0647126_DA545_nadeina_l_v_radioekologiya

6.2 Complete these sentences using the information from the text.

1.A short exposure can result in acute radiation syndrome; chronic radiation syndrome …………………….. .

2.The clinical name for «radiation sickness» is …………………………….. .

3.The use of radionuclides in science and industry is …………………… .

4.To accurately assess the risk of radiation, the absorbed dose energy in rad is multiplied by ……………………………………………………………… .

5.The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose defined in terms of ………… .

6.Thus one gray is equal …….. .

7.In the event of an accidental or deliberate release of radioactive material, either evacuation or ……………………………………………………….. .

8.Radiation poisoning, also called «radiation sickness» or a «creeping dose», is a form of …………………………………………………………………. .

9.Dose-equivalents are presently stated …………………………………. .

10.One rad is an absorbed dose of ………………………………………….. .

6.3 Find the words to the following definitions and translate them into Russian.

1	a)	is a unit of absorbed radiation dose defined in terms of the en-
	ergy actually deposited in the tissue
2	b)	is an absorbed dose of 0.01 joules of energy per kilogram of
	tissue (or 100 ergs per gram)
3	c)	is equal to 100 rad
4	d)	is equal to 100 rem
5	e)	is the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken
	into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a
	year
6	f) is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year
	by the reference man that would result in a committed effective
	dose equivalent of 5 rems or a committed dose equivalent of 50
	rems to any individual organ or tissue
7	g)	is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure
	to ionizing radiation

7. Give the presentation «The Chernobyl accident» using key phrases and words (see ex.15, p.51). Use the information «Chernobyl Matryoshka» (Unit IV) and ex. 6, pp. 10-11(Unit I). See Appendix (Chernobyl Era).

91

REFERENCES

1.А.Н. Олейник, А.А. Демина Английский язык. Пособие для аспирантов. Томск, 2000.

2.Л.П. Рихванов «Радиоактивные элементы в окружающей среде и проблемы радиоэкологии», Томск, 2009"Acute Radiation Syndrome".

3.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005-05-20. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/ars.asp.

4.Acute Radiation Syndrome, National Center for Environmental Health/Radiation Studies Branch, 2002-04-09, http://www.umt.edu/research/Eh/pdf/AcuteRadiationSyndrome.pdf

5.«Acute Radiation Syndrome: A Fact Sheet for Physicians». Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005-03-18. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/arsphysicianfactsheet.asp.

6.The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised ed. 1962, p. 578

7.Radiation sickness-overview, accessed on April 16, 2009, www.umm.edu/ency/article/000026.htm.

8.Radiation sickness, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, accessed on April 16, 2009, www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000026.htm.

9.«The Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences». The International Nuclear Safety Center. 1995. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. http://www.insc.anl.gov/neisb/neisb4/NEISB_3.3.A1.1.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-18.

10.«Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism», by Patterson, Andrew J. MD, PhD, Critical Care Medicine, v. 35, p.953-954, 2007.

11.http://www.envimed.com/emb08.shtml

12.Luckey, Thomas (1999-05). «Nurture With Ionizing Radiation: A Provocative Hypothesis». Nutrition and Cancer 34 (1).

13.«10 CFR 20.1201 Occupational dose limits for adults». United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 1991-05-21. http://www.nrc.gov/reading- rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1201.html.

14.http://www.Marie Curie and the history of radioactivity. Marie Curie’s blog.htm

15.http://www.Radioactivity Figures.htm

16.http://www.Radioactivity history for radioactivity centure and 20 years of LAPP.htm

17.http://www.The discovery of Radioactivity The Dawn of the Nuclear Age.htm

18.Pier Roberto Danesi «Investigating fallout from nuclear testing. Hot

particles

and

the

Cold

War,

IAEA

Bulletin,

40/4/1998

92

APPENDIX

93

	Glossary of Nuclear Science Terms
	A
Absorber	Any material that stops ionizing radiation. Lead, concrete,
	and steel attenuate gamma rays. A thin sheet of paper or
	metal will stop or absorb alpha particles and most beta
	particles.
Alpha particle	A positively charged particle (a Helium-4 nucleus) made
(alpha radia-	up of two neutrons and two protons. It is the least pene-
tion, alpha ray)	trating of the three common forms of radiation, being
	stopped by a sheet of paper. It is not dangerous to living
	things unless the alpha-emitting substance is inhaled or
	ingested or comes into contact with the lens of the eye.
Atom	A particle of matter indivisible by chemical means. It is
	the fundamental building block of elements.
Atomic number	The number assigned to each element on the basis of the
	number of protons found in the element's nucleus.
Atomic weight	Approximately the sum of the number of protons and neu-
(atomic mass)	trons found in the nucleus of an atom.
	B

