Английский язык для горных инженеров

the geologists study all the data of ground and aerial geological surveys.

*XVI. а) Найдите в следующих предложениях причастие настоящего времени, определите его функцию, переведите предложения:

1. By blending with bituminous grades of coal, anthracites produce a mixture with improved coking qualities. 2. Improving the conditions of the experiment, we can get better results of analysis which determines how much moisture, volatile matter, carbon and ash coal contains. 3. In Soviet mines coal and ores are won by machines operating under different geological conditions. 4. Being the most abundant variety, bituminous coal may be kept in open piles weathering slightly. 5. Bituminous coal is weathering

slightly.		6. As	is known, bituminous coal is being widely
used	in	blast	furnaces	for smelting	iron	ore. 7.	Smelting
iron	ore	blast	furnaces	produce steel.	8.	Physical	geology,

including mineralogy deals with studying the chemical composition, crystal form, origin and occurrence of the large

number		of	minerals of which the Earth			crust is made	up.
9.	Reutilizing mineral resources can greatly reduce the						need
to	find	and mine		metal	ores.
	*б) Найдите в тексте 7Б причастие настоящего времени, опре-
	делите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
XVII. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами
	из текста 7Б. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:
	to my		mind;	in my	opinion; on the	contrary; I'd	like

to say a few words about; it seems to be wrong; it is quite

obvious that;	as	for; as I	know
1. Lignite	is a	high-rank	coal, containing about 90 per

cent of carbon. It is slightly liable to spontaneous combustion. 2. Bituminous coals cannot be stored in open piles. These coals are primarily used for domestic purposes. 3. Anthracites

are soft coals being used mainly	for	metallurgical purposes.
In future coal will be used only	for	domestic purposes.

*XVIII. Перескажите вкратце текст 7Б, обращая внимание на следующие ключевые слова:

coal ranks; carbon and volatile matter content; moisture content; heat effect; liability to spontaneous combustion; coking quality; the use of different types of coal in industry

XIX. Подготовьте сообщение на тему:

Different types of coals and their comparison with each other (for example, lignite and anthracite or anthracite and

150

brown coal, etc.), their carbon	content, heat value, liability
to spontaneous combustion and	the use of each grade of coal.

XX. Расскажите, что вы знаете об угольных пластах (рис. 3 и 4).

Всвоем рассказе дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.What do Figures 3 and 4 show? 2. What figure shows the seam which consists only of coal bands? 3. Is the coal seam (Fig. 3) horizontal or inclined? 4. Is the shape of the

seam typical	of igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks?	What
do you know	about the structure of sedimentary	rocks?

5. Can you explain why the coal seam shown in Fig. 4 is called complex? What does the seam consist of? 6. What mineral substances may separate coal beds? What do we call them? 7. What is thicker, coal bands or rock partings?

Ill

I. Прочитайте текст 7B. Определите его основную идею:

ТЕКСТ 7В

1. For a long time coal has been the principal fuel, the main source of thermal and electric energy. Now it continues to play an important part in the Soviet national economy.

2.Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formed from the remains of plants and animals accumulated in swamp areas millions of years ago. Although some coals were deposited 4,000,000,000 years ago during the Silurian period, most coals were formed during the Upper and Lower Carboniferous geological epochs about 250,000,000 years ago.

3.Coal formation processes are similar to those of sedimentary rocks. Various coal seams can be studied and related geologically to the sedimentary rocks with which they are associated. Coal contains varying amounts of carbon and volatile material as well as impurities such as sulphur,

phosphorus, incombustible rock material and moisture.

4. The physical characteristics of coal concern the structural aspects of the coal bed and texture. Structurally coal beds are characterized by the same irregularities in thickness, uniformity and continuity as other strata of sedimentary

origin. Thickness varies greatly. Coal beds					may		consist of
essentially uniform		continuous		strata or	like	other sedi-
mentary	deposits may		be made	up of bands or benches of
varying	thickness.	The	benches	may be separated by thin
layers of clay, shale, pyrite or other mineral					matter,		common-
ly called	partings.	Like other		sedimentary	rocks		coal beds
may be	structurally	disturbed		by folding	and	faulting.

151

5.Many classifications of coal have been suggested: by geologic age, coking properties, commercial application and chemical composition.

