02 BOPs / Woods D.R 2008 rules-of-thumb-in-Engineering-practice (epdf.tips)

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 421

and specialty alloys. FOB cost of catalyst: depends on the type: vanadium pentoxide, $20 000/m3.

Section 6.11

PFTR: Fixed Bed with Radial Flow

Cost similar to Sections 6.9 and 6.10.

Section 6.12

PFTR: Multitube Fixed Bed Catalyst or Bed of Solid Inerts: Nonadiabatic

Cost fixed tube heat exchanger, Section 3.3.

FOB c/s cost $350 000 at 3 m3 catalyst volume, n = 0.68; at 1200 m2 surface area, n = 0.68. L+M* = 2.2–2.8. L/M = 0.35–0.37. For alloy factors see Section 3.3.

Section 6.13

PFTR: Bubble Reactor

Cost as a process vessel, Section 10.1, plus the components used for the specific design; sparger, circulating pump, Section 2.3, ejector, Section 6.4, agitator, Section 7.1.

Pachuca: see Section 5.15.

Ozone generation from air, with air preparation equipment, ozone generator, dissolution equipment, off-gas recycling or destruction equipment, safety and monitoring equipment. FOB cost = $545 000 at ozone production rate of 0.46 g/s with n = 0.67 for the range 0.09–30. Factors: air feed, q 1.00; oxygen feed, q 0.5. L+M = 1.2–1.35.

Ozone contact chamber, reinforced concrete, baffles and cover, installed excluding ozone generation. PM cost = $ 82 000 at liquid volume = 90 m3 with n = 0.61 for the range 13–2600.

Gas sparger, air diffuser only: unit price for 5.3 m sections of 23 cm diameter sparger including fittings to connect into gallery but excluding pipe to compressor or blower, FOB cost $12 000 for sparger surface area = 3.5 m2 , n = 1.0; $12 000 for gas flow rate = 94 dm3/s, n = 1.

Aeration, sparger diffused air system: including blowers (including one standby blower to ensure reliability), drives, building, air piping, air diffusers but excluding the vessel, installed cost $475 000 at reliable air flow rate of 1.4 m3/s, n = 0.66 for flow rate 0.05–1.4 and n = 0.93 for flow rate 1.4–23.

Diffused aeration system, installed including all piping, diffusers, blowers, air filters and blower house. Fully installed cost $820 000 at air flow rate = 0.7 m3/s with n = 0.73 for the range 0.25–15.

Aeration basin, concrete excluding aeration: PM cost $1 360 000 at volume = 2000 m3 with n = 0.74 for the range 90–10 000 000 m3. Factors, no aeration, q 1.00; mechanical aeration, q 2.70; diffused aeration excluding blower house, q 2.75; diffused aeration including blower house, q 3.75.

422Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

Section 6.14

PFTR: Spray Reactor and Jet Nozzle Reactor

Costs of gravity spray and venturi, see Section 5.2.

Section 6.15

PFTR: Trays

Costs, see Section 4.2.

Section 6.16

PFTR: Packing

For packed column see Section 4.2.

Trickling filter, including earthwork, structure, underdrain, rotary feed distributor and rock media. PM cost $545 000 at volume = 1000 m3 with n = 0.60 for the range 100–1000 and n = 0.88 for the range 1000–23000 m3.

Trickling filter, including earthwork, structure, underdrain, rotary feed distributor and plastic media. PM cost $1 450 000 at volume = 130 m3 with n = 0.60 for the range 100–8600 m3.

Rotating biological contactor, including rotating mechanism, motor and drive but

excluding concrete structure, FOB cost $815 000 at design flow rate = 11.5 L/s with n = 0.56 for the range 0.5–12.5 L/s.

Rotating biological contactor, including rotating mechanism, motor, drive, concrete structure, installed. PM cost $46 000 000 at design flow rate = 230 L/s with n = 0.77 for the range 9–3000 L/s.

Section 6.17

PFTR: Trickle Bed

See Section 10.1 for pressure vessel.

