Perevod_I

But the liberalisation of capital movements was perhaps even more important, and certainly more rapid, than the liberalisation of trade in goods and services. In 1980, most developed economies imposed restrictions, often severe, on any overseas investments by their citizens. I then had an academic colleague whose specialism was the theory and practice of exchange control. Before long, he had only Sweden and South Africa to focus on. I expect he is now in the palaeontology department.

The consequent globalisation of industrial structure had different consequences for different industries. Boeing provided aircraft for everyone from a single plant in Seattle. Ford and General Motors made engines in one place, gearboxes in another, and put them together somewhere different still. Thus these companies were able to divorce completely the location of manufacture and the location of sale. McDonald's, Hertz and PricewaterhouseCoopers, for whom production was necessarily local, brought to that production a global formula and a global brand.

Last, the term globalisation came to encompass measures of domestic deregulation and privatisation that had no direct relationship to internationalisation of the world economy. Once, privatisation was used as an umbrella term by opponents of market-oriented reforms. Today, globalisation has a similar interpretation. Globalisation is things that people hostile to the modern market economy dislike.

It is entirely possible to pick and choose from these many components of globalisation. You can dislike the increasing homogeneity of shopping centres worldwide but still support free trade in manufactured goods. You can favour deregulation of electricity markets but worry about the consequences of worldwide adoption of an Anglo-American model of capital markets. Few components of globalisation are inevitable if there is a genuine popular will to stop them. But mostly there is not.

Yet all these strands of globalisation have one common business consequence. That consequence is the substitution of industrial structures based on competitive advantage for those based on historic market position. If that seems almost a truism, it is one that has not been obvious to either the business supporters or the protesting opponents of globalisation. They have shared a common belief that globalisation favours the established firm over the new entrant and the large business over the small firm.

But globalisation has done harm, not good, to General Motors, which has lost market share to smaller competitors, such as Hyundai and BMW, which could not have prospered in their home market alone. Globalisation has done harm, not good, to established national telecommunications monopolies. These companies were huge monoliths with entrenched market power that was the result of statutory monopoly. They first saw their domestic positions eroded and were subsequently brought to their knees by the unsupportable costs of their international acquisitions. Globalisation has done harm, not good, to flag-carrying airlines, which have been outwitted in both the US and Europe by low-cost entrants.

The principal victims of globalisation are companies, activities and individuals in rich countries with strong historic positions but no competitive advantages: US car workers; Bethlehem Steel; Sabena.

Paradoxically, it is often precisely these organisations and institutions that anti-globalisation protesters believe they are demonstrating against. (Financial Times)

Vocabulary practice

1.Read the text.

2.Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A	List B
1. a multinational company	a. зона свободной торговли
2. developed countries / nations / economies |	b. зарубежные / заграничные производственные
industrialized countries	мощности / заводы (компании)
3. to conduct / hold negotiations / talks	c. главный / основной | серийно выпускаемый |
	широко распространенный
4. to enter into negotiations	d. снимать ограничения
5. to break off negotiations / talks	e. торговые ограничения
6. developing countries / nations / economies |	f. вводить / налагать ограничения на что-л.
emerging economies
7. trade restrictions / barriers	g. вступать в переговоры
8. to impose / put / place restrictions on sth.	h. (внезапно) прекращать переговоры

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9. mainstream	i. многонациональная / транснациональная
	компания
10. to lift / raise / remove restrictions	j. развивающиеся страны
11. overseas production facilities	k. развитые страны
12. a free trade area	l. вести переговоры

3.Learn the words and phrases listed in the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

4.Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B.

List A	List B
1. the commodity market	a. продаваться
2. the securities market	b. затоваривание рынка нефти
3. the stock market	c. насыщать / наводнять / затоваривать рынок
4. the used-car market	d. рынок ценных бумаг
5. active market	e. монополизировать рынок
6. rising market	f. зарубежные / заграничные отделения /
	предприятия (компании)
7. depressed market	g. фондовый рынок
8. declining / falling market	h. растущий рынок | рынок, цены на котором
	повышаются
9. market share	i. рынок с пониженным спросом
10. a glut of oil in / on the market	j. сужающийся рынок | рынок, цены на котором
	снижаются / падают
11. the job / labour market	k. доля на рынке | доля рынка
12. to put a product on the market | to launch a	l. товарный рынок | рынок товаров
product
13. to capture / corner / monopolize the market	m. рынок подержанных автомобилей
14. to flood / glut / saturate the market	n. выпускать товар на рынок | пускать товар в
	продажу
15. to be on the market	o. рынок с оживленным спросом
16. overseas operations	p. рынок труда / рабочей силы

5. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions. Give their Russian equivalents. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.money that the government receives from taxation

2.to sell something in very large numbers or amounts, so that the price goes down

3.a company located or based in a foreign country and not subject to tax laws

4.to become available for people to buy

5.the number of jobs that are available

6.to be interested in buying something

7.to gain control of the whole supply of a particular kind of goods

8.to try to persuade people to buy a product by advertising it in a particular way, using attractive packages, etc.

9.a supply of something that is more than you need

10.the system in which all prices and wages depend on what goods people want to buy, how many they buy, etc.

6. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below and translate them. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

there is a market for a product, the market is sluggish, the market is firm / steady, to be on the open market, revenue, market share, a buyer’s market, a seller’s market, to be on a high income, taxable income, a domestic market

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Translation practice

1. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.They have lost market share to smaller competitors.

2.Several factors combined to depress the American computer market.

3.Our main overseas market is Japan.

4.The market for specialist academic books is pretty small.

5.The job / labour market has been badly hit by the recession.

6.Several terrorist groups were believed to be in the market for nuclear technology.

7.There are thousands of different computer games on the market.

8.They're trying to corner the market by buying up all the wheat in sight.

9.Japanese companies were accused of flooding the market with cheap steel.

10.The success of any beauty product depends on the way it is marketed.

11.It's only reasonable that people on a high income should pay more tax.

12.Their huge interstate operation reportedly brings in $20 million a year.

13.Many small businesses fail in the first year of operation.

2. Translate the following sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.“ Хонда” пытается увеличить свою долю на рынке / долю рынка.

2.На эти товары нет спроса.

3.Основной рынок для компьютерного программного обеспечения все еще находится в США.

4.Мы хотим купить новый дом.

5.В продажу поступил новый компьютер. | На рынке появился новый компьютер.

6.Рынок наводнили дешевые автомобили. | Произошло затоваривание рынка дешевыми автомобилями.

7.Большая часть моего дохода уходит на оплату жилья.

8.Рынок труда в стране сильно пострадал в результате экономического спада.

9.Эта компания пытается монополизировать рынок, скупая все имеющееся у фермеров зерно.

10.Филиал компании работает всего лишь два месяца.

11.В результате так называемых реформ страна лишилась своих основных зарубежных рынков вооружений.

3. Translate Text 1.

Text 2:

МВФ предрекает снижение темпов экономического роста в России

Равно как и в прочих странах, выступивших против войны в Ираке

Впреддверии открывающихся 12 апреля "весенних встреч" Международного валютного фонда и Всемирного банка МВФ обнародовал прогноз экономического роста на 2003-2004 годы. Фонд пересмотрел ранее сделанные предположения на сей счет в сторону понижения: в целом для мировой экономики – на 0,5%, для развитых стран – на 0,6%, для развивающихся – на 0,3%, СНГ и Монголии – на 0,5%. Больше всех по сравнению с сентябрьским прогнозом Фонда потеряли Латинская Америка (минус 1,5%), а также лидеры антивоенной коалиции: Германия, Франция и Россия – 1,5%, 1,1% и 0,9% соответственно.

Всентябре 2002 года МВФ предсказывал экономический рост в мире на уровне 3%, однако по итогам года этот показатель оказался несколько выше – 3,2%. Эксперты международной организации связывают произошедшее с оказавшимся неожиданным для них повышением деловой активности в третьем и четвертом кварталах 2002 года. Однако затем активность пошла на спад. Причин по большому счету две: неопределенность, связанная с войной в Ираке в первом квартале 2003 года, и тенденция к сдуванию "пузыря" на мировых рынках акций. В результате с начала 2003 года экономики

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промышленно развитых стран стагнируют. Вместе со снижением спроса со стороны развитых стран замедлялись и темпы роста развивающихся экономик.

В России же экономическая ситуация развивается по своим законам. Эксперты Фонда отмечают крайне высокую степень зависимости как бюджета, так и экономики в целом от сырьевого сектора. Скажем, доходы российского бюджета от несырьевых отраслей, по данным Фонда, в последние три года снижаются, и профицит бюджета объясняется главным образом хорошей ценой на нефть.