6.There exist four main types of coal: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite and brown coal. When speak-

ing about the classification of coal based on its nature as rock mineral, scientists distinguish (различать) the following rock varieties or lithotypes such as vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. These are the four constituents (составная часть)

of coal.
7. Coal-fields of the USSR	are	worked		by	underground
and open-cast methods. Coal seams		vary	from		0.5. to	16 m
in thickness at depths down to	a thousand			and	more metres.
8. Although the utilization	of	coal	varies		widely	with

rank, three general fields of coal utilization may be distinguished. They are combustion (domestic, industrial, railroads and public utilization), gasification and carbonification (high-temperature coke for metallurgical uses and low-

temperature		coke for producing smokeless fuel).
II. В	каждом	абзаце текста 7В найдите предложение,		передающее
его	основную		мысль.
III. Укажите,		в	каком абзаце текста 7В идет речь о	структурной

характеристике угля.

IV. Расскажите содержание текста 7В, используя следующие вопросы:

1. What has coal been formed from? 2. What rocks can

coal be related to? 3. What does		coal	contain?	4. What is
the	structural characteristics of coal?		5. What	factors can
the	classification of coal be based	on?	6. What is the role
of coal in the national economy of		the	USSR?

V.Определите, который из четырех заголовков наиболее соответствует содержанию текста 7В. Проверьте себя по ключу:

1. The Origin of	Coal. 2. The	Classification of Coal.
3. Coal as Fossil Fuel.	4. Coal and its	Industrial Application.

VI. Расскажите, что нового вы узнали из текста 7В. Какие факты вам были уже известны?

VII. Расскажите о перспективах развития угольной промышленности в СССР. Используйте тексты уроков 1 и 7, а также данные ниже слова:

to increase,	to decrease, to	produce, the increase in,
coal production,	annual (daily)	coal output

152

VIII. а) Прослушайте, повторите за диктором и постарайтесь		понять
следующие сочетания слов (книги закрыты):
semi-coke briquettes;	continuous processing of	brown
coal dust; high-quality	smokeless fuel; raw material	costs

б) Прослушайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание.

в) Прослушайте текст еще раз и определите, который из заголовков наиболее соответствует содержанию прослушанного текста:

1. Dust Briquettes; 2. Coal Briquettes; 3. Briquettes Made from Coal Dust

Scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences have developed a new method and made an installation for continuous

processing	of brown	coal	dust. Using this method, they	got
a high-quality smokeless			fuel. The installation is both	eco-
nomically	efficient	and	ecologically clean. Semi-coke	bri-

quettes made from brown-coal dust are used as fuel in metallurgy, at thermal power stations and for other purposes. To prepare the raw material costs only 3-4 roubles a ton, which can give a large economic effect on a country-wide scale.

			КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ УРОКА 7
						I
Т е к с т		А.	Упр. VIII — 2, 3,			5, 6. Упр. X а) — 1/3,		11/5,	111/9,
IV/7,	V/10,		VI/8, VII/4, VIII/6, IX/1, Х/2. б) -				1/2,	И/4,	III./5,
IV/1,	V/6,		VI/7, VI1/8,		VIII/3.	Упр. X I I - 1 / 1 ,	2 / Ш ,	3/III, 4/1.
						II
Т е к с т		Б.	Упр. IX — 2 , 3 , 6 , 7			Упр. XI а) — 1/4,	И/5,	III/7,	IV/9,
V/10,	VI/1,		VI1/8,	VIII/3, IX/2, Х/6. б) — 1/3,			И/6,	III/Т,	IV/2,
V/9,	VI/8,		VI1/4,	VIII/1,	IX/5.	Упр. XII — 1/II,	2/IV,	3/1,	4/III.
Упр. XIII а) — 1/1, 2/III,					3/II; б) — 1/И, 2/III, 3/1, I.
						III
Т е к с т		В. Упр. V — 3.

УРОК 8

PROSPECTING AND EXPLORATION

I

Грамматика: Инфинитив (The Infinitive) — §§ 59—63.

I. Запомните следующие слова и сочетания слов:

aerial ['еэпэ1] а воздушный; надземный

certain ['sa:tn] а определенный; некоторый; certainly adv ко-

нечно

cost [lost] (cost)	v стоить; я
цена; стоимость

crop [krop] v (out) обнажать(ся),

выходить				на	поверхность (о
пласте, породе)-, syn								expose;
засевать, собирать							урожай;
dredging			['dred3io]				п	выемка
грунта;			драгирование
drill	[dril]		v	бурить,			сверлить;
п бурение, сверление; буриль-
ный молоток;					drilling			п буре-
ние, сверление; core-drilling
колонковое				(керновое)				бурение
drive	[draiv]				(drove			fdrouv],
driven		['drivnj)				v	проходить
(горизонтальную							выработку);
приводить в движение; управ-
лять		(машиной)-,					п	горизон-
тальная			выработка;					привод;
передача						v		ожидать,
expect		[iks'pekt]
ждать; рассчитывать;								думать;
предлагать

