02 BOPs / Woods D.R 2008 rules-of-thumb-in-Engineering-practice (epdf.tips)

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 431

Roll crusher, sawtooth: c/s for crusher only excludes drive or motor. FOB cost = $20 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.59 for the range 3–30 kW. L+M* = 1.7-2.8. L/M = 0.23.

Rotary crusher: c/s, crusher without drive or motor. FOB cost = $20 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.65 for the range 1–100 kW. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23.

Cone or shorthead crusher: c/s with drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $275 000 for a solids grinding capacity = 100 Mg/h with n = 0.64 for the range 25–1000 Mg/h; FOB cost = $400 000 for a drive power = 100 kW with n = 0.92 for the range 20–200 kW; FOB cost = $260 000 for a diameter of discharge annulus = 1 m with n = 1.8 for the range 0.6–2.1. L+M* = 2.1–2.6. L/M = 0.23.

Pulverizer crusher: c/s crusher only excluding drive and motor: FOB cost = $40 000 for a drive power = 7.5 kW with n = 0.33 for the range 1.5–750 kW. L+M* = 1.6. L/M = 0.25. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.00; 340 s/s, q 2.28.

Lump breaker: breaker only excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $8000 for a drive power = 7.5 kW with n = 1.1 for the range 4.5–15 kW. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23.

Mills, cage mill (impactor; micropulverizer): c/s excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $87 000 for a grinding solids capacity = 90 Mg/h with n = 0.60 for the range 9–360 Mg/h. L+M* = 1.70. L/M = 0.34. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.00; 316 s/s, q 2.28. Mills, swing hammer: including mill, motor, classifier, fan and filter. FOB cost = $63 000 for a drive power = 15 kW with n = 0.81 for the range 2–150 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34. Factor: mill plus auxiliaries, q 1.00; mill only, q 0.70. Mills, attrition: mill including drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $30 000 for a drive power = 23 kW with n = 0.63 for the range 4.5–280 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.

Mills, fluid energy: mill including all auxiliary equipment (compressor, bag filter). FOB cost = $330 000 for an air-jet flow of 500 dm3/s with n = 0.88 for the range 400–700. L+M* = 1.7. L/M = 0.4.

Mills, roller (twin or ring roller): mill only excluding drive and motor. FOB cost $260 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.62 for the range 7–450 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.

Mills, ball: c/s excluding liner, drive, motor, guard and ball load. FOB cost = $285 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.70 for the range 4.5–4500 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.

Mills, rod: c/s excluding liner, drive, motor, guard and ball load. FOB cost = $290 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.74 for the range 4.5–4500 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.

Mills, autogenous, semi autogenous: rubber backing and lining, mill plus drive but excluding motor and starter. FOB cost $1 700 000 for a drive power = 300 kW with n = 0.71 for the range 38–300 and n = 0.31 for the range 300– 4500. L+M* = 1.7–2.0. L/M = 0.34. TM = 2.4–3.2.

Mills, grinding circuits: open circuit ball mill, dry with 100 Mesh product, including classifier, motors, drives, mill, installation and erection within the BL but excluding dust collection, feeder and solids handling. PM cost = $460 000 for a

432 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

capacity of 4.5 Mg/h with n = 0.65 for the range 0.7–150. Factors: open circuit, dry, q 1.00; open, wet, q 1.00; closed circuit, dry, q 1.00; closed circuit, wet, q 0.90. Product size: 325 Mesh, closed circuit wet or dry, q 1.8; 48 Mesh, open dry or wet, q 0.65; closed dry, q 0.75; closed wet, q 0.6; 10 Mesh, open circuit, dry or wet, q 0.35.

Comminutor, with gear reduction unit, motor, steel cutters, FOB cost $45 000 at design flow rate = 90 L/s with n = 0.29 for the range 4–90 L/s and n = 0.54 for the range 90–1000. L+M* = 1.4.

Section 9.1

Size Enlargement: Liquid–Gas: Demisters

Demister pads: Standard glass fibers, s/s construction, medium pressure drop, fine drops. Includes gaskets, cap screws, washer and polygon frame but excluding vessel or tank. FOB cost = $95 000 for an inlet gas capacity = 4700 Ndm3/s with n = 0.72 for the range 4000–90 000. Factors: medium Dp, fine drops, q 1.00; low Dp, coarse drops, q 0.6; high Dp, fine drops, high efficiency, q 3–4.

