02 BOPs / Woods D.R 2008 rules-of-thumb-in-Engineering-practice (epdf.tips)
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Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units 341
Conversions for amount of substance, dimensions: dimensionless
kmol: mass of a substance divided by the molar mass
1 mol of He
1 mol of Na2CO3
Na2CO3
1 mol of CLO–4
1 mol of Cl2
1 mol of Cl–
1 mol of 1⁄ Ca2+
2
1 mol of e–
=1 gram-atom of He
=1 gram-molecule of
=1 gram-ion of CLO–4
=mass of 70.914 g
=mass of 35.457 g
=mass of 20.04 g
=mass of 548.6 mg
lb-mole |
q 0.4536 |
= kmol |
mol |
q 10–3 |
= kmol |
DO NOT USE: g-mole or kg-mole; instead use:
mol or kmol, respectively.
Conversions for mass ratio, dimensions: dimensionless
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grains/lbm dry air |
q 0.1429 |
= g/kg |
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lbm/short ton |
q 0.5 |
= kg/Mg |
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Conversions for mass per unit volume, dimensions: M/L3 |
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Density and mass concentration; reciprocal: volume/mass ratio |
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kilogram per cubic meter, kg/m3 |
slug/ft3 |
q 515.38 |
= kg/m3 |
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lbm/ft3 |
q 16.02 |
= kg/m3 |
density of liquid water |
= 1 Mg/m3 |
lbm/1000 ft3 |
q 0.01602 |
= kg/m3 |
of air (STP) |
= 1.2 kg/m3 |
lbm/UK gal |
q 99.779 |
= kg/m3 |
of steel |
= 7.8 Mg/m3 |
lbm/US gal |
q 119.8 |
= kg/m3 |
of mercury |
= 13.6 Mg/m3 |
lbm/bbl |
q 2.853 |
= kg/m3 |
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grains per US gal |
q 17.12 |
= g/m3 |
ppm z mg/L |
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grains/ft3 |
q 2.288 |
= g/m3 |
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g/cm3 |
q 103 |
= kg/m3 |
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g/L |
q 1 |
= kg/m3 |
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mg/L |
q 10–3 |
= kg/m3 |
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US gal/lb |
q 8.34435 |
= L/kg |
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342 Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units
Conversions for mass/unit area or vice versa, dimensions: M/L2
mass/area; reciprocal, surface area/mass |
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kilogram per square meter, kg/m2 |
lbm/ft2 |
q 4.882 |
= kg/m2 |
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lbm/in2 |
q 703.069 |
= kg/m2 |
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short tons/acre |
q 0.224 |
= kg/m2 |
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short tons/sq mile |
q 350.265 |
= mg/m2 |
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reciprocal: |
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cm2/g |
q 10–3 |
= m2/kg |
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square meter per kilogram: m /kg |
m2/g |
q 103 |
= m2/kg |
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ft2/lbm |
q 0.2048 |
= m2/kg |
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Conversions for length/mass ratio, dimensions: L/M |
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Filter cake resistance, |
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filter cake: |
ft/lbm |
q 0.67285 |
= m/kg |
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Conversions for mass rate/mass, dimensions: 1/T |
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Oxygen usage, utilization of a substrate |
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Oxygen usage 1.4–11 mg O2 /s.kg VSS |
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k, = 60–80 mg COD/s.kg VSS. |
mg/h..g |
q 0.277 |
= mg/s. kg |
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food/microorganism ratio = 3–12 mg |
kg/day.kg |
q 11.574 |
= mg/s.kg |
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BOD5/s.kg MLVSS |
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Conversions for mass flowrate dimensions: M/T |
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kilogram/second: kg/s |
lbm/s |
q 0.4536 |
= kg/s |
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lbm/min |
q 7.56 |
= g/s |
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lbm/h |
q 126 |
= mg/s |
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lbm/h |
q 0.4536 |
= kg/h |
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MM lbm/a |