Однако после фактического окончания войны в Ираке цены на нефть неминуемо упадут с понятными для бюджета и экономики последствиями. МВФ считает, что это падение вкупе с замедлением структурных реформ будет стоить экономике страны 0,9% экономического роста. Значит, российский ВВП вырастет лишь на 4%. А инфляция потребительских цен превысит бюджетные параметры и достигнет 13,4%. Заметим, что МВФ оказался не склонен доверять оценкам российского правительства на этот счет – по его данным, инфляция в 2002 году составила 16%.

Между тем, например, инвестиционные аналитики придерживаются иного мнения о перспективах роста российской экономики. К примеру, в ИК "Атон" пересмотрели свой прогноз темпов экономического роста в диаметрально противоположном направлении: по сравнению с январским он увеличен с 4,1% до 4,8%.

"Цены на нефть марки “ Юрэлз” (Urals) в первом квартале этого года были баснословными, около 29-30 долл. за баррель при средней цене за последние 10 лет – 19 долл., – говорит аналитик ИК "Атон" Алексей Воробьев. – Поэтому мы пересмотрели свой прогноз в сторону повышения при условии, если среднегодовая цена на нефть окажется около 23 долл. за баррель. Напомним, что критический уровень для российского бюджета – 18 долл. за баррель. Для нефтяных компаний, он, кстати, ниже – 15 долл. за баррель".

Иными словами, все согласны – российская экономика сегодня полностью зависит от цен на сырьевых рынках. И их падение очень больно ударит по всей стране.

(Игорь Иванов: Независимая газета)

1. Read and translate Text 2.

Summarizing

1.Summarize Text 1 in English and Russian (in about 200 words).

2.Summarize Text 2 in English (in about 200 words).

3.Find a newspaper or magazine article, written in Russian, which deals with a topic similar to that of Text 1 or Text 2. Summarize it in English (in about 300 words).

Essential vocabulary

1.market (1) the market [singular] the total amount of trade in a particular kind of goods: to create a market (= to create a demand for a product) | to depress the market (= to prevent it from working properly or being as active as it usually is) | the art / diamond / bond / commodity / housing / securities / stock / used-car / wheat market | the world market in aluminium | The market is active / firm / steady / rising. | The market is depressed / sluggish / falling. | Several factors combined to depress the American computer market. | The art market is rather depressed. || рынок (сбыта); сбыт, торговля, продажа; спрос;

рыночная конъюнктура; рыночные условия

(2)[singular] the system in which all prices and wages depend on what goods people want to buy, how many they buy, etc.: to study the market | a naive belief in leaving everything to the market || рынок

(3)[countable] a particular country or area where a company sells its goods or where a particular type of goods is sold: a home / domestic market | a foreign / international / overseas market | cars intended for the domestic market | Our main overseas market is Japan. | The main market for computer software is still in the US. || рынок

(4)[singular] the number of people who want to buy something, or the kind of people who want to buy it:

There is a market for this product. (= there are people who want to buy this product) | The market for specialist academic books is pretty small. | There isn't much of a market for second-hand computers. ||

рынок

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2.market share | share of the market the proportion of the total demand (for a product) that is supplied by a particular manufacturer or brand: Honda is trying to increase its share of the market. | They have lost market share to smaller competitors. || доля на рынке, доля рынка

3.the job / labour market the number of jobs that are available: The job / labour market has been badly hit by the recession. || рынок труда / рабочей силы, спрос и предложение рабочей силы

4.a buyer's / buyers' market a market in which the supply of goods is plentiful, and buyers can therefore influence sellers to compete with one another in forcing down prices (Buyers' markets that exist for a long time are a sign of economic slump.) || конъюнктура рынка, выгодная для покупателя (когда

предложение значительно превышает спрос); рынок покупателей; ситуация на рынке, выгодная для покупателей

5.a seller's / sellers' market a market in which there is a scarcity in the supply of goods, and sellers can therefore influence buyers to compete with one another in forcing up prices || конъюнктура рынка,

выгодная для продавца (когда спрос значительно превышает предложение); рынок продавцов; ситуация на рынке, выгодная для продавцов

6.to be in the market for sth. to be interested in buying something: We are in the market for a new house. | Several terrorist groups were believed to be in the market for nuclear technology. || быть

потенциальным покупателем, намереваться / стремиться купить что-л.