explore [iks'pb:] v разведывать

месторождение полезного ископаемого с попутной добычей; exploratory а разведоч-

ный; exploration п детальная разведка; разведочные горные работы по месторождению

galena [дэ'П:пэ] я галенит,

свинцовый блеск

indicate ['indikeit] v указывать,

показывать; служить признаком; означать

lead [led] я свинец

locality [lou'kaehti] я местность, район

look for f'luk 'fa:] v искать open up ['oupn 'лр] v вскрывать

(месторождение)-,					нарезать
(новую лаву,			забой)-,			opening
я горная		выработка;			подгото-
вительная		выработка;				вскры-
тие месторождения					промывка
panning	['paenig]			я
(золотоносного песка					в	лотке)
prove	[pru:v]		v	разведывать
(характер				месторождения
или	залегания);			доказывать,
испытывать,			пробовать; proved

154

а	разведанный,		достовер-
ный; proving		n	опробование,
предварительная разведка
search	[sa:tj]	v	исследовать;
(for)	искать	(месторождение);
n поиск; syn		prospecting

sign [sain] п знак, символ; признак, примета

work [wa:k] v работать; вынимать, извлекать (уголь, руду);

вырабатывать; workable а

подходящий для работы, пригодный для разработки, рабочий (о пласте); рентабельный; working п разработка, горная выработка

country rock коренная (основная) порода

distinctive properties отличительные свойства

malleable ['maehabl] metal ковкий металл

II. Определите, какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

explore — explorer — exploration;

indicate — indicator

—indication; prospect — prospector — prospecting; survey

—surveyor — surveying; differ — different — difference; occur — occurrence — occurring; lustre — lustrous; scientist

— scientific — science; consider — considerable — consideration; investigate — investigator — investigation

III. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их:

aerial survey; geological exploration; ground methods of prospecting; accurate data; visible evidence of mineral deposits; exploration equipment; search for valuable minerals; certain ore deposits; exploratory workings; a particular type of ground; mode of occurrence; gold dredging; a preliminary estimation of the deposit; space research; in proximity to a colliery; lustrous -coal; to crop out at the surface; to touch upon a problem; to cope with a problem; to solve a problem; to deal with a problem

IV. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке. Переведите их:

the problems of searching for economically useful mineral deposits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctive physical properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief; geochemical methods of prospecting; areas of increased concentration of particular elements; the biological (hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; aerial magnetic and gamma surveys; geological interpretation of the data; the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerial photography

V.Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом предложении группу «подлежащее — сказуемое». Обратите внимание на функции инфинитива в предложении. Переведите предложения:

155

Since every ore deposit has				a limited life, the future of
the mining	industry depends on prospecting and exploration
to discover	and	evaluate	new	deposits. Exploratory under-
ground workings		are often	used	to determine geological and

geotechnical data necessary to design the future mine and forecast its operating costs and mineral output. As is known every year mines and quarries produce million tons of ore

ready

to be

processed for metals. To discover and explore

new valuable

mineral deposits is the task

of the

geologist.

VI. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

Ы

—

'mineral,

'different,

'difference, 'fissure,

dis'tinctive

[i:] —

'region,

need,

seam,

piece,

re'lief,

ga'lena

Ы

—

'quality,

'quantity,

'copper,

rock,

crop

Co: ] — call,

ore, small,

ex'plore,

'forecast

[as] — ex'tract,

sand,

'gravel, 'valuable,

map,

lo'cality

[Л] —

'country,

such,

e'nough,

'lustre,

'lustrous,

occur-

rence

[ei] — stage,

'data, 'nature,

grey,

'mainly,

ex'plain,

a v a i l -

able

[ou] — float,

stone,

gold,

ex'pose,

'opening

б) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов:

search for

economically

useful

mineral

deposits;

iron ores

to be mined; sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales; visual aerial observations and aerial

photography;		with	geological		interpretation				of	the data to
be obtained; highly effective aerial methods of										prospecting
VII. Прочитайте		текст		8A. Скажите, что должно быть в центре							вни-
мания геолога при разведке новых месторождений:
ТЕКСТ 8А
PROSPECTING
Mining	activities			include	prospecting			and		exploration
for a mineral		deposit		through	finding,		proving,			developing,
extracting and processing the ore. That							is why it			is possible
to divide the mining				activity	into	three major phases: I) be-
fore mining	which		involes prospecting				and		exploration		re-
quired to	locate,		characterize		and	prove		a	potential		ore
body; 2) mining		which refers to actual coal						or ore		extraction.
Extraction	processes			include underground or					surface mining