q 0.4536 |
= Gg/a |
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short ton/h |
q 0.28224 |
= kg/s |
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short ton/day |
q 0.30 |
= Mg/a(330 day) |
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q 0.33 |
= Mg/a(365 day) |
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q 10.5 |
= g/s |
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kg/h |
q 2.7778E-4 |
= kg/s |
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Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units 343
Conversions for mass flowrate per unit length, dimensions: M/LT
Viscosity |
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Pascal. second: kg/(s·m) = Pa·s = N·s/m2 |
lbm/(s.ft) |
q 1.4882 |
= Pa·s |
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lbm/(h.ft) |
q 0.41338 |
= mPa·s |
viscosity of liquid water: 1 mPa·s |
lbf·s/ft2 |
q 47.88 |
= Pa·s |
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poundal·s/ft2 |
q 1.488 |
= Pa·s |
Poiseuille = Pa·s |
g/(cm·s) |
q 0.1 |
= Pa·s |
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Poise |
q 0.1 |
= Pa·s |
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Centipoise |
q 1 |
= mPa·s |
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PI |
q 103 |
= mPa·s |
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kg/(m·h) |
q 0.2777 |
= mPa·s |
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Conversions for mass flowrate per unit area, dimensions: M/L2T
Mass flux and mass transfer coefficient per unit dimensionless driving force; surface loading: reciprocal:
gas permeation unit |
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kilogram per second per square meter: |
lbm/(s.ft2) |
q 4.882 |
= kg/(s.m2) |
kg/(s m2) |
lbm/(min.ft2) |
q 0.0814 |
= kg/(s.m2) |
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lbm/(h.ft2) |
q 1.356 |
= g/(s.m2) |
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lbm/(day.ft2) |
q 0.0565 |
= g/(s.m2) |
surface loading |
ton/(h.ft2) |
q 2.712 |
= kg/(s.m2) |
anaerobic pond, summer |
ton/(day.ft2) |
q 0.113 |
= kg/(s.m2) |
600–3500 mg BOD5/s.m2 |
g/(s.cm2) |
q 10 |
= kg/(s.m2) |
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kg/(h.m2) |
q 0.278 |
= g/(s.m2) |
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lb/(acre.day) |
q 1.2973 |
= mg/(s.m2) |
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lb/(acre.day) |
q 0.112 |
= g/(day.m2) |
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kg/(ha.day) |
q 1.15745 |
= mg/(s.m2) |
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reciprocal: |
10–6 cm3/ |
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GPU gas permeation unit |
(cm2.s. cm Hg) |
q 7.51879 |
= cm3/(m2.s.MPa) |
GPU = Barrer/membrane thickness |
m3/m2. h.bar |
q 2.7777 |
= L/(m2.s.MPa) |
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344 Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units
Conversions for mass flowrate per unit volume, dimensions: M/L3T
Reaction rate: reciprocal: permeance, intrinsic permeability of membranes |
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kilogram per second per cubic meter: |
lbm/(s.ft3) |
q 16.085 |
= kg/(s.m3) |
kg/(s m3) |
lbm/(h.ft3) |
q 4.46809 |
= g/(s.m3) |
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lbm/(day. 1000 ft3) |
q 0.1861 |
= kg/(s.m3) |
liquid phase reaction rate: 10 to 200 g/s.m3 |
g/(s.cm3) |
q 1 |
= Mg/(s.m3) |
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g/(h.L) |
q 0.27778 |
= g/(s.m3) |
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kg/(h.m3) |
q 0.27778 |
= g/(s.m3) |
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reciprocal |
cm2/s.atmos |
q 0.098687 |
= (cm)4/(s.N) |
D’Arcy/viscosity, cp = cm2/s.atmos |
m4/s.N |
q 1000 |
= m2/(s.kPa) |
Barrer = 10–10 Ncm3.cm/cm2.s.cm Hg |
cm2/s.atmos |
q 0.0098687 |
= cm2/(s.kPa) |
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10–10 Ncm3.cm/ |
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cm2.s.cmHg |
q 7.51879 |
= cm3.mm/(m2.s. |
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MPa) |
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Conversions for mass flux per unit pressure driving force, dimensions: T/L
Mass transfer coefficient per unit pressure driving force. |
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kilogram per second per square meter per |
lbm/(h.ft2·atmos.) |
