Perevod_I

assets: to make a loss | to sell sth. at a loss | to operate / run at a loss | to eliminate one’s budget deficit | profit and loss | The company operates / runs at a loss. | The company made a loss of $250,000 in its first year. | They sold their goods at a 50 percent loss. || убыток, ущерб; потеря, урон

22.sales (1) [plural] volume of sales the total number of goods or services that a company sells during a particular period of time: sales volume | the volume of sales | sales figures / targets | Sales of automobiles are up this year. | We grossed more than $500,000 in sales last year. | The company expects to increase / expand (its) sales in the aviation servicing business / to £50 million. | Sales this year exceeded the total for the two previous years. | We've already reached our sales targets for this year. || объем продаж, объем

сбыта, товарооборот

(2)[uncountable] sales department the part of a company that deals with selling products: a sales manager | She found a job in sales. || отдел сбыта; коммерческий отдел

23.order [countable] (1) a request by a customer for a company to supply goods or for a meal in a restaurant: to place / put in / make / give an order for sth. | to place an order with sb. / a company | to execute / fill / complete an order (= to supply what has been ordered by a customer) | to make up an order | to take sb.’s order (= to write down what a customer, especially in a restaurant, wants) | to be on order (= ordered but not yet received) | to have sth. on order (= to be waiting for something you have ordered) | to make / supply

sth. to order (= to produce something especially for a particular customer) | an order form | New orders are falling off. | The merchandise is on order. | The Canadian Air Force has placed a large order for electronic equipment. | Have you filled in / out the order form? | We supply hand-made shoes to order. | The waiter came over to take my order. | The salesclerk will take your order. || заказ

(2)goods ordered or supplied: to make up an order | to send / ship an order | The druggist is sending the order right over. || заказ

24.to order [transitive; intransitive] to ask for goods or services: to order a copy of a book | They order merchandise from a mail-order house. | Have you ordered yet, madam? | She ordered a double brandy. | We'll order you a taxi from the station. | I've ordered new curtains for the living room. || заказывать

25.entrepreneur [countable] a person who starts a company, arranges business deals, and takes risks in order to make a profit || предприниматель; бизнесмен; делец

26.entrepreneurial (adjective): entrepreneurial skills || предпринимательский

27.enterprise | entrepreneurship (noun) industrious, systematic activity, especially when directed towards profit: free enterprise | private enterprise | Private enterprise is basic to capitalism. ||

предпринимательство; предприимчивость; инициатива

28.to acquire [transitive] (formal) to buy or obtain something, especially something expensive or difficult to get: The museum has managed to acquire an important work by Dali. || приобретать, покупать;

обзаводиться

29.acquisition (1) [uncountable] the act of getting land, power, money, etc.: the acquisition of new territory | the acquisition of properties / wealth / a business || приобретение; получение

(2)[countable] (formal) something that you have bought or obtained, especially a valuable object: recent acquisitions to a library | The National Gallery's latest acquisition is a painting by Goya. || приобретение

30.to take over [transitive] to take control of something: to take over a company / business | Larger companies are taking over smaller firms by buying their shares. || поглощать (другую компанию);

приобретать контрольный пакет акций; присоединять

31.takeover | take-over [countable] the act of gaining control of a company by making its shareholders a general offer (called a takeover bid), usually with a time-limit for acceptance, to buy, at a stated price that is higher than the market price, all the shares, or at least enough of them to give a controlling interest in the company (If the holders of 90% of the shares accept the offer, the bidding company has the legal right to buy the remaining 10% at the same price. In most countries the authorities keep strict control of takeovers to protect the interests of shareholders.) || поглощение (другой компании); приобретение

контрольного пакета акций; присоединение

32.to merge [transitive; intransitive] to combine or join together to form one thing: The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the US. | Rover is to merge with BMW, the German car manufacturer. ||

сливать(ся) / объединять(ся) (банки, предприятия, фирмы и т.п.); поглощать

41

33.merger [countable] the act of joining together two or more companies to form one larger company (There are two particular forms of combination: (a) in one form, the ownership of two companies, often about equal in size, is combined to form one new company, the shareholders of both the old companies being given shares in the new one; (b) in the other form, one company, usually the larger, obtains the ownership of the other, which then becomes a subsidiary company and may or may not keep its name (this form is also called acquisition)). || слияние (объединение / сращивание) компаний; поглощение (другой

компании)

Text 3:

A matter of choice (continued)

Choice, glorious choice

None of the three main proposals for the future of the company looks definitive. Together, they leave behind a set of contradictory impressions: the fashion for “networking” has coincided with a greater e mphasis on focus; a period of mergers and acquisitions has coincided with an efflorescence of small companies; and the fashion for shareholder capitalism has coincided with a flattening of hierarchies. So does any pattern emerge?