Section 6.18

PFTR: Monolithic

Cubic/monolithic reactor: graphite in c/s shell. FOB cost = $14 000 for heat transfer area = 6.5 m2 with n = 0.71 for the range 1–20 m2. L+M* = 2.2–2.8. L/M = 0.35–0.37.

Section 6.19

PFTR: Thin Film

See Section 10.1 for pressure vessel.

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 423

Section 6.20

PFTR: Scraped Surface Reactor

See Section 4.6 scraped surface crystallizer.

Section 6.21

PFTR: Multiple Hearth

Multiple hearth furnace: FOB furnace including drive and motor, gas blower, exit

screw conveyor and inlet feeder, $6 000 000 at total effective area = 100 m2	with
n = 0.44 for range 15–800 m2; at 1.8 kg/s of dry sludge incinerated	with

n = 0.40 for range 0.08–10 kg/s. L+M* = 2–2.05. L/M = 0.23. Alloy FOB factors: c/s q 1.00; 316 s/s q 2.7; monel q 3.3; nickel q 3.6.

Multiple hearth furnace: for regeneration of adsorbent carbon: furnace only

including drive and motor, exit screw	conveyor and	inlet feeder.	FOB cost
= $6 325 000 at carbon feed rate =	1 kg/s with n	= 0.60 for	the range
0.02–10 kg/s. TM = 2.1–2.2. L/M = 0.3.

Section 6.22

PFTR: Traveling Grate

Installed sintering unit, $4 000 000 at capacity 10 kg/s with n = 0.62 for range 1–100 kg/s.

Section 6.23

PFTR: Rotary Kiln

Rotary kiln for incineration of low hazard material, c/s. FOB cost = $3 000 000 at heat load of 2000 kW with n = 0.49 for the range 300–35 000 kW. Alloy factors c/s, q 1.0; s/s q 2.7; monel, q 3.3; nickel, q 3.5. Factors for hazard: low hazard, q 1.0; corrosive, q 1.5; hazardous, q 2. L+M* = 2.15.

Rotary kiln, for activated carbon regeneration, FOB cost = $3 000 000 at carbon load of 0.15 kg/s with n = 0.62 for range 0.025–0.3 kg/s. L+M* = 2.1; TM = 3.8. Rotary kiln, direct fired, flue gas for incineration, ore roasting, solid waste disposal (at 10.3 MJ/kg). Installed unit. PM cost = $1 200 000 at feed rate = 1 kg wet solids/s with n = 0.84 for the range 0.4–6 kg/s.

Tunnel kiln for bricks. FOB cost = $1 500 000 for brick capacity = 12 g/s with n = 0.98 for the range 6–12. L+M* = 1.7. L/M = 0.15.

Section 6.24

PFTR, Shaft Furnace

Installed unit including burden equipment, gas cleaning, blowers, conveyors, cowpers, cooling system, furnace gun but excluding bins and slag granulation, $38 000 000 at capacity of 30 kg/s iron with n = 0.63 for range 4.5–200 kg/s.

424Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

Section 6.25

PFTR, Melting Cyclone Burner

Installed incinerator unit $5 500 000 at nominal hearth area 20 m2 with n = 0.49 for the range 13.5–40 m2.

Section 6.26

PFTR via Multistage CSTR

Aerated lagoon including earthwork, embankment, concrete on embankment and apron excluding aeration. PM cost $1 360 000 at volume = 10 000 m3 with n = 0.72 for the range 380–760 000 m3.

Aerated lagoon including earthwork, embankment, concrete on embankment and

apron, aeration equipment, piping, electrical, control	and instrumentation.
PM cost $1 900 000 at volume = 10 000 m3 with n	= 0.72 for the range
380–760 000 m3.

Section 6.27

STR: Batch (Backmix)

Open tank, jacketed with agitation: FOB c/s cost $37 500 for nominal working volume = 3 m3, n = 0.53, range 0.3–75. L+M* = 2.36–2.61. L/M = 0.37. Alloy cost factor: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.7; glass lined q 1.6.