Section 9.2

Size Enlargement: Liquid–Liquid: Coalescers

Coalescer pads: estimate as a fraction of the cost of the vessel. 10–30 % c/s cost of pressure vessel.

Section 9.3

Size Enlargement: Solid in Liquid: Coagulation/Flocculation

Flocculation basin including reinforced concrete basin, motors, variable speed drive, horizontal paddle flocculators, excluding upstream rapid mix and downstream settling basin, installed. PM cost $545 000 at volume = 1000 m3 with n = 0.45 for the range 50–1000 and n = 0.77 for the range 1000–20 000.

Flocculation basin including reinforced concrete basin, motors, variable speed drive, vertical turbine flocculators (20–80 1/s) excluding upstream rapid mix and downstream settling basin, installed. PM cost $205 000 at volume = 1000 m3 with n = 0.59 for the range 20–1000.

Section 9.4

Size Enlargement: Solids: Fluidization

See Sections 5.6 and 6.30.

Section 9.5

Size Enlargement: Solids: Spherical Agglomeration

Data not available.

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 433

Section 9.6

Size Enlargement: Solids: Disc Agglomeration

Cone agglomerator: variable speed, variable angle with drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $100 000 for a solids capacity = 4 Mg/h with n = 0.58 for the range 0.9–32 Mg/h (0.05–8.9 kg/s). L+M* = 2.5. L/M = 0.3.

Section 9.7

Size Enlargement: Solids: Drum Granulator

Drum granulator: FOB c/s cost $25 000 for a solids capacity = 3.5 Mg/h with n = 0.05 for the range 0.5–3.5 and n = 0.28 for the range 3.5–23 Mg/h. FOB cost = $40 000 for a solids capacity = 23 Mg/h with n = 0.68 for the range 23–60. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.25. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.1; nickel alloy q 1.3.

Section 9.8

Size Enlargement: Solids: Briquetting

Briquetter: FOB cost $100 000 for a solids capacity = 15 Mg/h with n = 0.58 for the range 3.5–55. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.25. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.2; nickel alloy q 1.4.

Section 9.9

Size Enlargement: Solids: Tabletting

Tabletter: FOB cost $80 000 for a solids capacity = 0.39 Mg/h with n = 0.3 for the range 0.09–0.39 and n = 0.44 for the range 0.39–3.8. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.25. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.2; nickel alloy q 1.4.

Section 9.10

Size Enlargement: Solids: Pelleting

Pellet mill. FOB cost = $30 000 for a solids capacity = 3 Mg/h with n = 0.12 for the range 0.35–45. L+M* = 2. L/M = 0.25. Alloy factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.2; nickel alloy q 1.4.

Section 9.11

Solids: Modify Size and Shape: Extruders, Food Extruders, Pug Mills and Molding

Machines

Injection molding machine: FOB, shot size 1.88 kg polystyrene, hydraulic machine, $600 000 for a clamp force of 5000 MPa with n = 0.78 for the range 125–20 000 MPa. L+M* = 1.2.

Extruders for polymers: c/s excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $70 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.47 for the range 1.5–220. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.27.

434 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.19, monel q 1.4. Factor: including variable speed drive, q 1.5. Results depend on barrel diameter and L/D ratio.

Pug mill-extruder: FOB cost = $38 000 for a solids capacity = l Mg/h with n = 0.15 for the rane 0.1–18 solids capacity, n = 0.15. L+M* = 1.5–3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; s/s, q 1.19, Monel, q 1.4.

Section 9.12

Solids: Solidify Liquid to Solid: Flakers, Belts and Prill towers

Flaker: c/s standard single roll, feed pan, knife and holder, variable speed drive FOB cost $175 000 at drum surface area = 2.5 m2 with n = 0.60 for the range 0.1–18. L+M* = 2.6–2.75. L/M = 0.3–0.36. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.00.