Another way to look at the future of the company is to focus less on structure than on the environment that will determine it. That environment is dominated by one thing: choice. Technology and globalisation open up ever more opportunities for individuals and firms to collect information and conduct economic activity outside traditional structures.

As Robert Reich, a secretary of labour under Bill Clinton, points out, “we are entering the Age of the Terrific Deal, where choices are almost limitless and it is easy to switch to something better.” While the age of mass production lowered the costs of products at the expense of limiting choices—Henry Ford famously s aid that you could have a car in any colour, as long as it was black—modern “flexible” production systems usually both lower costs and increase choice. Consumers have more choice over where they spend their money. Producers have more choice over which suppliers to use. Potential shareholders have more choice over where to put their money.

It is hard to argue that this environment invariably favours one sort of structure over all others. The world's most successful company over the past five years, according to a recent Stern Stewart study of “wealth added”, has been an unwieldy conglomerate spread ac ross umpteen unconnected businesses, many of them (for example, light bulbs) distinctly unfashionable. General Electric (GE) has thrived because it has been well run.

But even if the ever more competitive environment does not predetermine the firm's future structure, it will, surely, make some characteristics more valuable. Four, in particular, stand out:

•Leanness . This is not the same as size. GE is huge, but it is also lean. Layers within firms will continue to flatten out as improvements in communication technologies increase the number of employees that supervisors can manage effectively. The chances are that more tasks will be assigned to ad hoc teams with substantial discretion over what they do and how. Rather than sending orders down a hierarchy, managing in new organisations will be about weaving such networks together.

•Flexibility . Mr Drucker's classic 1946 portrait of General Motors, “Concept of the Corporation”, barely mentions shareholders at all: the managers ran the company as if it were their own. Now no chairman of a big American company can guarantee life-time employment even to himself. Managers need to have the freedom to expand and contract their workforce to deal with uncertain times.

• Reputation. With “hard” competitive advantages becoming ever scarcer, companies will look more to brands and images that can cut through the clutter of all those choices. The real economic value of a corporation increasingly comes not from the assets that it owns, or the employees that it supervises, but from the domain of trust that it has established with its customers. One of the central challenges for future firms will be to ensure that they maintain the quality of their name while at the same time sub-contracting much of their production to companies elsewhere.

•Talent . The human side of management is set to become more important rather than less. In the first half of this century, managers tried to take the human element out of business by turning people into interchangeable machines. Nowadays, what sets companies apart is their ability to create and innovate. McKinsey, a consultancy, argues that the key battle of this century is the war for talent: the war to hire and

42

retain the best people. Mr Drucker's knowledge workers are a demanding lot. They are less and less likely to want to work full-time for one company, seeing no reason to pledge their loyalty to an organisation that can no longer reciprocate the favour.

One way to look at the future of the firm is as a battle between different groups of stakeholders. The virtues listed above favour different ones. Flexibility and leanness mostly benefit the firm's owners. An obsession with talent gives more power to workers. A good reputation means that companies have to look after their local community, the environment and so on. Only customers, it seems, gain from all four characteristics.

In general, the joint-stock company is skewed towards its owners. The whole point of a corporation is to make investors feel safe: they cannot be sued if it goes bankrupt; they can sell their shares if they want to; and they never lose more than they invest.

The last century saw all sorts of challenges to shareholder capitalism: from state-owned capitalism; from mixed stakeholder capitalism (notably in Germany); from the managerial capitalism of 1950s America; from the keiretsu and chaebol; even, to some extent, from the virtual economy of the Internet. But it has survived them all. Even countries that once looked on the idea of equity capitalism with suspicion are turning back to it. Germany has introduced more IPOs in the past five years than in the previous 50. There are now more German shareholders than there are trade unionists.

