Drozdova_gram

Ex. 3. (В, С) Complete the following sentences using "could" or "was/were able to".

1. It was a fine day yesterday, so we				have a picnic, and we enjoyed it very much.
2. He suddenly felt ill, but he			finish his	speech, although at the end he could hardly
stand. 3. He spoke very little French when he left school, but he						understand the
language. 4.1 gotto the station at 9.50 a.m. and				catch the 9.55 a.m.		train. I was very

pleased I didn't have to wait for the next train. 5. He has always been good at Math's. But even

he

solve this difficult problem. 6. The town was full of visitors, and we didn't know

where we would spend the night, but at last we

find two vacant rooms in a small

hotel. 7. Before his illness, he

workfourteen hours

a day if he had to. 8. He was very

strong; he

ski all

day and dance all night. 9. I was a long way from the stage. I

see all right

but I

not hear very well. 10. We

borrow umbrel-

las, so we didn't get wet. 11.

When the

garage had repaired our car

we

continue our

journey. 12. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I

wake

my sister and

she let me in.

Ex. 4. (В, C) Translate the words in brackets.

1.Of course, I (могу) translate this article.

2.I think I (мог бы) show you how to do it.

3.You (можно) go and tell her about it.

4.(Можно) I see the doctor now?

5.He (мог бы помочь) you but he didn't want to bother.

6.You (можете) easily get there in 20 minutes.

7.You (сможете) do it directly on return.

8.(Можно) I have some cream with my tea?

9.You (нельзя) discuss the subject with your friends.

10.She was in a hurry, she (не могла) wait for us.

11.There is a sign. You (нельзя) take pictures here.

12.The swimmer was very tired but he (смог) reach the shore.

13.Before her illness, she (могла) work fourteen hours a day.

14.When they buy a car, they (смогут) visit their friends more often.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English.

I.(A, B)

1.Он сможет говорить по-французски свободно (fluently), когда вернется из Парижа.

2.Можно мне взять твою ручку? - Да, пожалуйста. 3. Вы умеете кататься на коньках?

4.Когда он был молодым, он мог пройти 20 километров в день. 5. Никто не мог мне

помочь. 6. Ты сможешь сделать эту работу завтра? 7. Я умел плавать, когда мне было

пять лет. 8. Ты мог бы перевести этот текст? 9. Эту книгу можно купить в любом

магазине. 10. Мы сможем поехать в горы в следующем году.

II. (В, С)

1.Я хорошо знал эту страну, и поэтому я смог посоветовать ей, какие досто-

примечательности посмотреть. 2. Несмотря на шторм, он смог доплыть до берега.

3.Он не мог показать нам расчеты, так как они не были готовы. 4. В комнате темно, я не могу найти свои вещи. 5. Можно мне чаю? 6. Я могу вернуться на автобусе.

7.Морис был настолько безграмотным, что он просто не мог написать ни одного

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слова этого доклада. 8. Он даже не представлял, что она может так хорошо рисовать.

9. Там было так душно, что мы едва могли дышать. 10. Почему ты не можешь признать,

что был неправ? 11. Вы можете доказать его невиновность? 12. Можно повесить это объявление в коридоре?

THE SECOND WAY WE USE "CAN' IS TO EXPRESS strong doubt or astonishment:

			do	(generally)	Present
	Неужели	Сап/could he +	be doing	(at the moment)
					—,
	разве		have done	(then)

have been doing (for 4 hours already) -r P a s t

•Can he know it? - Неужели он знает это?

•Can he be working now? - Неужели он сейчас работает?

•Can he have been waiting for us ail this time?

-Неужели он ждал нас все это время?

Не может быть,		do
	Не can't +	be doing			—
чтобы; вряд ли		have done

have been doing

Present

Past

•"Oh!" Cried Fleur: "You can't have done it!" - Неможетбыть, чтобы вы это сделали!

•She can't be still waiting. - He может быть, чтобы она все еще ждала вас.

WE CAN EXPRESS STRONG DOUBT ABOUT NEGATIVE STATEMENTS:

"Неужели он не...'г, "он не мог не ...", "не может быть, чтобы он не..."