q 13.384 |
= mg/(s.m2·kPa) |
kilopascal driving force: kg/(s·m2 kPa) |
g/(s.cm2·atmos.) |
q 0.09869 |
= kg/(s.m2·kPa) |
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g/(s.cm2·atmos.) |
q 98.69 |
= kg/(s.m2·MPa) |
gas film controlled: 10 mg/s·m2·kPa |
kg/(h.m2·atmos.) |
q 2.741 |
= mg/(s.m2·kPa) |
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Conversions for force, dimensions: ML/T2 |
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force, impact strength |
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Newton, N = kg.m/s2 |
lbf |
q 4.448 |
= N |
force acting on an apple in the earth’s |
poundal |
q 0.138 |
= N |
gravitational field is about 1 N |
(2000 lbf) tonf |
q 9.96 |
= kN |
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kip |
q 4.448 |
= kN |
g = acceleration due to “standard” |
kgf |
q 9.8067 |
= N |
gravity = 9.8067 m/s2 |
dyne |
q 10–7 |
= N |
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ft lbf/in |
q 53.37795 |
= N |
In a gravitational field of “g”, the force on a mass |
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M is Mg Newtons. |
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Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units 345
Conversions for momentum, dimensions: ML/T
kilogram meter per second: kg.m/s |
lbm.ft/s |
q 0.138225 |
= kg.m/s |
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lbm.ft/h |
q 3.8396E-5 |
= kg.m/s |
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g.cm/s |
q 10–5 |
= kg.m/s |
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Conversions for angular momentum, dimensions: ML2/T |
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kilogram square meter per second: kg.m2/s |
lbm.ft2/s |
q 0.042145 |
= kg.m2/s |
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lbm.ft2/h |
q 1.1706E-5 |
= kg.m2/s |
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g.cm2/s |
q 10–7 |
= kg.m2/s |
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Conversions for moment of inertia, dimensions: ML2 |
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kilogram square meter: kg.m2 |
lbm.ft2 |
q 0.042145 |
= kg.m2 |
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lbm.in2 |
q 2.926E-4 |
= kg.m2 |
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slug.ft2 |
q 1.355 |
= kg.m2 |
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kg.cm2 |
q 10–4 |
= kg.m2 |
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Conversions for surface tension, dimensions: M/T2 |
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Newton per meter: N/m |
dyne/cm |
q 1 |
= mN/m |
surface tension for water: 72 mN/m |
lbf/ft |
q 14.59 |
= N/m |
for oils: about 30 mN/m |
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346 Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units
Conversions for force per unit area, dimension: M/LT2
Pressure, stress, momentum flowrate per unit area; packing loading factor: reciprocal: volume flux per unit
pressure driving force |
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kilopascal, kPa |
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atmos |
q 101.33 |
= kPa |
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Pressure is always absolute |
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bar |
q 100 |
= kPa |
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(not gauge pressure) |
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psi |
q 6.895 |
= kPa |
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a 1000 N/m2 |
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inches water |
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a 1/100 bar |
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(at 3.9 hC) |
q 0.249 |
= kPa |
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1 1/100 atmos. |
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feet water |
q 2.989 |
= kPa |
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1 blow into a manometer and display 10 cm |
cm water |
q 0.098 |
= kPa |
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water vertically. |
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mm water |
q 0.0098 |
= kPa |
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Pa = kg.s–2.m–1 |
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inches mercury |
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Atmospheric pressure: 101.325 kPa, 760 mm |
