... and; a number of; the output
Горные выработки могут быть разведочными и эксплуатационными. Горные выработки могут проводиться как по полезному ископаемому, так и по пустой породе. Для разработки более глубоких частей пласта необходимо проводить ряд подземных выработок, которые могут быть вертикальными, горизонтальными и наклонными. Механизация горных операций способствует увеличению добычи полезного ископаемого.
XVII. Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу словами из текста 9А. Используйте следующие разговорные формулы:
I'd like to stress; in fact; on the one hand; on the other hand; on the whole; first of all; as is known
1. Generally |
speaking mining is |
a branch of industry. |
It deals with ... |
. 2. Mechanization |
and automation have |
come into use underground. The miners realize that the increased use of mining machinery will ... . 3. Many factors affect the choice of the mining method. In case the deposit
... . 4. It should be noticed that mine workings may have different functions. Let us consider, for example, productive
workings |
which |
... . 5. As for^the classification of mine work- |
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ings one |
should |
take into consideration the factors |
... . 6. |
If we have to describe underground workings, we shall |
divide |
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them into ... . |
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*XVIII. |
Перескажите вкратце текст 9A по плану, используя слова, |
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данные |
в |
скобках: |
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1. |
Mining |
as |
the |
industrial process, (includes, |
is |
called, |
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has |
been |
toward, |
are |
characterized, |
has |
contributed |
to) |
2. |
Un- |
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derground |
and |
open-cast mining, |
(can |
be |
done, governs, |
af- |
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fects, |
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may |
be |
economically |
excavated |
by, |
it can |
be |
worked |
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by) |
3. |
The type |
of mine workings, their main functions |
and |
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classification, |
(are |
driven, |
mine |
workings |
vary |
in |
..., |
can |
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be |
described |
as, |
are |
driven, |
are used, |
can |
be |
divided, |
aims |
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at, |
prepares |
for, |
is |
extracted, |
underground |
workings |
may be |
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..., |
the following |
factors |
are |
taken |
into consideration |
...) |
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XIX. Опишите горные выработки, |
показанные на рис. 5. Используйте |
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активную лексику уроков 8, 9, упр. X, XI, а также разговорные |
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формулы |
(§ |
89). |
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XX. Побеседуйте |
по содержанию |
текста |
9А: |
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О б р а з е ц : |
A.: |
We've much |
spoken about exploratory work- |
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ings. But |
what's the |
function |
of prod'"'uve |
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В.: |
workings? |
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I can |
say |
that ... |
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A.: |
Does |
it |
mean that |
productive |
faces |
depend |
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only on the method of mining? |
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B.: |
No, |
I |
don't |
think so because ... . |
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A.: |
I see. Thank |
you. |
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II |
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Грамматика: Многозначность |
глагола |
to be — § 37. |
Отрица- |
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тельные местоимения — § 3 1 . |
Отрицательные |
предложения — |
§7.
I. Запомните следующие слова и сочетания слов:
advantage [3d'va:ntid3] п преи-
мущество; превосходство; |
вы- |
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года; |
польза; |
advantageous |
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[(ffidvon'teid33s] |
а |
выгодный; |
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благоприятный, |
полезный; |
to |
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take |
advantage |
of |
smth |
вос- |
пользоваться чем-л. |
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caving |
['keivio] |
n |
обрушение |
(кровш)\ разработка с обрушением
deliver [di'liva] v доставлять, подавать; питать; нагнетать; произносить (речь); читать
(лекцию)
entry ['entri] п штрек; выработка горизонтальная; pi подготовительные выработки; нарезные выработки; штреки
giant ['d3awnt] п гидромонитор gravity ['cjrffiviti] п сила тяжести; вес, тяжесть; by gravity самотеком, под действием
собственного веса
haul [Ьэ:1] v доставлять; откатывать; подкатывать; перевозить; haulage ['Ьэ:1к13] п от-
катка; |
доставка; |
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транспорти- |
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ровка |
(по |
горизонтали) |
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longwall |
[' I d q w o : 1J |
п |
лава; выем- |
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ка |
лавами; |
сплошной |
забой, |
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сплошная или |
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столбовая |
сис- |
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тема разработки; syn contin- |
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uous mining; longwall ad- |
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vancing |
on |
the |
strike |
выемка |
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лавами |
прямым ходом по прос- |
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тиранию; |
сплошная |
система |
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разработки |
по |
простиранию; |
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longwall |
advancing |
to |
the |
rise |
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сплошная система |
разработки |
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с |
выемкой |
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по |
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восстанию; |
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longwall |
to |
the |
dip |
сплошная |