Model:

1.Не didn't notice you.

a)Can/could he have failed to notice you? - Неужели он не заметил ...

b)Не can't have failed to notice you. - Он не мог не заметить ...

Не может быть, чтобы он не заметил ...

2. Не doesn't like it here.

Can he dislike it here? - Неужели ему не нравится?

Не can't dislike it here. - He может быть, чтобы ему здесь не нравилось.

3. Не didn't see your letter.

Can he have never got my letter? - He может быть, чтобы он не получил моего письма.

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EXERCISES

Ex. 6. (В) Express strong doubt about the statements. Translate the sentences.

Model 1: • He knows English well.

a)Can (could) he know English well?

b)He can't know English well.

•He is waiting for somebody.

a)Can he be waiting for somebody?

b)He can't be waiting for somebody.

1.He understands every word you say.

2.She is really fond of the child.

3.They know how to get there.

4.She is crying.

5.She is looking for somebody.

6.They are always fighting.

7.But they ate very fond of each other.

8.Children like to play here.

9.He is telling the truth.

Model 2: • She knew about it.

a)Can she have known about it?

b)She can't have known anything...

1.He saw the lion move.

2.There was a public meeting in the town.

3.On Friday morning Bill came to my office.

4.He was dismissed.

5.He has greatly changed.

6.I don't believe it. Phil would have never done such a thing.

Ex. 7. (В, C) Express strong doubt. Use the appropriate infinitive.

1. Can it (be) so late now? 2. Can he (tell) the truth then? 3. Surely it can't (be) Jim. I know him quite well. 4. But she can't (say) it. I am sure she didn't mean it. 5. I'll try to do it myself. It can't (be) so difficult after all. 6. Who told you about it? You can't (know) about it before. 7. It seems strange. Can somebody (work) against us? 8.1 can't believe it. Can he

(resent) it? 9. Could it (be) a joke? She felt rather hurt. 10. You can't (see) him at the meeting. He was ill then. 11. He can't (forget) your address, he has visited you several times. 12. Could they (win) the game? They are just an amateur team.

Ex. 8. (В, C) Translate into Engish using the verb "can".

1. He может быть, чтобы он опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 2. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 3. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом ей напоминала только вчера. 4. Неужели вы не помните, что я возвратил вам эту книгу? 5. Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что эта команда займет

первое место? 6. Неужели они проиграли? 7. Не мог он этого сказать. 8. Неужели

было так холодно? 9. Не может быть, чтобы он был дома сейчас. 10. Неужели он

так хорошо знает китайский язык? 11. Неужели он отказался поехать туда? 12. Не

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может быть, чтобы он потерял эти документы. 13. Не может быть, чтобы они уехали,

не попрощавшись с нами.

Ex. 9. (С) Express strong doubt about these negative statements.

Model: • He didn't notice you.

Can he have failed to notice you? - Неужели он не заметил ...

Не can't have failed to notice you. - Он не мог не заметить ...

• Не doesn't like it here.

Can he dislike it here? He can't dislike it here.

1.You didn't understand me.

2.She didn't like the play.

3.They don't trust him.

4.They didn't notice the mistake.

5.They didn't receive the telegram in time.

6.They didn't realise the importance of the event.

7.She didn't see you.

Ex. 10. (C) Translate into English.

1.Неужели вы его не увидели? 2. Не мог он этого не заметить. 3. Неужели вы об этом не знали? 4. Не может быть, чтобы он не одобрял вашего решения. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом не рассказала. 6. Неужели он верит (не верит) этому?

7.Не может быть, чтобы ей не нравились эти картины. 8. Не может быть, чтобы я неправильно вас понял. 9. Не может быть, чтобы она не нашла вашего дома.

10.Неужели вы не нашли мою книгу?

2.1 REVISION

Ex. 11. Translate into English.

I.(A)

1.Ты можешь говорить по-французски? - Нет, только по-английски.

2.Ты можешь кататься на лыжах? - Да, но я не смогу принять участие в соревнованиях

(competition).