Prilling tower: installed tower, spray unit, scrubber, pump, sump, ductwork and piping excluding air pollution control devices. PM cost = $14 250 000 for a prilled capacity of 1000 Mg/d with n = 0.57 for the range 300–1200. Factor: include wet scrubber for the vent gas, q 1.22.

Section 9.13

Coating

Costs are very specialized.

Section 10.1

Process Vessels

Vertical cylinder, atmospheric, open tank or flat roof: flat bottom including access hole, one 12 cm nozzle, one 15 cm nozzle and four 5 cm nozzles, excluding foundation, FOB c/s cost $17 000 for volume = 1.5 m3 with n = 0.93 for the range 0.03–7; for a mass = 1.3 Mg with n = 0.51 for the range 0.2–10. L+M* = 2.3. L/M = 0.4. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; aluminum, q 1.4; lead lined, q 1.5; redwood, q 0.5; glass lined, q 4.3; 304 s/s clad, q 1.5, alloy, q 3; 316 s/s clad, q 2.5, alloy, q 2.5; Inconel clad, q 3, alloy, q 5.8; nickel clad, q 3, alloy, q 5.9; Monel clad, q 3, alloy, q 5.1; fiberglas reinforced, filament wound, q 0.75; plus 40 mil vinyl ester coating, q 1.68; plus 6.5 mm rubber lined, q 1.83; plus 6.5 mm chloroprene lined, q 2.04; plus fluorinated polymer lining, q 6.3. Other factors, nonjacketed, q 1; jacketed, q 1.2; no agitator, q 1.00; side-entry mixer including motor, q 1.7.

Vertical cylinder, atmospheric, open, c/s tank for sedimentation or aeration excluding internals and painting. FOB cost $132 000 at horizontal cross-sectional area = 325 m2 with n = 0.49 for the range 60–500 m2.

Vertical cylinder, atmospheric, open, reinforced concrete tank for sedimentation or aeration excluding earthwork and mechanism, installed cost $240 000 at horizontal cross-sectional area = 325 m2 with n = 0.55 for the range 60–325 m2, with n = 0.84 for the range 325–650, with n = 0.74 for the range 650–10000.

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 435

Pressure vessel, horizontal or vertical: FOB, 1 MPa, cylindrical, dished ends, usual nozzles, access hole, support, excluding internals, c/s, $100 000 for vessel mass of 8 Mg mass with n = 0.58 range 0.4–200 Mg; for the product of (height, m) (diameter, m)1.5 = 20, n = 0.81 for range 0.5–1000; for total internal volume = 20 m3 with n = 0.52 for the range 1–500 m3. Pressure adjustment: 1 MPa q 1.0; 5 MPa q 1.6; 10 MPa, q 2.3; 20 MPa, q 4.35; 30 MPa, q 6.1; 40 MPa, q 7.8. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.0; 316 s/s, q 3.6; 316 s/s clad, q 2.5; 304 s/s, q 2.75; 304 s/s clad, q 2.5; 310 s/s, q 3.25; 410 s/s, q 2.1; nickel, q 8; Monel, q 6.5; Monel clad, q 4.0; Hastalloy, q 15; titanium, q 8; titanium clad, q 4.2. L+M* = 2.3. L/M = 0.4.

Equalization basin, PM cost including fully installed concrete basin up to a volume of 3000 m3. For larger size use a basin with liner. Cost is for basin only and excluding aeration. Installed cost $270 000 at volume = 800 m3 with n = 0.52 for the range 40–3000; at design flow rate = 16 L/s with n = 0.52 for the range 0.8–6170.

Section 10.2

Storage Vessels for Gases and Liquids

Horizontal pressure bullet: 1.7 MPa, 0.45 m access hole, five 7.5 cm diameter and four 5 cm diameter nozzles. No internals. FOB c/s cost $100 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 70 m3 with n = 0.86 for the range 50–150. L+M* = 1.9. L/M = 0.4.

Sphere: c/s, 0.2 MPa g, ASME construction including supports, ladders, walkways, relief valves, sampling and gauging devices, excluding foundations and dykes, field erected cost $225 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 100 m3 with n = 0.70 for the range 40–1500. L+M* = 1.9–2.85. L/M = 0.35–0.4. Pressure factors: 0.2 MPa g, q 1.00; 0.35 MPa, q 1.1; 0.5 MPa, q 1.2; 0.7 MPa, q 1.3; 1.4 MPa g, q 1.4.