7.on the market to be available for people to buy: to put sth. on the market (= to offer sth. for sale) | to come (out) on / onto / on to the market (= to become available for people to buy) | to be on the open market (= to be generally available for people to buy without any official restrictions) | There are thousands of different computer games on the market. | We put our house on the market at the wrong time. | A revolutionary new drug has just come onto the market. | A new computer has just come out on the market. | In some areas, handguns were freely available on the open market. || продаваться

8.to capture / corner / monopolize the market to gain control of the whole supply of a particular kind of goods: They're trying to corner the market by buying up all the wheat in sight. || монополизировать

рынок

9.to flood / glut / saturate / swamp the market to sell something in very large numbers or amounts, so that the price goes down: Japanese companies were accused of flooding the market with cheap steel. | The market was glutted / saturated with cheap cars. | Foreign cars have swamped the UK market. ||

затоваривать рынок, насыщать / переполнять рынок (товарами / товаром), заваливать / забивать / наполнять до отказа рынок (товарами / товаром)

10.glut [countable; usually singular] a supply of something that is more than you need: a glut (of oil) in / on the market || затоваривание (рынка), насыщение рынка (товарами / товаром), избыток товаров

на рынке; перепроизводство; застой

11.to market [transitive] (1) to try to persuade people to buy a product by advertising it in a particular way, using attractive packages, etc.: The success of any beauty product depends on the way it is marketed. ||

искать / находить рынок / рынки сбыта

(2)to make a product available in shops: The turkeys are marketed ready-to-cook. || торговать; продавать,

сбывать, реализовывать

12.income [countable; uncountable] money of all kinds coming in regularly, especially to a person, family or organization, such as salary or wages from employment, rent from property, profits from business, and fees for professional services (Income is usually expressed as an amount per annum (in a year), but sometimes also per mensem (in a month) or even per week.): to earn an income | to be on a high / low income | to live within your income | an annual / yearly / monthly / weekly income | an earned / fixed / gross / net / taxable income | unearned / investment income (= income from property, investments, etc.) | per capita income | Most of my income goes on my rent. | It's only reasonable that people on a high income should pay more tax. || доход(ы); заработок; прибыль

13.revenue [uncountable] | revenues [plural] (1) money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services: to generate / produce / yield revenue | one’s annual /

yearly / monthly / weekly revenue | advertising revenue || доход(ы); выручка; доходные статьи

(2)money that the government receives from taxation: to collect revenue || государственные доходы /

поступления

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14.operation (1) [countable; uncountable] the work or activities done by a business, organization, etc., or the process of doing this work: Many small businesses fail in the first year of operation. | Chris's courier service has only been in operation for two months. || деятельность, работа, функционирование

(2)[countable] a business, company, or organization, especially one with many parts; a part of a large company: Their huge interstate operation reportedly brings in $20 million a year. | The firm set up its own property development operation. | Less profitable business operations will have difficulty in finding

financial support. | The company has recently expanded its UK operation. | The group is selling its overseas operations. || предприятие; компания

15.offshore (adjective) (adverb) (1) located at a distance from the shore: an offshore mooring | offshore oildrilling platforms || находящийся на некотором расстоянии от берега (в море)

(2)located or based in a foreign country and not subject to tax laws: an offshore bank | an offshore investment company | offshore bank accounts | offshore investments | offshore manufacture of car parts || офшорный

(расположенный, действующий в другой стране)

Text 3:

Three ways to fix globalisation

‘There is going to be rising concern about the negatives of globalisation, while the world economy is heading into a much tougher period’

The new rallying cry for the anti-capitalists is "globalisation". And you can see their point. Even people who have zero sympathy for the May Day protesters – who see them as the spoilt children of two generations of post-war peace and prosperity – must feel uncomfort able about some aspects of what has come to be called globalisation.

We all have our own very different concerns: for example, the exploitation of decent people in the sweatshops of China making trinkets for the West; the rewriting of history by Hollywood to suit America's jingoistic tastes; or the destruction of wildlife habitat by logging and farming, often subsidised by taxpayers. All these ills are by-products of globalisation. If we did not have so much trade with China, or have a global film distribution system, or were not able to buy wood products from countries that wreck their forests, then these unhappy effects would be much diminished.