From this perspective, the future of the company would seem to be assured. Any idea of the joint-stock company disappearing looks wildly premature. In many places, it is only just beginning to thrive. In most commercial endeavours, it is still the best and easiest structure for individuals to pool capital, to refine skills, and to pass them on. And it has proven enormously adaptable: look at the gap between General Motors and Monorail.

Yet this very adaptability points to another truth: that the corporation will surely become ever less corporate. Monorail is not a firm that most 1950s organisation men would recognise. Technology is shifting the advantage gradually away from organisations towards individuals and markets. The erosion of transaction costs will make it ever easier for small companies—or jus t collections of entrepreneurs—to challenge the dom inance of big companies; and ever more tempting for entrepreneurs to enter into loose relationships with other entrepreneurs rather than to form long-lasting corporations. In order to deal with these challenges, corporations will have to break themselves down into small entrepreneurial units.

The unpredictable Leviathan

There remains one great unknown about the future of the company: the role of the state. Whatever the anti-globalisation protesters might say, the state still has enormous influence over the corporate sector, although most advanced nations have become a bit schizophrenic about it. On the one hand, governments are ceding ever more of their own territory to profit-making institutions. Recently, for instance, Pennsylvania decided to hand over some control of the worst schools in the Philadelphia school system, the sixth biggest in the country, to a private-sector firm, Edison Schools.

Yet even while they yield ground to the firm, governments are increasingly using regulation to force companies to pursue what used to be their own social ends. What began as a mixture of accident prevention (workplace safety rules) and administrative convenience (organising pensions through companies) has become much more aggressive. Firms are now being regulated by governments in ways intended to clean up the environment and to balance social inequality. Multinationals are now seen as tools, via fair-trade regulations, to sort out the evils of third-world poverty.

The costs are huge. The Office of Management and Budget calculates that the cost of meeting social regulations in the United States could be as high as $289 billion. Thomas Hopkins, of the Rochester Institute of Technology, reckons the cost is almost three times that amount. And the numbers are likely to get larger as politicians discover that it is far cheaper (both in financial and electoral terms) to get companies to do their work for them.

From the viewpoint of society as a whole, this thicket of rules may be efficient. From the company's perspective, however, it represents an increasing threat—just as the corporation is losing some of its advantages over lone-wolf entrepreneurs. If the company yields ground in the future, it may have as much to do with politics as economics.

(The Economist)

43

Vocabulary practice

1.Read the text.

2.Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A	List B
1. definitive	a. государственный капитализм
2. to open up opportunities / possibilities for sb. /	b. административно - управленческий /
sth.	“ менеджерский” капитализм
3. to conduct economic activity	c. крупное предприятие | крупная компания
4. to switch to sth. else	d. большой бизнес | крупный капитал
5. at the expense of sth.	e. переключаться на что-л. другое
6. to pool capital	f. малый бизнес
7. small business	g. первоначальное публичное предложение акций /
	первый выпуск акций
8. big business	h. улучшать окружающую среду
9. a small company / business	i. заниматься экономической деятельностью
10. a profit-making organization	j. среднее предприятие
11. a big / large company / business	k. уменьшать / смягчать социальную
	несправедливость
12. a medium-size(d) company / business	l. объединить капиталы / денежные ресурсы |
	создать общий фонд капиталов
13. a non-profitmaking / nonprofit / not-for-profit	m. мелкое предприятие | мелкая компания
organization
14. to clean up the environment	n. акционерный капитализм
15. to balance social inequality	o. некоммерческая организация
16. state(-owned) capitalism	p. за счет чего-л.
17. equity / shareholder / stakeholder capitalism	q. открывать возможности для кого-л. / чего-л.
18. managerial capitalism	r. окончательный | определенный
19. initial public offering / IPO	s. коммерческая организация

3.Learn the words and phrases listed in the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

4.Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B.