(at 0 hC) |
q 3.386 |
= kPa |
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mercury, 29.921 inches mercury |
mm mercury |
q 0.133 |
= kPa |
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Stress: |
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torr |
q 0.133 |
= kPa |
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micron |
q 0.133 |
= Pa |
strength of concrete |
20 MPa |
N/m2 |
q 10–3 |
= kPa |
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design stress of concrete |
9 MPa |
N/mm2 |
q 1 |
= MPa |
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yield strength of steel |
350 MPa |
kgf/cm2 |
q 98.066 |
= kPa |
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design stress of steel |
165 MPa |
lbf/ft2 |
q 47.88 |
= kPa |
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dyne/cm2 |
q 0.1 |
= Pa |
packing loading factor: |
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g/cm.s2 |
q 0.1 |
= Pa |
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sometimes expressed as |
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ksi |
q 6.895 |
= MPa |
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(m/s)2 (kg/m3) and sometimes as (m/s) |
tonsf/in2 |
q 15.4 |
= MPa |
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(kg/m3)0.5 |
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(ft/s)2 (lbm/ft3) |
q 1.4883 |
= kg/s2.m |
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reciprocal: |
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US gal/ft2.day.psi) |
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= mL/m2.s.MPa |
cubic meters per second per square meter per |
q 0.0706 |
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kiloPascal driving force: m3/(s.m2.kPa) |
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Conversions for pressure/unit length, dimensions: M/L2T2 |
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kPa/meter: |
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in water/ft |
q 0.81693 |
= kPa/m |
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psi/ft |
q 22.62 |
= kPa/m |
pressure drop for gas flowing through packed bed:
20 kPa/m
Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units 347
Conversions for energy, dimension: ML2/T2
Torque, moment of force.
Joule, J a N.m a W.s
Joule is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of a cube of water 6 mm q 6 mm q 6 mm by 1 hC.
bbl crude oil equiv. |
q 5.9 |
= GJ |
Mg crude oil equiv. |
q 44 |
= GJ |
m3 crude oil equiv. |
q 37 |
= GJ |
Mg coal equiv. |
q 29 |
= GJ |
m3 natural gas equiv. |
q 37 |
= MJ |
ft3 natural gas equiv. |
q 1.05 |
= MJ |
Mg deuterium |
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(fusion equiv.) |
q 0.25 |
= EJ |
Mg uranium 235 |
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(fission eq.) |
q 83 |
= PJ |
ton (nuclear |
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equiv. of TNT) |
q 4.2 |
= GJ |
ton-day of |
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refrigeration |
q 0.5275 |
= MJ |
cal |
q 4.187 |
= J |
BTU |
q 1.055 |
= kJ |
hp.hr |
q 2.684 |
= MJ |
kW.h |
q 3.6 |
= MJ |
MM BTU |
q 1.055 |
= GJ |
106 kcal |
q 4.187 |
= GJ |
kgf.m |
q 9.8066 |
= J |
ft.lbf |
q 1.3558 |
= J |
in.lbf |
q 0.133 |
= J |
in.ozf |
q 7.062 |
= mJ |
dyne.cm |
q 10–7 |
= J |
erg |
q 10–7 |
= J |
erg |
q 0.1 |
= mJ |
electron volt |
q 0.1602 |
= aJ |
therm |
q 105.5 |
= MJ |
CHU or PCU |
q 1.899 |
= kJ |
Quad |
q 1.055 |
= EJ |
litre-atmos. |
q 0.1011 |
= kJ |
ft3-atmos. |
q 2.869 |
= kJ |
poncelet-h |
q 3.353 |
= MJ |
Conversions for energy/unit amount of substance, dimensions: ML2/T2
kilojoule per kilomole: kJ/kmol: |
cal/mol |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/kmol |
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BTU/lb-mole |
q 2.326 |
= kJ/kmol |
latent heat of evaporation |
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for water: |
45 MJ/kmol |
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latent heat of fusion |
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for water: |
6 MJ/kmol |
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typical heat of |
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reaction: |
200 MJ/kmol |
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Conversions for force/unit length or energy per unit area, dimensions: M/T2
Surface tension, surface energy per unit area.