3.Я не смог перевести этот текст, хотя вы объяснили все правила (rules).

4.Ты можешь починить мой телевизор? - Нет, я не умею чинить телевизоры.

5.Ты представляешь, моя мама сама смогла починить утюг.

6.Здесь нельзя останавливаться.

7.Можно задать тебе вопрос? - Да, но боюсь, я не смогу на него ответить.

8.Когда мы сдадим экзамены, мы сможем поехать в деревню.

9.Он не смог сдать последний экзамен, он заболел.

10.Вы не можете идти домой, вы не закончили работу. - Я старалась (try hard), но не смогла ее закончить.

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II. (В, С)

1.Я не могу закончить работу сегодня.

2.Можете ли вы перевести эту статью на французский язык?

3.Я думаю, что я смогу помочь вам.

4.Он смог починить свой велосипед.

5.Когда он приехал в Лондол, он смог обойтись (manage) без переводчика.

6.В прошлом году он не мог бегло говорить по-английски.

7.Мы смогли закончить работу в пять дней.

8.Не может быть, чтобы там сейчас было холодно.

9.Я боюсь, что он не сможет вернуться вовремя.

10.Неужели они отправили груз пароходом?

11.Я очень рад, что смог помочь ему.

12.Вряд ли он забыл о своем обещании.

13.Я знал, что он сможет сделать эту работу.

14.Разве вам не сообщили о заседании?

15.Эту работу нельзя сделать в такой короткий срок.

16.Неужели вы не узнали меня? Мы учились с вами в одной школе.

17.Эти цифры можно найти в любом справочнике.

18.Не может быть, чтобы он так и не появился (пришел).

19.Мы могли бы отправить этот груз в конце месяца.

20.Неужели твоим родителям не понравилась эта милая девушка?

21.Вы могли бы найти эту книгу в нашей библиотеке, если бы пошли туда вчера.

22.Почему вы не пришли вчера в контору? Вы могли (могли бы) поговорить с директором по этому вопросу.

3. MAY

FORMS AND MEANINGS

MODAL VERB		PRESENT		PAST	FUTURE
Equivalent
may	am	may		might
to be allowed to...		allowed to...		was	will be allowed to...
	is			allowed to...
	are			were
		WE USE MAY/MIGHT:
1. to ask permission/			May I borrow your umbrella, please?
give permission (можно)			May I see your garden, please?
2. to talk about possible			I'm not sure where to go for my holiday.
happenings in the Future			I may go to Italy. (= perhaps 1 will go )
(возможно, может быть)			The weather forecast is not very good.
			It might rain this afternoon. (= perhaps it will rain)

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3. to talk about possible plans	I am going to Italy in July. (For sure)
(могу, возможно)	I may/might go to Italy in July, (it's possible)
4. reproach (only might)	You are becoming forgetful.
(мог бы)	You might have reminded me about it.

NOTES:

1.We also use can/could to ask or refuse permission.

Can is the commonest and most informal:

•You're visiting your friend and want to make some coffee. You say: Can I make myself a cup of coffee?

Could is more polite than can:

•Could I make a phone call, please?

2.We refer to "some other authority" that gives/refuses permission like this:

•You are allowed to/not allowed to

•	You are permitted to/not permitted to	smoke here.
•	You mustn't/you are forbidden to
We can ask for permission like this:
• Can/could/may/might I borrow your umbrella?
•	Do you think I could/might borrow your umbrella?

•I wonder if I could/might borrow your umbrella?

3.Permission/prohibition in other tenses than Present or Future.

May is not a "complete verb", so we use to be allowed/to be permitted to make up the missing parts:

•The children were allowed to watch TV last night.

•He has just been allowed to go home after 3 hours at the police station.

•His doctor hadn't allowed him to take any exercises in the year before he died.

4.The negative answer to the question containing a request for permission:

1. No, don't, please	Don't is less strict than may not. It is rather asking somebody
I'm afraid not.	not to do something.
2. No, you may not.	Actually prohibiting something.
(нет, нельзя=не смей)
3. No, you must not.	Means that it is not the person who prohibits the action but
(запрещено, нельзя)	there are facts, rules or circumstances prohibiting it.
4. No, you can't.	It denotes the absence of possibility depending on circumstances,
I'm sorry, you can't.	rules, laws, etc.