Spheroid: c/s. 0.2 MPa g, including access holes, relief valves, staircase, instruments excluding foundation and dykes, field erected cost $775 000 for volumetric capacity = 4000 m3 with n = 0.73 for the range 1200–5000.

Underground cavity, salt dome, complete cost $3 600 000 at nominal volume

30 000 m3	with n = 0.73 for the range 8000–50 000.
Underground cavity, mined, complete cost $11 000		000 at nominal	volume
30 000 m3	with n = 0.58 for the range 13 000–100 000.
Small, low pressure tank: vertical cylinder with usual nozzles, FOB			c/s cost

$14 000 at tank volumetric capacity = 20 m3 with n = 0.71 for the range 4–70. L+M* = 2.3–2.9. L/M = 0.4. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; fiber glass open top, q 1.6; rubber-lined, q 1.5; lead-lined, q 1.6; s/s, q 2.0.

Cone roof API, I 100 m3: API flat bottom, fixed cone roof, including access hole, one 10 cm nozzle, one 15 cm nozzle, four 5 cm nozzles, staircase excluding foundations and dyking, FOB c/s $32 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 10 m3 with n = 0.32 for the range 3–100. L+M* = 2.3–2.9. L/M = 0.4. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; aluminum, q 1.4; rubber-lined, q 1.5; lead-lined, q 1.5; glass lined, q 4.3; s/s, q 2.0.

436 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

Cone roof API, i 100 m3: API flat bottom, fixed cone roof, including access hole, one 10 cm nozzle, one 15 cm nozzle, four 5 cm nozzles, staircase excluding foundations and dyking: field erected c/s $560 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 4000 m3 with n = 0.58 for the range 300–40 000. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; rubberlined, q 1.5; lead-lined, q 1.6; 304 s/s, q 3.2; 316 s/s, q 3.5; nickel, q 5.9; inconel, q 5.8; Monel, q 5.1.

Vertical cylinder, API movable roof: c/s atmospheric pressure, lifter type, 1.5 m lift, liquid seal, including access holes, relief valves, roof supports, glide slides, spiral staircase, ladder, usual flanged connections excluding foundation and dyking. Field erected cost $700 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 4000 m3 with n = 0.63 for the range 1000–12 000. Factors, pontoon, q 0.85; 3 m lift, q 1.3.

Section 10.3

Bins and Hoppers for Bulk Solids

Bin/surge/catenary/pebble storage: FOB c/s cost $350 000 for solids working volume = 350 m3 with n = 0.65 for the range 10–10 000 m3. L+M* = 1.4–2.5. L/M = 0.23. Factors, purchased new, q 1.00; used, q 0.3–0.4.

Conical hopper: FOB c/s cost $500 for a working volume = 2.8 m3 with n = 0.91. L+M* = 1.4–2.5. L/M = 0.23.

Vibrating bin activator: FOB $27 000 for an activator of 13.5 cm diameter with n = 1.07 for the range 8–13.5 and n = 1.66 for the range 13.5–30 cm. L+M* = 1.8.

Section 10.4

Bagging Machines

Valve fill, single spout bagging machine at 5 bags per minute with 20–50 kg bags: FOB with auger fill including bag hangers, scales but excluding pant-leg hopper, conveyor $75 000. Factor for other feeder: auger fill, q 1.00; air pack, q 1.3; gravity, q 0.53. L+M* = 2.0. Factors, electrically operated, q 1.0; mechanically operated, q 0.58.

Extra scales, FOB $100 000; automatic bag placer: FOB $150 000.

Bag sealer for kraft bags with polymer liner, FOB including preheater but excluding vacuum attachment to remove dust, cooler, conveyors and kiln section: $85 000 at 65 heater length along the direction of bag movement, cm; n = 0.52 for range 40–180 cm.

Bag vibrating packers: FOB $7000 at maximum bag width = 50 cm with n = 1.0 for the range 30–100 cm. For rigid container vibrating packer, q 2.0. Automatic bulk weighing scales: for free flowing material, not dust enclosed, up to 2 weighings/min and capacity up to 0.06 m3/s e 1 %, FOB cost $28 000 for volume/weighing = 0.5 m3 with n = 0.42 for the range 0.2–0.9 m3.