List A	List B
1. a contractor	a. обанкротиться
2. a sub-contractor	b. доля
3. to carry out / execute a contract	c. работать неполный рабочий день
4. capital / fixed / permanent assets	d. ценные бумаги
5. to contract out	e. основные фонды
6. liquid / available assets	f. ликвидные средства
7. to draw up / write a contract	g. оборотные средства / фонды
8. to negotiate a contract	h. акционер | владелец / держатель акций
9. to expand	i. давать работу по контракту
10. current / circulating / floating assets	j. заключать субподрядный договор
11. to subcontract	k. пакет акций
12. to innovate	l. исполнять контракт / договор / соглашение
13. a full-time job	m. собственные средства
14. to work part-time	n. субподрядчик
15. part-time employment	o. штатная работа / должность
16. a holding of shares	p. расширять(ся)
17. to have / own an interest in a business	q. разорить / обанкротить кого-л. | довести кого-л.
	до банкротства
	44

18. a stake	r. составлять контракт / соглашение / договор
19. to go bankrupt / to go bust / to go to the wall /	s. договориться об условиях контракта / соглашения
to fail	| заключить контракт / соглашение
20. equity	t. частичная занятость | работа неполный рабочий
	день | работа не на полную ставку
21. securities	u. иметь долю в коммерческом предприятии
22. a shareholder / stockholder	v. вводить новшества | производить перемены
23. to bankrupt sb.	w. подрядчик

5. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions. Give their Russian equivalents. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.a number of shares in the same company offered for sale together as one deal

2.unable to pay your debts

3.a new idea, method, or invention

4.all things owned by a person or business that have some money value, especially if they can be used to pay debts, produce goods, or in some way help the business to make a profit

5.someone who has officially said that they cannot pay their debts

6.to have done something that is not allowed by the contract

7.stocks or shares

8.a quantity of securities, such as shares / stocks, bonds or real estate, that are held by one owner

9.to buy or obtain something, especially something expensive or difficult to get

10.ordinary shares in limited liability companies, so called because they carry a right to a share in the equity of the company

11.to be working for someone with whom you have a contract

12.a share in a business

13.a national geopolitical policy in which the entire world is regarded as the appropriate sphere for a state's influence

14.to give money to a company, business or bank in order to get a profit

15.any legally binding agreement between two or more parties

16.an important part or share in a business, plan, etc. so that you will gain if it succeeds

17.the development of economic conditions that make it possible for a company to operate in many different countries, for money to be moved easily from one country to another and for economic changes to affect the whole world rather than one or several countries

18.the total value of a company's shares

19.a person who introduces changes and new ideas

6. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below and translate them. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

stock, investment, a share, to abrogate / cancel / repudiate a contract, bankruptcy, to break / breach / violate a contract, to contract out, innovative, to be in breach of contract, a part timer, equity, to enter into a contract

Translation practice

1. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.In these days of globalization one country's economic collapse will affect the world.

2.We need to expand production to meet demand.

3.Tyler has just agreed a seven-year contract with a Hollywood studio.

4.They have just entered into a lucrative contract with a clothing store.

5.If they don't get the test version of the software to us by tomorrow they'll be in breach of contract.

6.They contracted much of their production to companies elsewhere.

7.The builders have contracted for three new bridges this year.

8.The company has contracted the catering out to an outside firm.

45

9.We will be subcontracting most of the electrical work.

10.We must encourage innovation if the company is to remain competitive.

11.Maxwell had invested heavily in the bond market.

12.He lives on income from investments.

13.They're looking for full-time staff at the library.

14.She'll work part-time after she's had the baby.

15.He decided to sell his shares in Allied Chemicals.

16.Foreigners can now take a majority stake in Thai financial institutions.

17.Miller has a controlling interest in the factory.

18.There has been a sharp increase in bankruptcies in the last two years.

19.Seventeen years of war left the country bankrupt.

20.Dad lost his job when the firm went bust.

2. Translate the following sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.Многим развивающимся странам приходится платить высокую цену за политику глобализации, проводимую развитыми странами.

2.Вечерами он подрабатывает.

3.Они заключили выгодный договор / контракт с компанией, производящей телевизоры.

4.Городской муниципальный совет заключил с ними договор / контракт на строительство дороги.

5.Их строительная фирма заключила договор с субподрядчиком на остекление окон.

6.Многие эксперты полагают, что в настоящее время наиболее выгодным является вложение капитала в акции нефтяных компаний.