Pressure vessel, jacketed with agitation, 0.3 MPa: vertical cylinder, dished ends, jacketed agitated vessel, jacket rated at 0.8 MPa, 175 hC, top entry agitator with packed seal, 1–2 kW/m3, 9 nozzles, 4 baffles. FOB c/s cost including jacket, top entry agitator and motor. $75 000 for nominal volume = 3 m3, with n = 0.4 for range 0.3–3 and n = 0.53; range 3–90 m3. L+M* = 2.25–2.52, L/M = 0.41–0.59. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.00; 304s/s q 1.8; 316 s/s, q 2.0; 321/347 s/s, q 2.25; nickel, q 2.6; glass-lined q 3.5. Pressure factors: 0.34 kPa g, q 1.00; 2.1 MPa, q 1.25; 4 MPa g, q 2.4; 10 MPa, q 8.2; 20 MPa q 11; 35 MPa q 12. High pressure reactors are often called autoclaves.

Hydrogenator, 304s/s, agitator, cooling coils, 2.5 MPa, FOB $1 250 000 at Mg of oil to hydrogenate in the batch = 10 Mg. with n = 0.38 for range 10–30. L+M* = 1.78; L/M = 0.3. BM = 2.5.

Inoculation tank, 316 s/s with agitator, aerator and jacket, FOB $40 000 at nominal volume = 0.3 m3 with n = 0.5 for the range 0.07–0.8. Alloy factors 316 s/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 0.82.

Fermenter, 316 s/s, 0.18 kPa g, cooling coil, agitator and motor drive, sparger, $420 000 at nominal volume = 10 m3 with n = 0.51 for the range 2–40. Alloy factors 316 s/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 0.82; c/s q 0.24.

See also Section 6.29.

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 425

Section 6.28

STR: Semibatch

See Section 6.27.

Section 6.29

CSTR: Mechanical Mixer (Backmix)

See Section 6.27.

Conventional activated sludge process including basin, aeration system, recycle

pumping and secondary	clarifier. PM cost $8 150 000 for design	flow rate
= 120 L/s with n = 0.71 for the range 0.5–4400 L/s.
Aeration basin, concrete	excluding aeration: PM cost $1 360 000	at volume
= 2000 m3 with n = 0.74	for the range 90–10 000 000 m3. Factors, no aeration,

q 1.00; mechanical aeration, q 2.70; diffused aeration excluding blower house, q 2.75; diffused aeration including blower house, q 3.75.

Section 6.30

STR: Fluidized Bed (Backmix)

Sludge or coal incineration via BFB. FOB excluding preheater, feed preparation/ dewatering, ash disposal. FOB cost = $14 000 000 at dry solids feed rate = 1 kg/s with n = 0.53 for the range 0.1–4. FOB cost = $4 200 000 at cross sectional area = 10 m2 with n = 0.25 for the range 3–10 and n = 0.63 for the range 10–50 or fluidized bed volume = 12 m3 with n = 0.67 for the range 1–50 m3. TM = 1.5–1.75. Factors: BFB only, q 1.00; BFB plus preheater, feed preparation and ash handling excluding steam recovery, q 1.3; BFB plus preheater, feed, ash and steam recovery, q 1.4. As incinerators, the cost of fluidized bed = 0.33 of rotary and 0.70 of multiple hearth.

Gaseous reactions catalyzed by solid catalyst: BFB. FOB cost = $4 200 000 at fluidized bed volume = 12 m3 with n = 0.67 for the range 1–500 m3. TM = 2. CFB. including riser, separator, downcomer. FOB cost = $5 000 000 at fluidized bed volume in riser = 12 m3 with n = 0.67 for the range 1–500 m3. TM = 1.7.

Gas reacting with solid: (roasting, reduction, calcination) via BFB or series of BFB. FOB including feed injection and gas preparation. FOB cost = $14 000 000 at dry solids feed rate = 1 kg/s with n = 0.53 for the range 0.1–100. TM = 2.