Index

a

AAI (adhesion angle index)						21, 290
Abrasion		5, 54 f, 59 f
ABS see: Polymers
Absorber gas				27, 107–113, 397, 435
Absorption see: Absorber
Acceleration				338, 344
–	see also: Centrifuges
Accuracy		7, 23 f
Acetal extrusion					306
Acetaldehyde				219, 375
Acetic acid			208, 237, 375
Acetic anhydride					279
Acetone		107, 219, 375
Acetone-butanol					278
Acetoxidation				200
Acetoxylation				221
Acetylation			200, 217, 221
Acetylene		222
Acid demister see: Demister
Acidic conditions/corrosion						5
Acids 132
Acrolein		218, 222
Acrylamide				277
Acrylates		224
Acrylics		127, 210, 306
Acrylonitrile				201 f, 222, 266
Activated sludge reactor 254, 274 f, 426
–	see also individual types
Activated alumina/carbon						118 f
Activation energy (E) 189–194, 224
Active species for catalysts,						199–205
Active, mentally					23
Activity coefficient					4
Activity, catalyst see: Catalyst
Adhesives		210, 323 f
Adiabatic temperature rise						188 f, 211, 229
Adiabatic operation
–	compression				46
–	reactors			188 ff, 229 ff, 242 ff, 261, 276

Adipic acid			219, 154, 167
Adsorbents			118 f
Adsorbers see: Absorption
Adsorption			47, 54, 118 ff
–	backwash				289
–	capital cost				399
–	see also individual types
Aeration
–	agitators			17, 256 f
–	capital cost				421, 428 ff
–	diffuser		17, 237
–	mixing		282 f
–	oxygen per cell mass						207
–	oxygen transfer rate						12
–	sparging			17, 254, 283
–	surface		262, 275
–	see also: Bubbles
Aeration tanks					238, 262, 274 f, 421–426
Aerobic terms see: Biological reactors
Affinity adsorption
see: Chromatographic separation
Afterburners			138, 142
Agar	154
Agar-agar		323
Agarose-based gels						136
Agenda		35, 38
Agents 87, 30
Agglomeration					302 f, 433
Agitated falling film, GL							247
–	see also: Evaporation
Agitated vessel: see: Stirred Tank
Agitated pan dryers see: Dryers
Agitator		280–289, 371, 427 f
AI (arching index)						20, 59 ff, 289 ff, 331
Air cyclone classifiers see: Classifiers
Air pulse		290
Air cooled heat exchangers
see: Heat exchangers
Air leaks into vacuum 49
Air	46, 129

Rules of Thumb in Engineering Practice. Donald R. Woods

Copyright c 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31220-7

438Index

–see also: OTR, Absorber gas

Air lift reactor see: Bubble reactor 208 Air classifiers see: Classifiers, air

Air compressors see: Compressors

Alcohols			203 f, 222
Aldehydes				130, 218
Aldol condensation							200, 219 ff
Algae		28, 122
Alginate			107
Alkali earth metals							199
Alkanes			222
Alkyl compounds						218
Alkylate			219, 222
Alkylation				200, 217, 222
– CSTR				263
–	hazard			187
–	separation					145 ff
–	supercritical					209
Alloy, Materials of construction
Ally chloride					267
Alum		301
Alumina			125, 199, 250
Aluminum				146 ff
Aluminum chloride							222
Aluminum oxide						154
Aluminum sulfate,							323
Amination				187, 197–209, 217–222
Amine			6, 28 f, 263
–	absorption					111 ff
–	decanters				147 ff
–	fouling factor						72
Aminoacids				216, 219
Ammonia				46, 69, 113–117
–	equilibrium reaction							195
–	reactor conditions 202, 218, 222
–	vapor pressure						375
Ammonium metal borate								28
Ammonium nitrate							323
Ammonium polysulfides								15, 114
Ammonium sulfate							104 f, 167
Ammoxidation reaction								201

Anaerobic reactors see: Biological reactors Anchor mixer see: Agitator

Angle of repose 21 Aniline 200, 204, 218, 223 Animal cells 257, 278 Animal fat 323