7.На данном этапе экономического развития стране нужны долгосрочные инвестиции.

8.У нее двое детей, тем не менее она работает полный рабочий день.

9.Директор имеет намерение расширить фирму, превратив ее в транснациональную компанию.

10.Он является владельцем крупного пакета акций нашей компании.

11.Компания выставила на продажу пакет акций.

12.В этой стране иностранцам разрешено владеть контрольным пакетом акций финансовых учреждений.

13.Он владеет значительной долей в этой компании.

14.Количество неплатежеспособных фирм в последнее время резко возросло.

15.Экономический спад вызвал банкротство большого количества мелких предприятий.

3. Translate Text 3.

Text 4:

США начали свободную торговлю с Сингапуром

Вчера увеличился список стран, с которыми у США действует соглашение о свободной торговле. Очередным "счастливчиком" стал Сингапур – город-государство, через которое американским компаниям теперь будет проще проникать в Юго-Восточную Азию и Китай. Первыми в полноправном освоении рынка станут, по всей видимости, производители жвачки – на протяжении 10 лет в Сингапуре употреблять этот продукт было нельзя.

Сингапур стал пятой страной, подписавшей с США соглашение о свободной торговле (Free Trade Agreement). Формально это означает снятие таможенных пошлин и любых других торговых барьеров на все экспортируемые странами товары. Кроме того, по этому соглашению компаниям обеих стран будет гораздо проще, чем раньше, открывать представительства и вести дела. Правда, в случае крайней необходимости Сингапур все-таки оставляет за собой право ввести госконтроль в той или иной области. До сегодняшнего дня подобными льготами в торговле с США пользовались лишь Канада, Мексика, Иордания и Израиль.

"Это очень хорошая новость, – говорит "Финансовым Известиям" старший экономист датского исследовательского центра “ Энскилда Макро Тим” (Enskilda Macro Team) Томас Тигесен. – Она как

46

минимум означает, что США начали предпринимать первые позитивные шаги после формального окончания войны в Ираке". Однако, по мнению аналитика, многое зависит от экономической эффективности соглашения. "Сингапур в принципе мало заинтересован в ослаблении торговых барьеров. Эта страна, пожалуй, один из главных двигателей экономического развития в регионе. И она уже давно находится в весьма дружественных отношениях с США – в том числе и экономических", – считает Томас Тигесен.

Интерес США именно к этой стране не случаен. Ежегодный внешнеторговый оборот США и Сингапура составляет примерно $34 млрд. Для России, например, такая цифра в обозримом будущем недостижима: торговый оборот с США колеблется в пределах $7 млрд. Вдобавок из-за выгодного географического положения Сингапура через эту страну проходят все внешнеторговые потоки региона. И компаниям, имеющим беспрепятственный выход на Сингапур, будет гораздо проще выйти на рынки стран Юго-Восточной Азии и Китая.

От беспошлинной торговли в первую очередь выиграют американские компании. Одними из первых претендентов на освоение сингапурского рынка аналитики называют производителей жевательной резинки. Соглашение о свободной торговле автоматически аннулирует запрет на производство, импорт и употребление жвачки в Сингапуре. На протяжении 10 лет ее было официально запрещено жевать для сохранения чистоты улиц. За выплюнутую на асфальт резинку до сих пор взимался штраф в $500.

По мнению аналитика “ Леман бразерс” (Lehman Brothers) Эндрю Лазара, доходы “ Ригли” (Wrigley), крупнейшего американского производителя жвачки, в Азии сильно пострадали и будут сокращаться из-за эпидемии атипичной пневмонии. Азиатам, на которых приходится до 12% продаж компании, помешали маски – опасность заболеть оказалась сильнее желания жевать. В этой связи ситуацию может исправить освоение сингапурского рынка с его 4-миллионным населением. За атипичной пневмонией здесь следить проще, чем в КНР. Еще в апреле власти страны выделили $250 млн только на преодоление первых экономических последствий эпидемии. Уровень этих дотаций может вырасти, поскольку вчера президент США Джордж Буш заметил, что без борьбы с пневмонией соглашение никому выгоды не принесет.

(Екатерина Выхухолева: Финансовые Известия) Summarizing

1.Summarize Text 3 in English and Russian.