Background ra-	The radiation of man's natural environment originating
diation	primarily from the naturally radioactive elements of the
	earth and from the cosmic rays. The term may also mean
	radiation extraneous to an experiment.
Beta particle	An electron of either positive charge (ß+) or negative
(beta radiation,	charge (ß-), which has been emitted by an atomic nucleus
beta ray)	or neutron in the process of a transformation. Beta parti-
	cles are more penetrating than alpha particles but less
	than gamma rays or x-rays.
	C
Contamination	Radioactive material deposited or dispersed in materials
	or places where it is not wanted.
Cow	A radioisotope generator system.
Curie (Ci)	The basic unit used to describe the intensity of radioactiv-
	ity in a sample of material. One curie equals thirty-seven
	billion disintegrations per second, or approximately the
	radioactivity of one gram of radium.
	94

	D
Daughter	A nucleus formed by the radioactive decay of a different
	(parent) nuclide.
Decay (radioac-	The change of one radioactive nuclide into a different
tive)	nuclide by the spontaneous emission of alpha, beta, or
	gamma rays, or by electron capture. The end product is
	a less energetic, more stable nucleus. Each decay proc-
	ess has a definite half-life.
Decontamination	The removal of radioactive contaminants by cleaning
	and washing with chemicals.
Density	That property of a substance which is expressed by the
	ratio of its mass to its volume.
Dose	A general term denoting the quantity of radiation or en-
	ergy absorbed in a specific mass.

	E
Electromagnetic	Radiation consisting of electric and magnetic waves that
radiation	travel at the speed of light. Examples: light, radio waves,
	gamma rays, x-rays.
Electron	An elementary particle with a unit electrical charge and a
	mass 1/1837 that of the proton. Electrons surround the
	atom's positively charged nucleus and determine the
	atom's chemical properties.
Electron capture	A radioactive decay process in which an orbital electron
	is captured by and merges with the nucleus. The mass
	number is unchanged, but the atomic number is decreased
	by one.
Eluant	Washing solution (The solution that is introduced into the
	cow).
Eluate	The washings obtained by elution (the solution that
	comes out of the cow).
Excited state	The state of an atom or nucleus when it possesses more
	than its normal energy. The excess energy is usually re-
	leased eventually as a gamma ray.
	F
Fission	The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two roughly equal
	parts (which are nuclei of lighter elements), accompanied
	by the release of a relatively large amount of energy in
	the form of kinetic energy of the two parts and in the
	form of emission of neutrons and gamma rays.
	95

Fission products	Nuclei formed by the fission of heavy elements. They are
	of medium atomic weight and almost all are radioactive.
	Examples: strontium-90, cesium-137.
	G
Gamma ray	A highly penetrating type of nuclear radiation, similar to
	x-radiation, except that it comes from within the nucleus
	of an atom, and, in general, has a shorter wavelength.
Geiger counter	A Geiger-Müller detector and measuring instrument. It
	contains a gas-filled tube which discharges electrically
	when ionizing radiation passes through it and a device
	that records the events.
Generator	A cow-a system containing a parent-daughter set of radio-
	isotopes in which the parent decays through a daughter to
	a stable isotope. The daughter is a different element from
	that of the parent, and, hence, can be separated from the
	parent by elution (milking).
	H
Half-life	The time in which half the atoms of a particular radioac-
	tive nuclide disintegrate. The half-life is a characteristic
	property of each radioactive isotope.
Health physics	That science devoted to recognition, evaluation, and con-
	trol of all health hazards from ionizing radiation.
	I
Induced radio-	Radioactivity that is created by bombarding a substance
activity	with neutrons in a reactor or with charged particles pro-
	duced by particle accelerators.
Ion	An atomic particle that is electrically charged either nega-
	tive or positive.
Ionizing radia-	Radiation that is capable of producing ions either directly
tion	or indirectly.
Irradiate	To expose to some form of radiation.
Isomer	One of several nuclides with the same number of neutrons
	and protons capable of existing for a measurable time in
	different nuclear energy states.
Isometric tran-	A mode of radioactive decay where a nucleus goes from a
sition	higher to a lower energy state. The mass number and the
	atomic number are unchanged.
Isotope	Isotopes of a given element have the same atomic number
	(same number of protons in their nuclei) but different
	atomic weights (different number of neutrons in their nu-
	96