Anionic exchangers see: Ion exchange

Antibiotics	208, 216, 257
Antioxidants	323

Antiswirl lug see: Vortex breaker

API separator see: Decanters

Approach temperature 72 f

Apron feeders see: Feeders

Archimedes number (Ar)					266, 361, 367
Archimedes screw pump					385
Area per unit volume				11–19, 70, 146, 234
Area of application (equipment) 2
Area	336
Aromatics			130
Arrhenius number (Arr)					188 f, 361
Arsenic		107
Asphalt		323
Asphaltenes			28 f, 239
Assertiveness 35
Assessment			39
Atomizers			293
–	see also: Spray
Attapulgite			169
Attending			34
Autoclave		174, 216, 260
Autothermal reaction				230, 261
Avogadro’s number				358

Axial fans see: Fans

Axial compressors see: Compressors Azeotropic distillation see: Distillation

b

B, target solute transport coefficient 131 Backmix reactor see: Stirred tank reactor,

CSTR, Fluidized bed reactor

Backmixing			363, 370
Backwash
–	fluidization			289
–	IX	121
– membranes				133 f
–	adsorption			119
–	rotating microscreen					159
–	deep bed filters				171
Bacteria		122, 131, 208, 237 f
Baffles		72 ff
–	GL quenchers,				80
–	GS separators				402 ff
–	L mixing		281
–	LL direct contact heat exchange 79 f
–	scrubbers/absorbers					109, 143
–	separators			137
–	SS classifier			180
Bag filters see: Filters
Bagging machines					332 f, 436
Baker’s yeast			237
Ball mills see: Crushing/grinding
Ballast trays see: Trays
Banbury mixer see: Blenders
Band see: Coalescence
Bar screens see: Screens
Bare module costing (BM)						3, 21 f, 376 ff
Barite		169, 332

Index

439

Barium sulfate

122

–

reactor conditions

195, 216, 223

Barium sulfide

250

–

spray

239 f

Barometric condensers

81, 391

–

STR

223, 255–262

Bartles-Mozley tilting tables see: Tables

–

tank

273 f, 276

Batac jig see: Jigs

–

thin film contactor

248

Batch operations

11

–

tray column

241

Baum jigs see: Jigs

Biomass gasifiers

266

Bauxite

248

Biomass

208

Bayonet heaters see: Heat exchangers

Bioprocessing

Bd see: Bodenstein number

–

adsorption 118 ff

BDI bin density index

20, 59, 63

–

bag

332 f

Bed

–

capital cost

402

–

adsorbers

118 ff

–

cell disintegration

295

–

chromatography

136

–

chromatographic separation

135 f

–

ion exchange

121

–

deodorize

113

–

packed beds

54

–

desolventize

153, 156

–

reactors

215, 258

–

dialysis

129

–

space velocity

215

–

drying

151, 154 f, 158

Beer

237

–

expel

175

Belt dryers/tables etc. see: Dryers/Tables etc.

–

extrusion (food)

306 ff

Belt, chilled

323 f

–

filter

171

Bendelari jigs see: Jigs

–

flakers

323 f

Beneficiation

175

–

foam

292 f

Bentonite

332

–

IX

120 f

Benzene

219, 223, 278, 375

–

leach

173 f

Benzoic acid

219, 323

–

membranes

125, 128, 133

Bernoulli’s principle

45, 139

–

pelleting

304

Beryl saddles packing see: Packing

–

precipitation

107

BFB (bubbling fluidized bed) see: Fluidization

–

solvent extraction

115 ff

Bins

290, 330 ff, 436

–

tablet

304

Biodegradability

209

–

tempered heat exchange 85

Biofilter

242 f

–

zone refining

102

Biological fouling

28

–

see also: Biological reactors

Biological reactors

207–213

Biot number (Bi)

362

–

agitation

282

Bird number (Bir)

181 ff, 362

–

air lift

237

Black peppers

332

–

anaerobic

207, 278

Blast furnace

250 ff

–

biofilm area

18, 242 f

Bleacher see: Adsorption

–

bubble column

223

Blenders

290 f, 429 f

–

capital cost

419–426

Blood 154

–

carbon removal

242 f

Blowers

45 ff, 381

–

CSTR series

254

Blown film

305, 308

–

Da no.