5.Might instead of may is used because of the Sequence of Tenses:

•May I read the letter? He asked if he might read the letter.

In its second meaning may/might is used to express uncertainty, supposition implying strong doubt. May denoting uncertainty is used with all forms of the infinitive.

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	Может быть,		be there
		Не may/might (not) +	be waiting
	возможно		have left
			have been
			sleeping

There is no important difference between may and might in this meaning.

Sometimes "might" expresses greater uncertainty than "may":

•He may/might be in his office now. (I'm not sure.)

•I can't find my bag anywhere. - You might have left it in the shop.

•He may not have noticed you in that crowd.

EXERCISES

Present

Past

Ex. 1. (В, C) Analyse the meaning of the verb may. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.1 said to Mrs Micawber, "May I ask what you and Mr Micawber intend to do, now that Mr

Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?" 2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3.1 asked if I might bring my wife down next Saturday. 4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half-hour. If he drives, he may be here any moment. 5. "May I look around?" he asked. 6. It was some special occasion. I don't remember what. It may have been my birthday. 7. He may not have learned the news, that's why he looks as if nothing had happened. 8. Of course I am too young but I try hard, and one day I may achieve something.

Ex.

2. (A,

B) Fill in the blanks with "can/could" or "may/might" (or the negative forms).

I

1.

we leave the room? Is the lesson over? 2.

you stand on your head? - I

now. 3.

,

when I was at school but I

I smoke here? - No, you

smoking is not allowed. 4.

type but I

you type?

- Yes, I

do shorthand.

5.

fruit? 7.

answer the

I come in? - Please, do. 6. Where

I buy

He

teacher's

questions yesterday, but he

answer

the same questions

today.

8.

I

come and see you this evening? - Of

course

you

. 9. When I first went to

Spain

I

read Spanish but I

speak it. 10. He

said that

we

use his flat whenever

we liked. 11. There was a

sleep. 12.

lot of noise in the street last night, and I

I borrow your umbrella? 13. The boys

wait for him, they have

no time for that. 14. It's

very cold.

I shut the windows?

II

1.

I

be away from home tomorrow.

2.

He

have been hurt.

3.

It

not be true.

or

4.

It

was so dark, we

see nothing.

5.

you lend me a shilling?

6.

you hear what he is saying?

7.

You

walk miles in this district without seeing anybody.

8.

this

be true?

9.

we go to the pictures after we wash up? - Yes, you

.

10.

Mother says I

not go out.

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11.	Sorry, sir, you									smoke here.
12.	No, it							be so far		as all that.
13 .						I have		some more bread?
14.	You						ask him to be the chairman.
15.	The	letters							have been written in this very house.

Ex. 3. (A, B) Translate the sentences.

1.Вы, возможно, встретите его на станции.

2.Может быть, он оставил нам записку.

3.Вы, возможно, забыли свои перчатки дома.

4.Она, возможно, поймет это позже.

5.Может быть, дверь была не заперта.

6.Возможно, они не хотят видеть нас.

7.Она, может быть, напишет вам.

8.Она, возможно, все уже забыла.

Ex. 4. (В, С) Translate into English.

1.Можно мне здесь подождать? - Да, конечно.

2.Ты мог бы остаться дома хотя бы на один вечер.

3.Может быть, он уже ушел.

4.Может быть, он еще ждет.

5.Студенты могут получить эту книгу в библиотеке.

6.Иногда отсюда можно видеть море.

7.Могу я помочь вам?

8.Можно мне пользоваться словарем?

9.Нельзя пользоваться словарем во время контрольной работы.

10.Вы могли бы приходить вовремя. Вы всегда опаздываете.

11.Я не могу вспомнить его адрес. - Неужели ты даже улицу забыл?

12.Здесь нельзя купаться.

13.Давай позвоним Майку, нам может понадобиться его совет.

14.Они, может быть, приедут завтра.