Even those of us who rejoice in the global triumph of the liberal market economy must seek to fix the problems it generates. Or rather especially those of us who feel that way: it is people who believe in the system, who are the ones who can do something about it. The losers of the great intellectual battle – the form er communists in Eastern Europe, the Marxist dictators in Africa, the extreme trade unionists in Western Europe – have little interest in fixing a system they spent the first half of their lives trying to pull to bits.

Fix it we must. Not only is there going to be rising concern about the negatives of globalisation, but the world economy is heading into a much tougher period. In particular, it is going to be very hard to deliver rising living standards when the proportion of people of working age is falling, not just in the developed world but pretty soon in most developing countries, too. If people are unhappy about an economic system when it is delivering, for the majority of people, higher living standards, they will be seriously miserable when it is struggling to do so.

What needs to be fixed? And to what extent are there market solutions to the problems? The second question is important because if there are market solutions, then the system can fix itself. If not, then we have to rely on weak global political institutions, which are likely to be ineffective, or worse, do more harm than good.

Three aspects of globalisation give particular cause for concern: its impact on the environment, inequality and cultural hegemony.

The problem of the environment is a problem of both success and excess. If there are more people in the world, and we are still adding more than 70 million to the global population each year, they will need more resources to feed and house themselves. In as far as population is rising as a result of increased life expectancy, that is a great success. We don't really want people to die younger, do we?

These additional people are, on balance, getting richer. With the sad exception of sub-Saharan Africa, every region of the world is on balance richer than it was a quarter century ago. Some parts, China and East Asia, are spectacularly so. Generating more wealth, of itself, need not damage the environment. On the

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contrary, we can use wealth to solve many environmental problems: put clean water into cities, generate electricity without burning dirty coal. However, as we become richer, we do use more energy, and while the world remains a fossil-fuel economy, that means that we will increase carbon dioxide emissions.

The market, left to itself, can alleviate many environmental concerns, particularly if it is nudged in the right direction by thoughtful regulation. Governments have often acted perversely towards the environment: look what the Common Agricultural Policy has done to our farmland. But there are some things the market cannot fix and the increasing use of fossil fuels is one of the most serious.

Countries are profoundly hypocritical about environmental regulation. The US has tough regulations on car fuel consumption, and accordingly has driven US motorists to four-wheel drives and light trucks that escape the regulation. Japan prides itself on environmental correctness, but sees nothing wrong with throwaway chopsticks and the killing of whales for "research". Many continental European countries criticise the US for excessive car use, but actually have higher car ownership and shorter distances to drive themselves (little Luxembourg has the highest car ownership in the world).

But increasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does matter, because the long-term effects are so uncertain. We may end up flooding large parts of fertile low-lying land. The solution lies in changing policy in two countries, the US and China, and global self-interest can help solve it. You just have to convince them both to rein back their excess. It should be easier to do so in an interdependent world than one in which large countries operate without caring what their trade partners think.

Inequality: as a rule of thumb, the effect of globalisation is to increase inequality within countries but diminish it between them. There are exceptions: parts of sub-Saharan Africa may be losing ground simply because they cannot produce the products the rich world wants to buy, and not just because of corruption and civil war. Western banks and governments have also been extremely irresponsible in lending money to countries that wanted to borrow, but would always be unlikely to be able to repay. International financial markets are a facet of globalisation, and it would have been hard to deny countries access to them, even when that access was inappropriate. But lenders should always carry responsibility as well as borrowers, and when the relationship is unequal, the responsibility on the more powerful party is all the greater.

But for much of the rest of the world, inequality between rich countries and poor ones has diminished during the past 20 years. A simple fact: both China and India have grown faster both absolutely and per capita than either Western Europe or the US over this period. The gap between the world's two most populous nations and the two richest regions has narrowed.

The alarming problem, surely, is rising inequality within countries. This has happened everywhere, showing in some places (such as the US and UK) in rising income and wealth differentials and in others (much of Continental Europe) in different employment prospects. Both are profoundly distressing, and it is a fine point whether it is worse to have people working on low wages or to exclude them from the job market altogether.

The problem is determining to what extent globalisation is responsible for widening differentials, and to what extent other economic changes have increased the relative demand for skills. Some of the reason for holding down the real wages of working people in rich countries must be greater imports from lower-wage countries abroad. But part is the result of the need for skills. Everything we can do to lift skills must be an effort well-directed.