Section 6.31

TR: Tank Reactor

Mechanical surface aeration, including aerator, motor, drive and supports. FOB cost $190 000 at drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.55 for the range 0.75–75 and n = 1.00 for the range 75–3700. L+M* = 1.48.

426 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

Anaerobic or facultative lagoon, including earthwork but excluding liner. PM cost $90 000 at volume = 10 000 m3 with n = 0.69 for the range 4000–300 000. Factors: liner costs polyethylene, $45/m2; hypalon (0.94 mm), $54/m2, (1.14 mm), $72/m2; EPDM, $36/m2. Lagoon depth 1–3 m BOD 0.0007–0.0054 kg/d m2 or 0.008–0.0625 mg/s m2.

Section 6.32

Mix of CSTR, PFTR with Recycle

Conventional activated sludge process including basin, aeration system, recycle pumping and secondary clarifier. PM cost $8 150 000 for design flow rate = 120 L/s with n = 0.71 for the range 0.5–4400 L/s.

Extended aeration package plant including pumps, aeration basins, air system and secondary clarifier. PM cost $325 000 at design flow rate = 0.45 L/s with n = 0.63 for the range 0.1–44. (L+M* = 1.78)

Contact stabilization package palnt including pumps, aeration basin, air system and secondary clarifier. PM cost $1 360 000 at design feed rate = 11.5 L/s with n = 0.46 for the range 4.4–90. (L+M* = 1.78).

Oxidation ditch including concrete basin, aeration equipment and secondary clarifier, installed. PM cost $2 450 000 at design flow rate = 46 L/s with n = 0.44 for the range 2.2–46 and n = 0.76 for the range 46–440 L/s.

Conventional activated sludge process including basin, aeration system, recycle pumping and secondary clarifier. PM cost $8 150 000 for design flow rate = 120 L/s with n = 0.71 for the range 0.5–4400 L/s.

Extended aeration package plant including pumps, aeration basins, air system and secondary clarifier. PM cost $325 000 at design flow rate = 0.45 L/s with n = 0.63 for the range 0.1–44. (L+M* = 1.78)

Contact stabilization package plant including pumps, aeration basin, air system and secondary clarifier. PM cost $1 360 000 at design feed rate = 11.5 L/s with n = 0.46 for the range 4.4–90. (L+M* = 1.78).

Oxidation ditch including concrete basin, aeration equipment and secondary clarifier, installed. PM cost $2 450 000 at design flow rate = 46 L/s with n = 0.44 for the range 2.2–46 and n = 0.76 for the range 46–440 L/s.

Section 6.33

STR: PFTR with Large Recycle

See PFTR costs.

Section 6.34

Reaction Injection Molding and Reactive Extrusion

See Section 9.11.

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 427

Section 6.35

Reactive Distillation, Extraction, Crystallization

See Section 4.2.

Section 6.36

Membrane Reactors

See Sections 10.1 and 4.22.

6.37

Liquid Piston Reactor

See Section 2.2.

Section 7.1

Liquids

Turbines: c/s open tank, supported at the top, 50–100 rpm, single impeller including TEFC motor, gear reduction unit excluding starter, wiring. FOB cost $19 000 at 10 kW drive power, n = 0.45 for the range 1.7–88 kW. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.8; Monel q 1.9. Rpm factors: 50–100 rpm, q 1.00; 30–45 rpm, q 1.7; 110–230 rpm, q 0.68. No. of impellers on the same shaft, 1, q 1.00 and kW range up to 22 kW; two, q 1.3 and kW range up to 44 kW; three q 1.55 and kW range up to 66 kW; four, q 1.9 and kW range up to 88 kW.

Turbines: c/s closed tank, with mechanical seal, 50–100 rpm, single impeller including TEFC motor, gear reduction unit excluding starter, wiring. FOB cost $20 000 at 5 kW drive power, n = 0.30 for the range 0.7–5 kW and n = 0.56 for the range 5–400 kW. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.8; Monel q 1.9. Rpm factors: 50–100 rpm, q 1.00; 30–45 rpm, q 1.7; 110–230 rpm, q 0.68. No. of impellers on the same shaft, 1, q 1.00 and kW range up to 100 kW; two, q 1.3 and kW range up to 200 kW; three q 1.55 and kW range up to 300 kW; four, q 1.9 and kW range up to 400 kW. Includes bottom bearing when needed.