Newton per meter: N/m or |
dyne/cm |
q 1 |
= mN/m |
joule per square meter: J/m2 |
lbf/ft |
q 14.59 |
= N/m |
surface tension for water: 72 mN/m |
erg/cm2 |
q 10–3 |
= J/m2 |
for oils: about 20 mN/m |
erg/cm2 |
q 1 |
= mJ/m2 |
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mN/m |
q 1 |
= mJ/m2 |
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348 Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units
Conversions for energy/unit volume, dimensions: M/T2L
Hildebrand solubility parameters |
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Joule per cubic meter: kJ/m3 |
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cal/cm3 |
q 4.1868 |
= MJ/m3 |
heating values for: |
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kcal/m3 |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/m3 |
low quality synthetic gas: |
15 |
MJ/m3 |
BTU/ft3 |
q 37.26 |
= kJ/m3 |
natural gas: |
35 |
MJ/m3 |
therm/ft3 |
q 3.726 |
= GJ/m3 |
No. 2 fuel oil: |
42 |
MJ/L |
1000 BTU/bbl. |
q 6.636 |
= MJ/m3 |
diesel oil: |
42 |
MJ/L |
kWh/bbl. |
q 22.643 |
= MJ/m3 |
bunker C fuel oil: |
42 |
MJ/L |
hp/1000 cfm |
q 1.58 |
= kW.s/m3 |
Hildebrand solubility parameters: |
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1000 BTU/UK gal |
q 0.2318 |
= MJ/L |
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dispersion contribution: |
10 |
(J/cm3)1/2 |
(cal/cm3)1/2 |
q 2.046 |
= (J/cm3)1/2 |
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Conversions for energy/unit mass, dimension: L2/T2
Latent heat, specific enthalpy; reciprocal: mass of gas absorbed per energy input, oxygen transfer
kilojoule per kilogram, kJ/kg |
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cal/g |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/kg |
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BTU/lbm |
q 2.326 |
= kJ/kg |
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Latent heat of water: |
2000 kJ/kg |
kW.h/lbm |
q 7775.7 |
= MJ/Mg |
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of organics: |
400 |
kJ/kg |
CHU or PCU/lbm |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/kg |
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heat of fusion of water: |
300 |
kJ/kg |
reciprocal: |
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of organics: |
125 |
kJ/kg |
lbm/(hp.h) |
q 0.169 |
= mg/J or mg/s.W |
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reciprocal: |
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oxygen transfer: 0.3–1.5 g O2/s.kW |
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lbm/(hp.h) |
q 0.6084 |
= kg/(kW.h) |
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Conversions for energy/degree/unit amount of substance, dimensions: ML2/T2u
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity |
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kilojoule per kilomole per degree Kelvin: |
cal/mol.hC |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/(kmol.K) |
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kJ/(kmol.K): |
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BTU/lb-mole.hF |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/(kmol.K) |
molar heat capacity: |
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liquid water: |
75 |
kJ/(kmol.K) |
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air: |
30 |
kJ/(kmol.K) |
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Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units 349
Conversions for energy/unit degree/unit mass, dimensions: L2/T2u
Specific heat capacity |
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kilojoule per kilogram per degree Kelvin: |
cal/g.hC |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/(kg.K) |
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kJ/(kg.K) |
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BTU/lbm.hF |
q 4.1868 |
= kJ/(kg.K) |
heat capacity for liquid water: |
4.2 kJ/(kg.K) |
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for gas water: |
2 |
kJ/(kg.K) |
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for air: |
1 |