156

and	dredging;		3)	after	mining	which		involves		processing
and preparing the raw ore for the							end	product.
As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be
worked, that			is,	before	it can	be	extracted		from	the	Earth
for use by man, it				must first be found. The search for econom-
ically		useful	mineral		deposits	is	called		prospecting. To
establish the quality and quantity							of a mineral deposit, the
type	of	country rock, etc. means to					prove it		and this		process

is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.

Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize

valuable minerals it was necessary to know their			various
distinctive physical properties. For	example,	gold	occurs
in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal.		Galena, the
most important mineral containing	lead, is	dark	grey,

heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of

attracting		a	piece of	iron.
As the deposits of minerals that cropped out at the surface
were mined, the search for additional					supplies	of	minerals
took place. The science of geology was					used to	explain the
occurrence		of	ore) deposits.
The	aim of geological prospecting is to provide informa-
tion on	a preliminary			estimation of the	depositlartd		the costs

of ttp geological investigations to be made. It also indicates whetner it is available to continue the exploration or not.

Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.

General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary deposits would be expected.

Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.

At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:

157

1.	Surface	geological and mineralogical		prospecting such
as panning.
2.	Geophysical, geochemical,		geobotanical prospecting.
3.	Aerial	photography with	geological	interpretation of

the data to be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides, successful development of space research has made it possible to explore the Earth's resources from space by satellites.

In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.

VIII. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. Проверьте себя по ключу:

1. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called proving. 2. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineral deposits. 3. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena. 4. The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of ore deposits. 5. As a rule prospecting includes four stages. 6. The study of general topographical relief and the type of ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit. 7. Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a particular type of ground. 8. As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.

*1X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is prospecting? 2. What is proving? 3. How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century? 4. Does

gold occur in nature as a

heavy

malleable yellow metal

or

as a heavy dark-grey one? 5. What

metal is capable of attract-

ing a

piece

of

iron? 6. What

does prospecting work provide?

7.

What are

the

three

main

stages of prospecting? 8. Is it

enough

to know

only

the

topographical

relief

of a locality

for

exposing this or

that

mineral?

9.

What

methods

of

prospecting do you know? 10.

What are the most effective

aerial

methods

of

prospecting now?

X. а) Найдите в правой колонке

русские

эквиваленты следующих

слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте

себя

по

ключу:

I. country

rock

1.

залегание

рудных мес-

II.

panning

торождений

2.

блестящий

металл

III.

the search for com-

3. коренная (основная) по-

mercially

useful

de-

рода

posits

158

IV. geological			exploration	4.	минералов
V. to	look	for evidence		5.
of	mineralization				геологическая разведка
VI. distinctive			properties	6.
					(с попутной		добычей)
VII. lustrous		metal		7.	искать	доказательства
VIII. capable		of	attracting	8.	наличия месторождения
a	piece	of	iron
IX. additional			supplies of	9.	поиски экономически по-
minerals				10.	лезных	месторождений
X. the occurrence of ore					способный		притягивать
deposits					кусок	металла

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:

I. стоимость геологических исследований

II.выходить на поверхность (обнажаться)

III.произвести предварительную оценку (месторождения)

IV. визуальные наблюдения с воздуха

V. полученные данные VI. галенит, песчаники и

сланцы

VII. общие показания VIII. находить признаки

месторождения

IX. определенные рудные месторождения

1.the data obtained

2.galena, sandstones and shales

3.the cost of geological investigations

4.to crop out

5.certain ore deposits

6.to make a preliminary

estimation (of a deposit)

7.visual aerial observations

8.to find the signs of a deposit

9.general indications

XI. В каждой группе слов (А, Б, В) найдите близкие по значению слова:

A.1. abundant, 2. amount, 3. associate, 4. intermediate,

5.lustrous, 6. supply, 7. quantity, 8. connect, 9. combustible,

10.provide

Б.1. improve, 2. cost, 3. properly, 4. purpose, 5. similar,

6.make better, 7. various, 8. investigation, 9. aim, 10. dif-

ferent, 11. alike (the same as), 12. exploration
B. 1. manufacture, 2. indicate, 3. sign, 4.	search,	5.	pro-
duce, 6. obtain, 7. seam, 8. prospecting, 9.	vein,	10.	get,
11. bed

159