2.Read Text 4 and then summarize it in English.

3.Find a newspaper or magazine article, written in Russian, which deals with a topic similar to that of Text 3 or Text 4. Summarize it in English.

Essential vocabulary

1.globalization [uncountable] the development of economic conditions that make it possible for a company to operate in many different countries, for money to be moved easily from one country to another and for economic changes to affect the whole world rather than one or several countries: Many poor countries are paying a high price for globalization. | In these days of globalization one country's economic collapse will affect the world. || глобализация

2.globalism [uncountable] a national geopolitical policy in which the entire world is regarded as the appropriate sphere for a state's influence || глобализм

3.assets [plural] all things owned by a person or business that have some money value, especially if they can be used to pay debts, produce goods, or in some way help the business to make a profit || средства,

имущество, фонды

4.capital / fixed / permanent assets possessions of a long-lasting and unchanging nature such as land, buildings, machinery, trade investments, etc., used for making and selling the products of the business and not intended for sale or to be turned into cash as long as they are useful to the business || основные

средства, основные фонды (совокупность материально-вещественных ценностей, действующих в течение длительного времени: машины, здания, сооружения, оборудование и т.п.)

47

5.current / circulating / floating assets assets that may be consumed / used up or turned into cash fairly soon in the ordinary course of business, e.g. stock-in-trade, raw materials, stores, book debts, etc. ||

оборотные средства, оборотные фонды (денежные средства, вложенные в запасы сырья, материалов, топлива, готовой продукции, а также счета в банках)

6.liquid / available assets possessions that consist of cash in hand, or cash with bankers, and anything that can be quickly turned into cash, e.g. bills receivable and marketable securities || ликвидные средства

(наличные деньги или то, что может быть быстро переведено в наличные деньги, например, ценные бумаги), ликвидные (легко реализуемые) активы

7.contract [countable] any legally binding agreement between two or more parties (To be effective according to law, it is essential that the parties to a contract have legal capacity / power and freedom of contract; they must intend it to be binding; they must be agreed on the purpose of the contract and the purpose must not be illegal; there must be valuable consideration, i.e. some payment or service or sacrifice must be promised by each party; and the meaning of the agreement must be clear enough to be understood. It need not necessarily be in writing unless it is of a nature that must by law be in writing or under seal.): to draw up / write a contract | to negotiate / agree a contract | to conclude / sign a contract | to enter into a contract | to carry out / execute a contract | to abrogate / cancel / repudiate / terminate a contract | to break / breach / violate / tear up / rip up a contract | a contract for sth. | a contract with sb. | a legal / valid contract | a void contract | His contract of employment specifies that he must get at least one month's training. | Tyler has just agreed a seven-year contract with a Hollywood studio. | Read the contract carefully before you sign it. | They have just entered into a lucrative contract with a clothing store. | His contract was terminated immediately they found out who he was. | He can’t be trusted; he’s been known to tear up / rip up a contract as soon as it’s signed. || контракт, договор, соглашение; подряд; сделка

8.to be on a contract | to be under contract to be working for someone with whom you have a contract:

That player is under contract with our team. || по контракту / договору, на основании контракта /

договора, на договорной основе

9.breach of contract violation of a contract: to be in breach of contract | If they don't get the test version of the software to us by tomorrow they'll be in breach of contract. || нарушение контракта / договора

10.to contract [transitive; intransitive] to sign a contract in which you agree formally that you will do something or someone will do something for you: They contracted much of their production to companies elsewhere. | We contracted (with) them to deliver our cargo. | The city council has contracted (with) White and Company for the new road. | The firm was contracted to build 25 low-cost homes. | They have contracted for snow removal / for garbage collection / for three new bridges this year. | They contracted to work fixed hours each week. || заключать контракт / договор / соглашение; давать работу по

контракту, нанять для выполнения работы, подрядить (кого-л.); взяться за выполнение работы, принимать на себя обязательства (по выполнению работы), взять подряд (на что-л.), подрядиться; вступать в какие-л. юридические отношения

11.to contract out [transitive] to arrange to have a job done by a person or company outside your own organization: The company has contracted the catering out to an outside firm. | The city council has already contracted out the work on the new road. | The government contracted out hospital cleaning to private companies. || давать работу по контракту, нанять для выполнения работы, подрядить