Propellers: c/s portable, clamp-on, including TEFC motor, drive and gear reduction. FOB $3 800 at 1 kW drive with n = 0.58 for the range 0.15–5.5 kW. Alloy factors c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.19; rubber covered, q 1.36; monel, q 1.37. Other factors, gear drive, q 1.0; direct drive q 0.75.

Propellers: c/s side entry, including TEFC motor, gear reducer, fixed plate, mechanical seal, FOB $16 000 at 3.5 kW with n = 0.19 for the range 0.7–3.5 kW and n = 0.48 for the range 3.5–150 kW.

Propellers: c/s top entry, open tank, including impeller, shaft, TEFC motor and gear reduction unit but excluding starter, wiring, taxes, and duties. FOB cost $6000 at 1.75 kW drive power, n = 0.42 for the range 0.15–1.75 and n = 0.52

428 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

for the range 1.75–75 kW. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.19; Monel q 1.4. Configuration, 1 impeller q 1.00; 2 impellers, q 1.22.

Mechanical agitators: bioreactor: cost of mixer = (maximum impeller shear rate)–2.3. The power required being about 20 to 40 % less than would be required to mix liquid.

Anchor: c/s closed tank including TEFC motor, gear reduction, stuffing box, FOB cost $10 000 at 2 kW drive power, n = 0.41 for the range 0.7–8 kW. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.19; Monel q 1.4.

Gas sparger, air diffuser only: unit price for 5.3 m sections of 23 cm diameter sparger including fittings to connect into gallery but excluding pipe to compressor or blower, FOB cost $12 000 for sparger surface area = 3.5 m2 , n = 1.0; $12 000 for gas flow rate = 94 dm3/s, n = 1.

For double arm kneaders, edge mills and Banbury mixers see Section 7.4. For static mixers, see Section 6.6.

Section 7.2

Liquid–Liquid

See Section 7.1. For static mixers, see Section 6.6.

Section 7.3

Liquid–Solid

See Sections 7.1 and 6.27.

Section 7.3.1

Solids Suspension

See Sections 7.1 and 6.27.

Mechanism only for thickener, c/s including drive, access platform, central shaft, bridge, rake and scraping arm, handrail, surface skimmer, excluding inlet pipe and overflow launders, FOB cost $98 000 for cross-sectional area = 100 m2 with n = 0.62 for the range 60–7000. Factors: sandblast and paint, q 1.2. L+M* = 1.35.

Section 7.3.2

Solids Dispersion

See Sections 7.1 and 6.27.

Section 7.3.3

Solids Dissolving

See Sections 7.1 and 6.27.

D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 429

Section 7.3.4

Solids Flocculating

See Section 9.3.

Section 7.4

Dry Solids

Double cone: including TEFC motor and drive. FOB c/s cost $60 000 at a working capacity = 3 m3 with n = 0.42 for the range 0.8–7. L+M* = 1.3–2.25. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 1.9. Factors: including motor, q 1.00; excluding motor, q 0.75.

Ribbon: FOB c/s cost $66 000 at working capacity = 3 m3 with n = 0.6 for the range 0.9–7; at drive power = 15 kW, n = 0.6. L+M* = 1.3–2.25. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 1.9.

Twin shell: FOB c/s cost $48 000 at working capacity= 3 m3 with n = 0.5 for the range 0.4–7; L+M* = 1.3–2.25. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 1.5.

