Drozdova_gram

EDITION 2005

T Ю Дроздова А И. Б е р е с т о в а В. Г М а и л о ь а

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

WITH A SEPARATE KEY VOLUME

REFERENCE

&

PRACTICE

JbithoCofjij

Т. Ю. Дроздова, А. И. Берестова, В. Г. Маилова

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

REFERENCE & PRACTICE

WITH A SEPARATE KEY VOLUME

Учебное пособие для старшеклассников

истудентов неязыковых вузов

суглубленным изучением английского языка

Издание девятое,

исправленное и дополненное

Янтолошя

Санкт-Петербург 2005

ББК 81.2Англ-2 Д 75

Рецензент: J1. П. Чахоян, профессор, доктор филологических наук

По вопросам приобретения издания обращайтесь:

ООО «Антология трэйд»:

Санкт-Петербург [phone]; 326-0128; 323-7301; [e-mail] Москва [phone]; [e-mail]

ООО ИПЦ «КАРО»: Санкт-Петербург [phone]; 317-9460

Москва [phone]; 964-0210

Дроздова Т. Ю., Берестова А. И., Маилова В. Г.

Д 75 English Grammar: Reference and Practice: Учебное пособие. - Издание девятое, исправленное и дополненное. - СПб.: Антология, 2005. - 400 с.

ISBN 5-94962-075-5

Учебник по грамматике английского языка для школьников и студентов с различным уровнем подготовки. Оригинальная сопоставительная методика; опора на родной язык; многообразие примеров и

таблиц; более 500 упражнений.

ББК 81.2Англ-2

Редактор А. И. Берестова

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ISBN 5-94962-075-5	© Т. Ю. Дроздова, А. И. Берестова, В. Г. Маилова, 1996-2004
	© ООО «Антология», 2005

ОТ АВТОРОВ

Предлагаемое вашему вниманию пособие создано на основе фундаментальных

классических трудов по грамматике английского языка, изданных в России, а также

новых работ английских и американских авторов в русле коммуникативной лингвис-

тики.

Пособие состоит из 15 тематических разделов, в которых приводятся общие све-

дения по каждой теме и объясняются особые случаи употребления. Цель данного сборника - изложить и объяснить в доступной форме существенные морфологичес-

кие особенности грамматического строя английского языка, необходимые для прак-

тического использования.

В основе структуры учебника лежит принцип сопоставления моделей родного и изучаемого языков, а также дифференциация сходных (для носителей русского языка), но различающихся по сути грамматических структур английского языка. Лучшему

усвоению материала должны способствовать таблицы, схемы и модели, систематизирующие материал разделов.

Данное пособие предназначено для учащихся школ и гимназий, а также для студентов неязыковых вузов с углубленным изучением английского языка. Оно может быть успешно использовано для работы со студентами любой формы обучения и уровня языковой подготовки, поскольку достаточно подробные объяснения снабжены большим количеством примеров, таблиц и моделей, закрепляемых в разнообразных упражнениях. Упражнения построены по принципу нарастания языковых трудно-

стей и предназначены для студентов начинающих (А), продолжающих (В) и продвину-

тых (С) групп. Упражнения индексированы соответствующими обозначениями.

К большинству упражнений предлагаются ответы-ключи, изданные отдельной кни-

гой "The Keys". Цифровые обозначения в упражнениях соответствуют ответам, помещенным в книге "The Keys".

В течение нескольких лет материал пособия успешно использовался в различных целевых программах при обучении студентов с разным уровнем языковой подготовки.

Т.Ю. Дроздова A. И. Берестова B. Г. Маилова

					CONTENTS
						THE VERB
1. The Verb "to be"										8
2. "There is (are)" Construction								11
3. The Verb "to have"								13
4.	English Tenses Active							16
5. The Indefinite (Simple) Forms								18
	5.1	The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense						18
	5.2	The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense						20
	5.3	The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense						24
6. The Continuous Forms								27
	6.1	The Present Continuous Tense						27
	6.2	The Present Continuous and Present					Indefinite (Simple)	31
	6.3	The Past Continuous Tense						34
	6.4	The Past Continuous and Past Indefinite (Simple)						35
	6.5	The Future Continuous Tense						39
	6.6	Revision						41
7. The		Perfect Forms						42
	7.1	The Present Perfect Tense						42
	7.2	The Present Perfect and Past Indefinite (Simple)						47
	7.3	The Past	Perfect Tense					52
	7.4	The Future	Perfect Tense					58
8. The Perfect Continuous Forms								60
	8.1	The Present Perfect Continuous						60
	8.2	The Present Continuous and Present					Perfect Continuous	61
	8.3	The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous						62
	8.4	Revision						65
	8.5	The Past Perfect Continuous							67
	8.6	The Past Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous						69
	8.7 The Future Perfect Continuous							71
9. The Revision of Tenses								72
10. Tests			the Future					80
11. Talking about								82
	11.1 Present Tenses with a Future Meaning							82
	11.2"to be going to ..."							84
	11.3The Future		Indefinite (Simple)					85
	11.4 "be to", "be about to", "be due to"							88
	11.5 Revision							88
				THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
1. General Rules								91
2.	Revision							96
3.	Tests							97