kJ/(kg.K) |
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Conversions for energy/unit time, dimensions: ML2/T3
Power, energy flowrate, energy “duty”
kilowatt: kW a kJ/s a kg.m2/s3
Boiler horsepower: 34.5 lbm of water evaporated per hour of dry, saturated steam at 100 hC
cal/s |
q 4.187 |
= W |
kcal/h |
q 1.163 |
= W |
tonne-cal/h |
q 1.163 |
= kW |
BTU/s |
q 1.055 |
= kW |
k BTU/h |
q 0.2931 |
= kW |
hp |
q 0.7457 |
= kW |
kgf.m/s |
q 9.8066 |
= W |
ft.lbf/s |
q 1.3558 |
= W |
erg/s |
q 10–7 |
= W |
MJ/h |
q 0.277 |
= kW |
cheval |
q 0.736 |
= kW |
ton refrigeration |
q 3.5169 |
= kW |
k CHU/h |
q 0.52758 |
= kW |
Conversions for energy/unit time/unit amount of substance dimensions: ML2/T3
Energy flowrate/amount of substance |
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kilowatt per kilomole: kW/kmol |
BTU/lb-mole.h |
q 0.646 |
= W/kmol |
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Conversions for energy/unit time/unit mass, dimensions: L2/T3 |
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Energy flowrate/unit mass |
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kilowatt per kilogram: kW/kg |
cal/(s.g) |
q 4.1868 |
= kW/kg |
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kcal/(h.kg) |
q 1.163 |
= W/kg |
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kBTU/(h.lbm) |
q 0.646 |
= kW/kg |
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350 Appendix A: Units and Conversion of Units
Conversions for energy flowrate/unit area, dimensions: M/T3
Heat flux density, energy flux |
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kilowatt per square meter: kW/m2: |
cal/(s.cm2) |
q 41.868 |
= kW/m2 |
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kcal/(h.m2) |
q 1.163 |
= W/m2 |
radiant heat transfer: |
40 to 60 kW/m2 |
kBTU/(h.ft2) |
q 3.1546 |
= kW/m2 |
critical boiling heat flux: |
MJ/(h.m2) |
q 0.277 |
= kW/m2 |
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for water |
1000 kW/m2 |
kJ/(h.m2) |
q 0.277 |
= W/m2 |
for organics |
90 kW/m2 |
hp/ft2 |
q 8.0269 |
= kW/m2 |
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Conversions for energy flowrate/unit volume, dimension: M/LT3 |
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Volumetric heat release rate, power per unit volume |
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watt per cubic meter: W/m3 |
cal/(s.cm3) |
q 4.1868 |
= MW/m3 |
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kcal/(h.m3) |
q 1.163 |
= W/m3 |
Turbine mixing in a tank of liquid |
kBTU/(h.ft3) |
q 10.35 |
= kW/m3 |
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1 kW/m3 |
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kcal/(h.ft3) |
q 41.07 |
= W/m3 |
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hp/1000 US gal |
q 0.197 |
= kW/m3 |
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hp/1000 ft3 |
q 0.0264 |
= kW/m3 |
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ft.lbf/(s.ft3) |
q 0.048 |
= kW/m3 |
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Conversions for energy flux per degree driving force, dimensions: M/T3u |
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Heat transfer coefficient; reciprocal: fouling coefficient |
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watts per square meter per degree Kelvin: |
cal/(s.cm2.K) |
q 41.868 |
= kW/m2.K |
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W/(m2.K): |
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kcal/(h.m2.K) |
q 1.163 |
= W/m2.K |
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kBTU/(h.ft2.hF) |
q 5.6784 |
= kW/m2.K |
condensing steam: |
5000 W/m2.K |
CHU/(h.ft2.K) |
q 5.6784 |
= W/m2.K |
gas–gas transfer: |
25 W/(m2.K) |
PCU/(h.ft2.K) |
q 5.6784 |
= W/m2.K |
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lb-cal/(h.ft2.hC) |
q 5.6784 |
= W/m2.K |
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cal/(h.cm2.hC) |
q 0.01163 |
= kW/m2.K |
reciprocal: |
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h.ft2.F/BTU |
q 0.1761 |
= m2.K/W |
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