12.contractor [countable] a person or company that makes an agreement to do work or provide goods in large amounts for another company: a roofing contractor || подрядчик, фирма-исполнитель, контрактант

13.subcontract [countable] a contract in which one party, the subcontractor, agrees to provide materials or services needed by the other party to perform another contract, to which the subcontractor is not a party ||

договор с субподрядчиком / субконтрагентом, субподрядный / передоверенный договор, субдоговор; субподряд

14.to subcontract [transitive; intransitive] to enter into a subcontract, either as the party giving it or the party undertaking to perform it: We will be subcontracting most of the electrical work. || заключить

субподрядный договор / субдоговор; взять субподряд

15.subcontractor | subber (informal) a person who does part of the work of another person or firm ||

субподрядчик, субконтрагент (лицо, которому передается часть или весь контракт); заводподрядчик; субпоставщик; смежник

48

16.to innovate [transitive; intransitive] to introduce something new; to make changes in anything established: to innovate a computer operating system || вводить новшества, производить перемены, менять;

рационализировать

17.innovation (1) [countable] a new idea, method, or invention: recent technological innovations ||

нововведение, новшество, новинка, новация, инновация, новая идея, новый метод;

рационализаторское предложение; изобретение

(2)[uncountable] the introduction of new ideas or methods: We must encourage innovation if the company is to remain competitive. || новаторство

18.innovative (1) an innovative process, method, plan, etc. is new, different, and better than those that existed before || новаторский, передовой, рационализаторский, прогрессивный

(2)using clever new ideas and methods: a young innovative company || способный / готовый к

нововведениям

19.innovator [countable] a person who introduces changes and new ideas || новатор; рационализатор

20.to invest [transitive; intransitive] to give money to a company, business or bank in order to get a profit:

Jim’s father invested his own father’s fortune in t he business, which luckily was successful. | They invested surplus funds in stocks. | Jones invested $7 million in an ultra-modern video studio. | Maxwell had invested heavily in the bond market. | Many people think it safest to invest in property / equities / gilt-edged securities / oil stock. || вкладывать / инвестировать / помещать капитал / деньги

21.investment (1) [uncountable] the act of giving money to a company, business or bank in order to get a profit: the choice between spending and investment || инвестирование / инвестиция / вложение

капитала / денег

(2)[countable] the amount of money that people or organizations have put into a company, business or bank in order to get a profit, or to make a business activity successful: to make an investment | a bad / poor investment | a good / lucrative / profitable investment | a solid / sound investment | long-term / mediumterm / short-term investments | overseas investments | investments in oil stocks | He lives on income from investments. || капиталовложения, инвестиции; вклад

(3)[countable] a particular security, or class of security, or some other thing, in which money is invested: Oil shares are a good / sound investment. | Those shares proved to be the best investment of last year. ||

вложение / размещение капитала / денег, инвестиция

22.full-time (adjective; adverb) working or operating the customary number of hours in each day, week, or month: to work full-time | a full-time job | full-time employment | a full-time clerk / housekeeper / student | full-time production | They're looking for full-time staff at the library. | She works full-time, and has two kids. || занимающий все рабочее время, занимающий полный рабочий день

23.full time (noun) [uncountable] the number of hours in a period, as a day, week, or month, considered customary for pursuing an activity, esp. working at a job: The factory now operates on full time. || полный

рабочий день; на полную мощность

24.part-time (adjective; adverb) working or operating a part of the customary number of hours in each day, week, or month: to work part-time | a part-time job | part-time employment | a part-time clerk | Mattie had a part-time job in the evenings. | She'll work part-time after she's had the baby. || не полностью

занятый, занятый неполный рабочий день; по совместительству; частично безработный

25.part time (noun) [uncountable] a period of time that is less than the usual or full time || неполный

рабочий день

26.part timer (informal) [countable] a person who works part-time: A part-timer helps us out in the mornings. || работник, занятый неполное рабочее время / неполный рабочий / трудовой день;

работник, работающий на неполную ставку / по совместительству; работник, выполняющий свои обязанности по совместительству; частично безработный