But the aspect of globalisation that worries me most is the third: cultural hegemony. Most people use this expression as a coded attack on the US: the imposition of hamburger values on the rest of us. I don't mean that: if intelligent adults really want to drink Coca-Cola, they should be free to do so. My worry is more fundamental; in myriad ways, we are being nudged to adopt customs that are foreign to our heritage. You can see it in Britain, with the imposition of continental weights and measures. You see it in France, with the creeping growth of the English language. If this jars in rich, developed countries, how must it feel in poorer ones, where the background noise from the developed world is all the louder?

I see no way of fixing this, except by being more self-confident about our own diversity and by respecting and relishing the diversity of others. Globalisation brings huge benefits; but it must never be allowed to crush diversity.

(Hamish McRae: The Independent)

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Vocabulary practice

1.Read the text.

2.Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.

List A	List B
1. life expectancy	a. пользоваться спросом
2. to deliver rising living standards	b. получать маленькую / невысокую / низкую /
	скудную заработную плату
3. habitat	c. запрещать кому-л. доступ к ч-л.
4. tough regulations on car fuel consumption	d. обеспечивать все возрастающий уровень
	благосостояния / жизненный уровень
5. to work on low wages / salaries	e. производить / давать электричество
6. an income differential	f. удовлетворять спрос
7. demand for goods	g. среда обитания
8. to be in demand	h. разница в доходах
9. to meet demand	i. спрос на товары
19. to generate / produce electricity	j. жесткие нормы потребления / расхода горючего /
	топлива
11. a by-product	k. средняя продолжительность жизни
12. to deny sb. access to sth.	l. побочный продукт

3.Learn the words and phrases listed in the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

4.Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B.

List A	List B
1. to deal / trade in sth.	a. производить товары
2. to do business with sb. | to deal / trade with sb.	b. предоставлять (кому-л.) субсидию / дотацию
3. to design / develop a product	c. оказывать / предоставлять / предлагать услуги
4. an end-product / finished product	d. повышать / увеличивать налоги
5. duty-free goods	e. прийти к соглашению
6. to carry a line of merchandise	f. не облагаемые пошлиной товары
7. the tourist trade	g. заключать сделку / договор / соглашение
8. an article of clothing / dress	h. взимать налог (с кого-л.)
9. to provide services	i. развивать торговлю
19. to make / produce / manufacture goods	j. торговать / работать / вести дела с кем-л.
11. retail trade	k. двойное налогообложение
12. to carry on / conduct trade	l. разрабатывать изделие
13. the arms trade	m. облагать что-л. налогом
14. to build up / develop trade	n. торговать чем-л.
15. to make / do / strike a deal	o. розничная торговля / торговля в розницу
16. to come to / arrive at a deal	p. предмет одежды
17. to negotiate a deal (with sb.)	q. подавать / представлять налоговую
	декларацию
18. to charge / impose a tax on sth.	r. вести переговоры об условиях сделки /
	договора / соглашения
19. to collect a tax (from sb.)	s. продавать определенный товар (в магазине)
20. to increase / raise taxes	t. готовое изделие / готовый продукт / конечный
	продукт
21. to cut / lower / reduce taxes	u. вести торговлю / торговать
22. to file / submit a tax return	v. туристический бизнес / туризм
23. double / dual taxation	w. уменьшать / сокращать налоги
24. to provide a subsidy for sth.	x. торговля оружием

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5. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions. Give their Russian equivalents. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.the total amount of tax paid by an average person

2.to pay part of the cost of something so that the buyer can pay less for it

3.a person or organization that pays tax

4.to have business relations with someone

5.work done for others as an occupation or a business

6.the act or process of taxing someone or something

7.something useful that is made in a factory, grown, or taken from nature

8.to buy and sell goods, services, etc.

9.to produce or make an agreement

10.a thing, especially one of a group of things

11.something that has been produced, especially by growing or farming

12.the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services within a country or between countries

13.an amount of money that you must pay to the government according to your income, property, goods, etc. that is used to pay for public services

14.the buying and selling of weapons

15.money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods, etc.

16.to buy something at a good price

6. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below and translate them.

a rallying cry, wholesale trade, to deal in sth., to conduct transactions, a tax return, to merchandise sth., a commodity, overseas trade, an end-product

7. Explain the difference between the meanings of the following of words.

product – produce, goods – merchandise, commodity – article, product – service, deal – transaction, de aler – dealership, tax avoidance – tax evasion – tax exemp tion, tax – taxation

Translation practice

1. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.The company has heavily invested in product development.