	clei). Uranium-238 and uranium-235 are isotopes of ura-
	nium.
	K
K-capture	The capture by an atom's nucleus of an orbital electron
	from the first K-shell surrounding the nucleus.
keV	One thousand electron volts.
	M
MeV	One million electron volts.
Microcurie	One millionth of a curie (3.7 x 104 disintegrations per
(µCi)	second).
Milk	To elute a cow.
Minigenerator	A trademark of Union Carbide Corporation that is used to
	identify radioisotope generator systems for educational use.
	N
Neutrino	An electrically neutral particle with negligible mass. It is
	produced in many nuclear reactions such as in beta decay.
Neutron	One of the basic particles which make up an atom. A neu-
	tron and a proton have about the same weight, but the
	neutron has no electrical charge.
Nuclear reactor	A device in which a fission chain reaction can be initi-
	ated, maintained, and controlled. Its essential components
	are fissionable fuel, moderator, shielding, control rods,
	and coolant.
Nucleon	A constituent of the nucleus; that is, a proton or a neutron.
Nucleonics	The science, technology, and application of nuclear energy.
Nucleus	The core of the atom, where most of its mass and all of its
	positive charge is concentrated. Except for hydrogen, it
	consists of protons and neutrons.
Nuclide	Any species of atom that exists for a measurable length of
	time. A nuclide can be distinguished by its atomic weight,
	atomic number, and energy state.
	P
Parent	A radionuclide that decays to another nuclide which may
	be either radioactive or stable.
Photon	A quantity of electromagnetic energy. Photons have mo-
	mentum but no mass or electrical charge.
	97

Proton	One of the basic particles which makes up an atom. The
	proton is found in the nucleus and has a positive electrical
	charge equivalent to the negative charge of an electron
	and a mass similar to that of a neutron: a hydrogen nu-
	cleus.
	R
Rad	Radiation Absorbed Dose. The basic unit of an absorbed
	dose of ionizing radiation. One rad is equal to the absorp-
	tion of 100 ergs of radiation energy per gram of matter.
Radioactive dat-	A technique for estimating the age of an object by meas-
ing	uring the amounts of various radioisotopes in it.
Radioactive	Materials which are radioactive and for which there is no
waste	further use.
Radioactivity	The spontaneous decay of disintegration of an unstable
	atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of radiation.
Radioisotope	A radioactive isotope. A common term for a radionuclide.
Radionuclide	A radioactive nuclide. An unstable isotope of an element
	that decays or disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radia-
	tion.
Rate meter	An electronic instrument that indicates, on a meter, the
	number of radiation induced pulses per minute from ra-
	diation detectors such as a Geiger-Muller tube.
	S
Scaler	An electronic instrument for counting radiation induced
	pulses from radiation detectors such as a Geiger-Muller
	tube.
Scintillation	An instrument that detects and measures gamma radiation
counter	by counting the light flashes (scintillations) induced by
	the radiation.
Secular equilib-	A state of parent-daughter equilibrium which is achieved
rium	when the half-life of the parent is much longer than the
	half-life of the daughter. In this case, if the two are not
	separated, the daughter will eventually be decaying at the
	same rate at which it is being produced. At this point,
	both parent and daughter will decay at the same rate until
	the parent is essentially exhausted.
Shielding	A protective barrier, usually a dense material, which re-
	duces the passage of radiation from radioactive materials
	to the surroundings.
	98

Source	A radioactive material that produces radiation for experi-
	mental or industrial use.
Spill	The accidental release of radioactive materials.
Stable	Non-radioactive.
	T
Tracer	A small amount of radioactive isotope introduced into a
	system in order to follow the behavior of some compo-
	nent of that system.
Transmutation	The transformation of one element into another by a nu-
	clear reaction.

99

A brief Chronology of Radiation and Protection

	The Beginning
1,800,000	•First «reactor accident». Concentration of enriched
	uranium forms natural nuclear reactor at Oklo, Gabon and
BC	becomes critical; core burns for 200,000 years.
500 BC	•Democritus and Leucippus of Greece postulate that all
	matter is made of indivisible units they call «atomos». «For
	by convention color exist, by convention bitter, by conven-
	tion sweet, but in reality atoms and void». -- Galen quoting
	one of Democritus' 72 lost works.
450 BC	•Greek philosopher Anaxagoras states that matter can-
	not be created nor destroyed.
79 AD	•First known use of uranium. Roman artisans produce
	yellow colored glass in mosaic mural near Naples.
1400 AD	•Mysterious malady kills miners at an early age in
	mountains around Schneeberg (Saxony) and Joachimsthal
	(Jachymov) in the Sudetenland (now Czechoslovakia).
	Called «mountain sickness».
1669	•Phosphorous discovered by Hennig Brand (Germany).

	Early Years
1704	• «It seems probable to me that God in the beginning
	formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable par-
	ticles, of such sizes and figures, and with such other properties,
	and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end to
	which he formed them». --Sir Isaac Newton.
1735	•Platinum discovered by Julius Scaliger (Italy).
1737	•Cobalt discovered by George Brandt (Sweden).
1746	•Zinc discovered by Andreas Marggraf (Germany).
1751	•Nickel discovered by Axel Cronstedt (Sweden).
1766	•Hydrogen discovered by Henry Cavendish (England).
1772	•Nitrogen discovered by Daniel Rutherford (Scotland).
1774	•Oxygen discovered by Joseph Priestly (England) and
	Carl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden).
	•Chlorine discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden).
	•Manganese discovered by Johann Gahn (Sweden).
	100