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система |
разработки |
с |
выемкой |
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по |
падению; |
longwall |
retreat- |
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ing выемка |
лавами обратным |
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ходом; столбовая система раз- |
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работки |
лавами |
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loss |
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lose |
[lu:z] |
(lost) |
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v |
терять; |
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n |
потеря, |
убыток |
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notwithstanding |
[,n3twiG'staendig] |
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prep |
несмотря |
на; |
вопреки |
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pillar ['pila] |
n |
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целик; |
столб; |
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shaft |
pillar |
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околоствольный |
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целик; pillar method столбовая система разработки; pillar ruining выемка целиков
predominate [pn'domineit] v преобладать, превалировать; превосходить; господствовать, доминировать
protect [pra'tekt] v охранять, защищать
reach [ri:tJJ v простираться, доходить до; добиваться, достигать
room [ru:m] n камера; очистная камера; room-and-pillar method
камерно-столбовая |
система |
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разработки |
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satisfy |
fsaetisfai] |
v |
удовлетво- |
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ряться) |
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shield |
[fi:ld] п |
щит; |
shield |
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method |
щитсвой |
метод |
про- |
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ходки, |
щиговсй |
способ |
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stowing |
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['stouir)] |
п |
закладка |
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(выработанного |
пространства) |
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method |
of |
working |
система |
раз- |
работки
the sequence of working the seams последовательность отработки пластов
И.Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их:
create — creation — creative — creator; |
consider — con- |
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siderable — consideration; |
deliver — delivering — |
delivery |
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— deliverer; exist — existing — existence; |
level — |
sublevel; |
improve — improved — improvement; protect — protective
— protection; |
produce — production — productive — pro- |
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ductivity |
— product; |
thick — thickness; satisfy — satis- |
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faction — |
satisfactory |
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III. Переведите следующие слова с приставкой "dis-":
disable, disadvantage, disagree, disapprove, disclose, disconnent, discover
IV. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:
methods of working; considerable number of mining methods; development work; minimum losses of mineral; production faces; gently sloping seams; to take advantage of (smth); to be rich in (srnth); to satisfy the requirements; main advantages and disadvantages of (smth); ore caving; mechanized stowing; in any particular conditions; continuous mining; room-and-pillar mining; additional haulage; coal getting (coal winning); the choice of the method of mining; the sequence of operations
V. Определите |
значения выделенных |
слов по сходству |
их корней |
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с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке: |
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mining |
machines; maximum production cost; minimum |
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losses |
of |
mineral; |
characteristic |
features |
of |
continuous |
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mining; |
the |
use of |
combines and |
conveyers; |
the |
difficulty |
of ventilation; hydraulic mining; the most economic and advantageous methods of coal getting; to win coal by monitors; a rational method of working
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VI. Определите значения слов "development" и "level" в контексте:
1. After the mineral deposit has been intersected (пересекать) by shaft or incline or adit which makes it accessible, the development work begins. 2. Much has already been done for the development of the region and its oil fields. 3. Development means opening up a coal seam or orebody to get access to it for exploitation purposes. 4. The development openings give information on thickness, dip, grade and width of the deposit. 5. Usually levels are not driven strictly horizontal but with a slight slope. 6. The Siberian economic development reflects the present-day level of industrial production not only of Siberia but of the entire country as well. 7. Mount Kazbek is 5033 m high above sea level. 8. Observations of level are made by instruments called levels.
VII. а) |
Прочитайте |
вслух |
следующие |
слова: |
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Гi"3 — dip, |
'dipping, give, 'given, |
'pillar, 'minimum |
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[i: I — steep, seam, ex'ceed, reach, these, |
ma'chine, |
'sequence |
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Ы |
— |
'composite, |
de'posit, |
'monitor, |
long, pre'dominate |
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to:l |
— short, |
all, |
wall, |
hy'draulic, |
trans'port |
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Iu:l — room, |
re'move, |
im'prove, |
im'provement |
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[ju:J — use, |
used, |
re'duced, |
pro'duced |
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[ai I — right, |
wide, 'widely, |
'primary, |
ho'rizon |
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[ael — |
'rational, |
'maximum, |
'factor |
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б) Прочитайте следующие географические названия и запом- |
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ните |
их |
произношение: |
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Australia [ots'treilja], Canada ['kasnada], France [fm:ns], |
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India |
I'india], |
Ruhr |
[ru:rl, |
West |
Germany |
['west |
М з э л п э т !
в) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов:
to satisfy the following requirements in any particular conditions; the main disadvantage of shortwall work; notwithstanding the considerable number of mining methods in existence; to work long faces to the dip with a shield protection; to be one of the most economic and advantageous methods of coal getting; to win the coal and transport it hydraulically from the place of work right to the surface
VIII. Прочитайте текст 9Б. Скажите, какие системы разработки пластовых месторождений описаны в тексте:
ТЕКСТ 9Б
METHODS OF WORKING BEDDED
DEPOSITS UNDERGROUND
The method of working (or method of mining) includes a
definite sequence and |
organization of development work of |
a deposit, its openings |
and its face work in certain geological |
conditions. It depends on the mining plan and machines and
develops |
with |
their |
improvements. |
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A rational method of working should satisfy the following |
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requirements in |
any |
particular conditions: |
1) safety of the |
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man; 2) maximum output of mineral; |
3) minimum develop- |
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ment |
work (per |
1,000 |
tons output); 4) minimum |
production |
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cost and 5) minimum losses of mineral. |
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Notwithstanding the considerable number of mining meth- |
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ods in existence, |
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can be reduced |
to the |
following main |
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types: |
1. |
Methods of |
working with |
long faces |
(continuous |
mining); 2. Methods of working with short faces (room-and- pillar).
The characteristic feature of the continuous mining (Figs. 6 and 7) is the absence of any development openings made in advance of production faces. The main advantage of long continuous faces is that they yield more mineral. Besides, they allow the maximum use of combines (shearers), cutting machines, powered supports and conveyers. The longwall meth-
od permits an almost 100 per |
cent recovery of mineral instead |
of 50 to 80 per cent obtainable |
in room-and-pillar methods. |
The |
basic |
principle |
of room-and-pillar method (Fig. 8) |
is that |
rooms |
from 4 to |
12 metres wide (usually 6-7) are driv- |
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А |
В |
Fig. 7. Longwall |
retreating by long panels |
en from the entries, each room is separated from each other by a rib pillar. Rib pillars are recovered or robbed after the rooms are excavated. The main disadvantage of shortwall work is a considerable loss of mineral and the difficulty of ventilation. In working bedded deposits methods of mining mentioned above may be used either with stowing or with caving.
In the USSR, the FRG (the Ruhr coal-field), France and
Belgium |
nearly |
all the faces are now long ones. In Britain |
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longwall |
|
faces |
predominate. |
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The USA, Canada, Australia and to some extent India are |
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developing shortwall faces and creating |
the |
machines |
for |
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them. |
In |
these |
countries shortwall faces |
are |
widely |
used. |
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In the USSR |
thick seams are taken out to full thickness up |
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to 4.5 m thick if they are steep, and up to 3.5 m thick |
if |
they |
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are gently sloping or inclined. In the Kuznetsk |
coal-field |
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long faces are worked to the dip with a |
shield |
protection, |
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using |
a |
method |
proposed by N. Chinakal. |
In |
shield |
mining |
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coal is delivered |
to the lower working by gravity so that |
ad- |
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ditional |
haulage |
is not required (Fig. 9). |
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It should also be noted that in the Soviet Union hydrau- |
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lic mining |
is widely used as it is one of the most economic |
and advantageous methods of coal getting. New hydraulic mines are coming into use in a number of coal-fields of the
USSR. Hydraulic mining |
is developing in other countries |
as well. |
|
The aim of hydraulic |
mining is to remove coal by the |
188
I H B M I M B I j
Fig. 8. Room-and-pillar method for working a gently sloping seam
monitors (or giants) which win coal and transport it hydraulically from the place of work right to the surface.
It is quite obvious that the choice of the method of mining will primarily depend on the depth and the shape and the general type of the deposit.
IX. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста 9Б. Проверьте себя по ключу:
1. A definite sequence and organization of development work is called mining. 2. Mining methods in existence can be
^Г" |
,M |
SestionM |
Shield method of working
189