27.share [countable] any of the equal parts into which the capital (ownership) of a company is divided (For example, a company may have a capital of one million pounds divided into two million shares of 50 pence each. Ownership of a share gives the owner, called a member or a shareholder, the right to receive a share in the profits of the company and to share in its management. Shares can be bought and sold on a stock exchange in blocks, lots or parcels according to their price.): to issue shares | to buy / sell shares | a new issue / offer of shares | a new share issue / offer | ordinary / preference shares | He decided to sell his

49

shares in Allied Chemicals. | IBM still holds shares in the new company. || акция; доля, пай, часть;

участие / доля участия в акционерном капитале

28.shareholder (especially British English) | stockholder (especially American English) | shareowner | stockowner [countable] a person who owns shares in a business: Shareholders have been told to expect an even lower result for 1995. || акционер, пайщик, владелец / держатель акций

29.holding of shares | shareholding [countable] a quantity of shares / stocks that are held by one owner: a large holding of shares in a company | to take a minority shareholding in a business | In 1992, United Distillers acquired a 75% shareholding in the company. || пакет акций; участие в акционерном

капитале; доля участия в акционерном обществе / акционерном капитале, доля участника акционерного общества

30.block / lot / parcel / packet of shares [countable] a number of shares in the same company offered for sale together as one deal || пакет акций (выставленный на продажу)

31.stock (1) [the plural form: stock or stocks] (technical or American English) a share in a company: common stock (= ordinary shares) | preferred stock (= preference shares) || акция

(2)[uncountable] joint stock the total value of a company's shares || акционерный / основной капитал;

фонды; акции

32.stake [singular] an important part or share in a business, plan, etc. so that you will gain if it succeeds: a 33% stake in the business || доля, пай, часть; участие, доля участия

33.stakeholder [countable] (1) a person or group that has an investment, share, or interest in something, as a business or industry || акционер, пайщик

(2)(law) a person, usually a lawyer, who holds money or property to which two or more persons make rival claims || депозитарий спорного имущества (лицо, сохраняющее имущество третьих лиц до тех

пор, пока суд не решит, кому оно должно быть присуждено)

34.interest [countable] (technical) a share in a business: to have / own an interest in a business | an interest in the new company | She's sold all her interests in the company. | He bought half an interest in the store. | Mr Jones has a large interest in this business. | He has many business / commercial / industrial / financial / property interests. || доля, пай, часть; участие в прибылях

35.controlling / majority interest | majority holding / shareholding / ownership / stake | controlling stock the number of shares that makes it possible to control what decisions are made by a company: to have / own a controlling interest (in a company) | Miller has a controlling interest in the factory. | Foreigners can now take a majority stake in Thai financial institutions. || контрольный пакет акций

36.equity [uncountable] (technical) (1) the monetary value of a property or business beyond any amounts owed on it in mortgages, claims, liens, etc. || собственные средства, собственный капитал; чистая

доля в средствах

(2)equities [plural] (technical) ordinary shares in limited liability companies, so called because they carry a right to a share in the equity of the company || обыкновенные акции, акции с нефиксированным

дивидендом / без фиксированного дивиденда

37.securities [plural] stocks or shares || ценные бумаги

38.bankruptcy | insolvency [countable; uncountable] the state of being unable to pay your debts: There has been a sharp increase in bankruptcies in the last two years. || банкротство, неплатежеспособность,

несостоятельность; крах, провал

39.bankrupt | insolvent [countable] someone who has officially said that they cannot pay their debts ||

банкрот, несостоятельный должник

40.bankrupt | insolvent (adjective) unable to pay your debts: insolvent private companies | Seventeen years of war left the country bankrupt. || неплатежеспособный, несостоятельный, обанкротившийся

41.to go bankrupt | to go bust | to go to the wall (informal) | to fail | to go into liquidation to be unable to pay your debts and to have to sell your property and goods: The recession has made many small companies go bankrupt. | Dad lost his job when the firm went bust. | Our family business failed in 1929. | Land is being sold off because the builder has gone into liquidation. || обанкротиться; прекратить платежи

42.to liquidate [transitive; intransitive] to close a business or company in order to pay its debts: Without government assistance the bank will have to liquidate. || обанкротиться, ликвидировать дела,

закрываться (о компании)

50