Edge mill (Muller mixer; Planetary action vertical, pan mixer): including TEFC motor c/s FOB cost $200 000 at a drive power = 50 kW (with working capacity about 1 m3) with n = 0.71 for the range 3–400 kW. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Kneader, double arm (sigma kneader): horizontal, c/s, jacketed, tilting, nonvacuum, including TEFC motor and gear reduction, drive. FOB cost = $170 000 at drive power = 33 kW with n = 0.70 for the range 2–50 and at working volume 0.55 m3 with n = 0.42 for the range 0.1–0.55 and n = 0.53 for the range 0.55–3. L+M* = 1.3–2.25. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 1.6; 316 s/s, q 1.7; monel, q 2.1.

Kneader, double arm (sigma kneader): horizontal, c/s, jacketed, tilting, vacuum, including TEFC motor, gear reduction, drive and vacuum equipment. FOB cost = $230 000 at working capacity = 0.55 m3 with n = 0.31 for the range 0.15–0.55 and n = 0.62 for the range 0.55–2. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 1.7; 316 s/s, q 2.2 and monel, q 2.5.

Kneader Double arm (sigma kneader): vertical, c/s, jacketed, tilting, non-vacuum, including TEFC motor and gear reduction, drive. FOB cost = $150 000 at working volume = 0.55 m3 with n = 0.75 for the range 0.4–3. L+M* = 2.1–2.3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; 304 s/s q 1.6, 316 s/s, q 1.9; monel, q 2.2.

Banbury: including motor, gear reduction. FOB cost = $600 000 at working capacity = 200 L with n = 0.62 for the range 30–600 L. L+M* = 1.8.

Section 8.1

Gas in Liquid (Foams)

No costs related to this topic.

430Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines

Section 8.2

Liquid in Gas (Sprays)

Mechanical surface aeration, including aerator, open drip proof motor, drive and supports. FOB cost $190 000 at drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.55 for the range 0.75–75 and n = 1.00 for the range 75–3700. L+M* = 1.48. L/M = 0.25.

Section 8.3

Liquid–Liquid

Homogenizer, high pressure, 7 MPa, 316 s/s, with baseplate, gears but excluding motor. FOB cost = $95 000 at the liquid feed = 0.1 L/s with n = 0.43 for the range 0.01–14. L+M* = 2.5. L/M = 0.42.

Colloid mill: s/s with open drip-proof motor and drive. FOB cost = $45 000 for a drive power = 7.5 kW with n = 0.61 for the range 3–25. L+M* = 2.5. L/M = 0.45.

Section 8.4

Cell Disintegration

Homogenizer, see Section 8.3.

Section 8.5

Solids: Crushing and Grinding

Jaw crusher: c/s with drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $110 000 for a solid capacity = 10 Mg/h with n = 0.58 for the range 0.5–30; FOB cost = $800 000 for a

solids capacity = 350 Mg/h with n = 1.11 for the range 350–1000 (two different capacity ranges); FOB cost = $80 000 for a drive power = 7.5 kW with n = 0.65 for the range 0.7–40; FOB cost = $675 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.81 for the range 45–280 (two different power ranges). FOB cost = $555 000 for a feed opening = 1 m2 with n = 1.28 for the range 0.2–1.9. L+M* = 2–2.8. L/M = 0.25.

Gyratory crusher: c/s with lubrication system but excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $2 500 000 for a solids capacity = 1000 Mg/h with n = 0.92 for the range 150–4000. Crusher, c/s with lubrication system and drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $1 270 000 for a receiver opening mantle diameter = 1 m2 with n = 0.95 for the range 0.5–1.3. FOB cost = $2 400 000 for a receiver opening mantle diameter = 2 m2 with n = 1.41 for the range 1.1–4. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23. Roll crusher, twin, smooth roll: c/s for light duty but cost excludes drive or motor. FOB cost = $20 000 for a drive power = 1 kW with n = 0.94 for the range 0.5–15 kW. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23.

Roll crusher, twin, smooth roll: c/s for heavy duty but cost excludes drive or motor. FOB cost = $65 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.61 for the range 0.75–200 kW. FOB cost = $75 000 for a solids grinding capacity = 10 Mg/h with n = 0.61 for the range 1–60 Mg/h. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23.