2.It took a long time to do, but the finished product was worth it.

3.If the product is properly merchandised, it should sell very well.

4.Most of our wedding presents were household articles that we really needed.

5.There has been a marked increase in trade between East and West.

6.My husband worked in the jewellery trade all his life.

7.These companies trade mainly in furs and animal skins.

8.The firm now trades under the name ‘Lanski and Weber’.

9.Over a million shares were traded during the day.

10.I've dealt with them for a long time.

11.We do a lot of business with Italian companies.

12.Most deals are transacted over the phone.

13.The band has negotiated a new deal with their record company.

14.The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction.

15.What are you earning before tax?

16.He paid a tax on the new car.

17.Cigarettes are heavily taxed in Britain.

18.Farming is partly subsidized by the government.

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2. Translate the following sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible. Consult the ‘Essential vocabulary’ section.

1.Спрос на товары и услуги в этом году ниже, чем в прошлом.

2.Спрос на такие товары падает / снижается.

3.Эти товары считаются предметами роскоши.

4.Они ведут торговлю / торгуют с большинством стран мира.

5.Великобритания значительно увеличила свой торговый оборот со странами арабского мира.

6.Коммивояжеры торгуют новыми товарами по всей стране.

7.Наша компания работает / ведет дела / имеет торговые отношения с большим количеством заказчиков / клиентов.

8.Сейчас мы ведем переговоры об условиях новой сделки с нашими постоянными клиентами.

9.В этом месяце компания заключила две выгодные сделки с зарубежными партнерами.

10.Размер банковских комиссионных платежей частично зависит от объема банковских операций, произведенных в течение месяца.

11.Правительство заявило о своем намерении сократить / уменьшить налоги.

12.Если вы попытаетесь уклониться от уплаты налогов, вы очень скоро можете оказаться в тюрьме.

13.Сокращение / уменьшение размера налогов может привести к оживлению деловой активности.

14.Практика освобождения от уплаты налогов / Практика предоставления налоговых льгот не должна использоваться в широких масштабах.

3. Translate Text 3.

Text 4:

На вызовы глобализации нужны глобальные ответы

Страна не может жить без энергетической стратегии

Как ни прискорбно, одним из главных принципов нового миропорядка становится принцип силы. Или, как заметил президент России Владимир Путин, "кулачное право". Это печальное наблюдение наглядно подтвердила оккупация англо-американским альянсом Ирака, слегка прикрытая фиговым листочком "экспорта демократии". Мы вновь убедились, что быть слабой страной не только, как любят выражаться некоторые политики, контрпродуктивно, но и опасно. В сегодняшнем мире со слабыми не считаются, а завтра их и вовсе перестанут замечать. При этом вряд ли кто будет утверждать, что с нынешней Россией в мире "считаются".

Мы оказались в ситуации, когда быстрое наращивание "экономической мускулатуры" становится условием национального выживания. В апреле прошлого года президент, оценивая среднесрочную программу развития страны (где даже по оптимистическому варианту к 2005 году закладывался рост экономики в 17,5%), отметил, что все это "не гарантирует нам хотя бы уменьшения разрыва с основными индустриально развитыми странами мира". И заявил: "Правительство должно ставить перед собой более амбициозные планы. Нельзя успокаивать ни себя, ни страну этими, в общем, положительными, но недостаточно интенсивными темпами развития". Это заявление стало одним из самых цитируемых, однако пресловутой амбициозности нам как недоставало, так и недостает. Хуже того, мы все еще не можем выбраться из ситуации, когда правая рука не знает, что творит левая.

Так, совсем недавно Совет Федерации одобрил в согласованной с Госдумой редакции закон о государственном регулировании тарифов на тепловую и электрическую энергию, предусматривающий ежегодное утверждение правительством их максимальной планки. Однако сегодня, после деклараций кабинета о 14-процентном росте тарифных ставок по энергетике в первом полугодии, реально пошло повышение абонентской платы в два (а в некоторых регионах и более) раза. Закон, что называется, побоку. Каждый творит, что пожелает.

В условиях подобных ценовых прыжков по основным параметрам разве может какое-нибудь серьезное промышленное предприятие реального сектора экономики функционировать нормально? Ведь его менеджмент не имеет возможности хотя бы на 2-3 года вперед "просчитать" структуру себестоимости выпускаемой продукции, спланировать свое развитие и внутренние инвестиции.

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