4

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1.	Indirect Statement		and Request	98
2.	Indirect Command			100
3.	Indirect Questions			101
	3.1	Indirect General Questions		101
4.	3.2	Indirect Special	Questions	102
	Revision			103

THE PASSIVE VOICE

1. The Formation of the Passive Voice		107
2.	Uses of the Passive Voice Peculiar to the English Language	108
3.	Revision	118
4.	Tests	120

THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. Conditional Sentences			122
	1.1	Revision	130
2.	1.2	Test	131
	Making a Wish		132
3.	Revision		135
4.	Tests		136

			MODAL VERBS
1.	Definition		137
2. Can			138
	2.1	Revision	143
3. May			144
4.	Must		147
5.	4.1	Revision	154
	Should and Ought		155
6.	Need		158
7.	Revision		160
8.	Tests		164

				THE NOUN
1. Formation of		Nouns		166
2.	Classification	of	Nouns	169
3.	The Category of		Number	172
4.	The Category of Case			177
5.	Tests			181

5

THE ARTICLE

1. The Use of Articles with Common Nouns			182
	1.1	The Use of the Indefinite Article (a/an)	182
	1.2	The Use of the Definite Article (the)	184
	1.3	The Zero Article	186
	1.4	Revision	191
2.	The Use of Articles with Nouns of Material and Abstract Nouns		193
3.	The Use of Articles with Proper Nouns		196
	3.1	Geographical Names	196
	3.2	Names of Persons	197
	3.3	The Use of Articles in the Names of Places, Some Buildings,
		public organizations, etc	198
4.	3.4	Revision	200
	Special Difficulties in the Use of Articles		201
5.	The Use of Articles with Nouns in Some Set Expressions		205
6.	Tests		207

THE PRONOUN

1.	Classification of			Pronouns	209
	1.1	Personal and		Possessive Pronouns	209
	1.2	Reflexive Pronouns			212
	1.3	Demostrative Pronouns			215
	1.4	Interrogative Pronouns			216
	1.5	Defining Pronouns			217
	1.6	Indefinite and		Negative Pronouns	224
	1.7	"Much/many", "little/few", "a little/a few"			231
2.	Tests				234

THE ADJECTIVE

1.	Formation of Adjectives	235
2.	Word Order: adjective + noun	238
3.	The Comparison of Adjectives	241
4.	Tests	249

			THE ADVERB
1.	Definition and		Forms	250
2.	Classification		of Adverbs	254
	2.1	Adverbs of Manner		254
	2.2	Adverbs of Time		256
	2.3	Adverbs of Frequency		258
	2.4	Adverbs of Place and Direction		259
	2.5	Adverbs of Degree, Measure and Quantity		260
	2.6	Viewpoint Adverbs		266
3.	Revision			268
4.	Tests			270

6

THE VERBALS (the non-finite forms of the verb)

1. The Gerund				272
	1.1	Forms. Tense/Voice Distinctions		272
	1.2	The Use of the Gerund		273
	1.3	Verbs Used with the Gerund and the Infinitive		281
	1.4	The Gerundial Construction		285
	1.5	The Gerund and the Verbal Noun		287
	1.6	Revision		289
	1.7	Tests		291
2.	The	Infinitive		293
	2.1	Forms. Tense/Voice Distinctions		293
	2.2	The Use of the Infinitive without the Particle "to"		294
	2.3	The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence		295
		2.3.1 Revision		303
	2.4	The Infinitive Constructions		306
		2.4.1 The Complex Object		306
		2.4.2 The Complex Subject		312
		2.4.3 The For-to-Infinitive Construction		319
	2.5	Revision		323
	2.6	Tests		325
3.	The	Participle		327
	3.1	Forms and Functions		327
	3.2	The Functions of the Participle in a Sentence		328
	3.3	Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes		329
	3.4	Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers		330
	3.5	Have Something Done		339
	3.6	The Absolute Participial Construction		340
	3.7	Revision		341
	3.8	Tests		343