365

Blowout of lines

54, 63

–

extractive

256, 278

BM (bare module) cost estimation

3, 21 f,

–

fermenter

424 f

376 ff

–

fluidized bed

267

BOD5, relationship–BODu 209, 237, 242,

–

GL biosolids

248

254, 274 f

–

GL, oxygen transfer rate 11–16, 208

Bodenstein number (Bd)

224, 253 f, 260, 363

–

GLS contactors

18

Boilers

67 f, 72–78, 83 ff, 388 ff

–

immersed column

240

Boiling temperature see: Vapor pressure

–

inoculation tank

424 f

Boiling phenomena

72

–

packed column

15

Boltzmann constant

358, 363

–

PFTR with recycle

274 f

Bond energy

216 ff

–

pipe contactor

225 f

Bond number (Bo)

363

440Index

Bone char 248

Books coatings	324
Booster ejector see: Ejector
Boot, part of separator 149
Boron trifluoride	29
Boussinesq number 363
Bowl centrifuge see: Centrifuge

Breaking, emulsions/dispersions see: Dispersed phase

Breaking foams see: Foams Breakup of films see: Thin films Bridge cranes see: Cranes Briquetting 303, 433 Bromination 195

Brownian movement 298 Bubble cap tray see: Tray

Bubble columns			236 ff
–	bioreactor	208
–	capital cost		421 f
–	GL contactor		12–18
–	Hatta number/d+ values 198
–	reactors	212, 222 ff, 236 ff
Bubbles 17, 174 ff, 236 f
–	foam fractionation 123, 237, 292 f
–	capital cost		421, 428

Bucket elevators see: Conveyors/bucket Buckman tilting tables see: Tables Bulk–film volume ratio (d+) 11–16, 198,

239–247, 262 ff

–STR 255

–foam fractionation 123 Burke-Plummer equation 251 Burner 67, 211, 222–226 Butadience 202, 218

Butane 69, 375 Butanol 219 Butanone-2 202 Butene 375 Butene diol 219

Butyl acetate 219

c

C4–C6 94

Ca see: Capillary number

CA (cellulose acetate) see: Polymers

Cage mill (pulverizer) see: Crushing/grinding

Cake	168 f
Calandrias see: Boilers
Calcination		267, 250
Calcium ion		115
Calcium sulfate 28, 122
Calcium carbonate 154, 170
Canola	173 ff

Capillary number (Ca) 325 f, 364

Capital cost see: Cost, capital Caprylic acid 375 Carbides 199

Carbon dioxide

– absorption 108, 111

– heat capacity ratio 46

–permeance 129

–vapor pressure 375

Carbon 118 f, 125, 199, 248

Carbon black	332
Carbonic acid	122
Carbonylation	201, 217, 222

Carboxy methyl cellulose 107, 154 Carousel filter see: Filters

Carousel leacher see: Leaching, French basket

Carrogcenan				107
Cast sheet			305
Catalyst		199–207
–	crush strength				230
–	diameter			18, 277, 229 f, 244
–	porosity			20, 199
–	reactor conditions 190, 201 f, 205 f
Cat cracking see: Cracking, catalytic
Cations/IX			121
Caustic dihydrate					105
Caustic wash				227
Caustics		323
Cavitation			6, 11, 53 ff

CCD (counter current decantation) 151, 163, 174, 409 f

Cell Disintegration 295, 430 Cellulose acetate see: Polymers Cellulose triacetate 219 Cellulosic see: Polymers Cement 250, 332

Centrifugal classifiers/blowers/Pumps see: Classifiers/Blowers/Pumps Centrifuges 150–151, 163–168, 410 f

–	sedimentation 145, 404 f
–	see also individual types

CEPCI Chemical Engineering process

cost index			3, 376
Ceramics		125 f, 152 f, 306, 309, 434
Cereals		306, 309
CFB (circulating fluidized bed)
see: Fluidization
Change management				39 f
Charcoal		249
Chloral		222
Chloride		199
Chlorinated polyesters				210
Chlorination reaction				195 f, 217
–	reactor conditions			201, 222
–	selection		212