4. MUST

FORMS AND MEANINGS

MODAL VERB		PRESENT				PAST	FUTURE
Eauivalent
must	must			to,..	had	to...	will have	to...
have to...	have
	has
	am				was
be to...	is			to...
					were	to...	—
	are

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			MUST" EXPRESSES:
1. obligation, necessity			Well, it's 10 o'clock, I must/have to go now.
(= have to...) (должен)
2. a command, an urgent			You must leave the room at once.
reguest (побудительное			Немедленно выйдите из комнаты.
предложение)
3. prohibition (нельзя,			You mustn't speak to a prisoner in a foreign language.
запрещается)
"TO HAVE TO" EXPRESSES:
obligation or necessity arising			I have to get up at 6 every day. My working day
out of circumstances			begins at 8.
(должен = приходится,			Last night Den suddenly became ill. We had to call
вынужден)			the doctor.
	"TO BE TO" EXPRESSES:
1. an agreement or arrangement,				We were to meet at the entrance to the theatre at
part of apian				a quarter to nine.
(должен)				They are to go to Spain in July.
2. a strict order/prohibition				You are to go straight to your room.
(побудительное предложение)				Сейчас же иди в свою комнату.
				You are not to get your feet wet.
				He смей мочить ноги.
3. something thought				Sally wanted Morris to be friendly with her, but
as unavoidable				evidently it was not to be. He went about thinking
(предстоит, суждено)				of his life and what was to become of him.

NOTES:

1. The absence of necessity is expressed by "needn't":

Yes, you must.

• Must I go there tomorrow?

No, you needn't. (Нет, не нужно)

2. There is sometimes a difference between "must" and "have to". With "must" the speaker is

giving his own feelings, saying "he" thinks it necessary:

• I must visit my friend. He is ill.

• I must write to Ann. I haven't written to her for ages.

3. We can only use "must" to talk about the present and future; "have to" can be used in three

tense forms:

• I had to go to hospital.

• I am afraid I can't come tomorrow. I will have to work late.

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We use do/does/did with "have to" in present and past questions and negative sentences:

•Did you have to walk all the way home?

•No, I didn't have to walk, I took a tram.

USE OF MODAL VERBS TO EXPRESS NECESSITY

			NECESSITY AS
TIME OF			A RESULT OF PLAN,
	NECESSITY CAUSED	ABSENCE OF NECESSITY	AGREEMENT,
THE	BY CIRCUMSTANCES		GENERAL
ACTION			ARRANGEMENT,
			TIME-TABLE
PRESENT	You must hurry.	You needn't hurry.	1 am to meet Mother
	It's five to ten already.	There is plenty of time.	at the doctor's at five
	1 have to leave you now.	1 don't have to leave	sharp.
	Here goes the bell.	you yet.	When is the lecture
	(1 have got to leave you	The bell won't go for	to begin?
	now.)	another five minutes.
	1 had to leave her as	You needn't have	1 was to come to
	the interval was over.	hurried.	the Institute an hour
PAST		There was plenty of time.	before the time and
		1 didn't have to leave	wait for her in the hall.
		her at once, for the
		interval was only
		beginning.
FUTURE	I'll have to hurry	1 won't have to hurry.
	train.	of time.
	to catch the five thirty	There'll be plenty

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (B) Translate the sentences, explain the use of "must" or "have to" in them.

1.1 must go and lay the table myself. 2. We had to walk all the way to the station. 3. She had to change her shoes after walking in the garden. 4. She pretended she didn't understand anything. Mother had to tell her plainly what she thought of it. 5. We'll have to run. 6. The shoes are a size too small. I'll have to go to the shop and have them changed. 7. She was running high temperature. I had to put her to bed at once. 8. You'll have to do something about it. 9. Someone will have to stay and warn them.

Ex. 2. (В, C) In each of the following sentences the necessity of some action is stated. Use "to be" instead of "must"/"have to" to show that the action is not only necessary but also expected or planned. Translate the sentences.

1.I must buy a present for her birthday. 2. We had to take the letters to the post-office.

3.I have to make a report at the conference. 4. They must show us how to organise the

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