SOME CONFUSED OR CONFUSING ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Some Prepositions Confused				345
2.	The Complex Sentence			349
3.	Revision Exercises			358
4.	Emphasis			360
5.	Additional Exercises. Miscellaneous			364
	Appendix 1.	List of Irregular Verbs		371
	Appendix 2. Irregular Verbs: Difficult Cases			375
	Appendix 3. Regular Verbs: Spelling Rules			376
	Appendix 4. List of Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases			377
	Appendix 5. Place of Adverbs			383
	Appendix 6. Verbs Followed by the Infinitive			384
	Appendix 7. American English			390
	Appendix 8.	List of Grammar Terms and Key Words		391
	Appendix 9.	Punctuation		395
	Literature			400

THE VERB

1. THE VERB TO BE4

		THE VERB TO BE' IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
POSITIVE FORM					NEGATIVE FORM		QUESTIONS
I	am	(I'm)	I	am	not	(I'm not)	Am	I?
You	are	(you're)	You	are	not	(you're not or you aren't)	Are	you?
He	is	(he's)	He	is	not	(he's not or he isn't)	Is	he?
She	is	(she's)	She	is	not	(she's not or she isn't)	Is	she?
It	is	(it's)	It	is	not	(it's not or it isn't)	Is	it?
We	are	(we're)	We	are	not	(we're not or we aren't)	Are	we?
You	are	(you're)	You	are	not	(you're not or you aren't)	Are	you?
They	are	(they're)	They	are	not	(they're not or they aren't)	Are	they?

•I'm small but I'm not helpless.

•Where are you from?

•How much are these stamps?

EXERCISES (A)

Ex. 1

I. Write short forms (she's/we're, etc.).

1. he is

he's

3. she is not

5.1 am not

2. they are

4. it is not

6. you are not

II. Write the full forms (she is/we are, etc.)

7. we aren't

we are not

9. you're __

11. it isn't

8. I'm

10. they aren't

12. she's

Ex. 2. Put in am, is or are.

1. The sky /§ very blue today. 2.1

not tired. 3. This shelf

very heavy.

4. These shelves

child

asleep.

very heavy. 5. The

6. Look! This

Mabel. 7.1

cold. Can

you shut the window,

please? 8.

The castle

one thousand

years old.

9. My

brother and I

good tennis players. 10. Amy

at

home but her

parents

in church. 11.1

student. 12. My sister

a

an archeologist.

Ex. 3. Write full sentences. Use am/is/are each time.

1.(my grandparents very old) Mv grandparents are very old.

2.(my desk very comfortable)

8

3.(your spectacles in your bag)

4.(I not very clever today)

5.(this house very expensive) _

6.(the shops not open today)

7.(Mr Wren's grandson six years old)

8.(the houses in this street very big)

9.(the examination not difficult)

10.(those flowers very beautiful)

Ex. 4. Write positive or negative sentences. Use am/am not/is/isn't/are/aren't.

1.	(Brussels...the capital of Belgium) Brussels is the capital of Belgium.
2.	I...interested in hockey) I am not interested in hockev.
3.	L.angry)
4.	It...cold today)
5.	The Hague...in Switzerland).
6.	I...afraid of dogs)
7. My hands...dirty)		.
8.	Russia...a very big country)
9.	The Amur...in Europe)
10.	Diamonds...cheap)

11. Motor-racing...a dangerous sport)

12. Squirrels...big animals)

Ex. 5. Write questions with What/Who/How/Where/Why...? Use am/is/are.

1.(What colour your house?) What colour is vour house?

2.(Where my key?)

3. (Where mv trousers?)

4.(How old your grandmother?)

5.(What colour his hair?)

6.(How much these shoes?)

7.(Who your favourite actor?)

8.(Why you always late?)

?

. ??

?

?

?

?

Ex. 6. Ask questions. (Read the answers to the questions first.)

1.	(his name?) What's his name?	Robert.
2.	(single or married?) Are vou single or married?	I'm single.
3.	(British?)	No,I'm not.
4.	(where / from?)	FromAustralia.
5.	(how old?)	I'm18.
6.	(a student?)	No,I'm a secretary.
7.	(your mother a teacher?)	No, she's a lawyer.
8.	(where / from?)	She'sItalian.
9.	(her name?)	Rachel.
10. (how old?)		She's40.

9