Drozdova_gram

II

1.Willowbys left town as soon as they were married.

2.

This wasn't

Beatrice she knew.

3.

father

and

daughter appeared at last.

4.

professor

Keitel is

man to whom you'll be responsible for your undergraduate

teaching.

5.

This Pat wasn't like

Pat of his memories.

6.

Ifyouare

Napoleon,

you'll play

gameof

power, ifyou're

Leonardo

knowledge.

you'll play for

7.

Elsie said she

would

ring up

Doctor Hitchcock.

8.poor Edward muttered something, but what it was nobody knew.

9.	gentle, tender-hearted Amelia sadly was			only person to whom Becky could
attach herself.
10. I am		Mr Keaton to whom you were to come.

3.4 REVISION

Ex. 4. (В, C) Translate into English.

1.Кордильеры находятся в Северной Америке.

2.Берега Рейна очень живописны.

3.Эльбрус - очень красивая гора.

4.Они купили дом в Марлоу, который выходил окнами на Темзу.

5.Средиземное море находится между Европой, Азией и Африкой.

6.Венеция расположена на берегу Адриатического моря.

7.Ливингстон погиб в Центральной Африке.

8.Они любили гулять в Гайд-парке.

9.Она показывала мне фотографию замечательной долины в Баварии.

Ex. 5. (С) Translate into English.

1.Вас ждет какой-то Медников.

2.Она вышла замуж за Кормана, с которым нас познакомили у Кэмеронов.

3.Константиновы поселились здесь два года назад.

4.Она была Клэптон, и, как все Клэптоны, очень умна.

5.Крылова называли русским Лафонтеном.

6.Москва наших дней - это не Москва XIX века.

7.И.В. Мичурин родился в 1855 г. в деревне Долгое, недалеко от Козлова. Мичурины всегда были садовниками.

8.Крым и Кавказ расположены на берегу Черного моря.

9.Вам нравится эта картина? Это Шемякин.

10.Про какого Толстого вы говорите? - Про Толстого, который написал роман "Петр Первый".

200

4. SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE USE OF ARTICLES

THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH THE NAMES OF MONTHS AND DAYS, SEASONS, MEALS, LANGUAGES, NOUNS: DAY, NIGHT, EVENING, MORNING, ETC.

		When modified by	When modified
The Nouns	As a rule, usually	a particularizing	by a descriptive		In Set
	NO ARTICLE	attribute, situation:	attribute:		Expressions
		THE	A
1. The names	May is a spring	We'll always	A cold May is
of months	month.	remember	a usual thing in
and days	I met her on	the May of 1945.	St.-Petersburg.
May,	Monday.	She came on
Monday		the Friday when
		David was born.
2. The names	I like winter.	It happened in	It was
of seasons	It was summer	the spring of 1930.	a beautiful
summer,	when we first		spring.
winter	came here.		But:
			no article
			early/late
			spring
			winter
3. Nouns:	Day is meant for	He'll never forget	I spent	-	by day/night;
day, night,	work, night for	the day when he	a sleepless	- at night, at dawn/
morning,	sleep.	met her.	night.		daybreak/
evening,	It was evening.	The night was	But:		sunrise/sunset/
aftemoon		warm and beautiful.	no article	-	noon/night;
			early/late		from morning till
			morning		night;
			afternoon	-	in the morning
				(evening,afternoon)
4. The names	She knows	The English of		What is the English
of	French well.	America differs		for...
lanauaaes		from the English
French,		of Great Britain,
German,		the English
English		language
5. The names	Did you have	The dinner we had	After a heavy	to have breakfast
of meals	dinner?	today was very	breakfast we	(lunch, dinner,
lunch,	Lunch is ready.	good.	started for...	tea, coffee)
dinner,		The lunch was
tea		a success.

201

THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH THE NOUNS

SCHOOL/COLLEGE, PRISON/JAIL, BED, TOWN, CHURCH

		When the nouns lose the concrete			When the nouns denote concrete
The Nouns		meaning and express the purpose			objects the articles are used in
	for which they serve: NO ARTICLE				accordance to the general rules
School/college	to		be at school/college/university		to go to the school
university	to go to school/college/university				(the building is meant)
	to		leave school/college		to leave the school
	• After 1 left school 1 went				(to leave the building)
			to university, (as a student)		•	Mr Kelly went to the school
	•		Why aren't the children			to meet his daughter's
			at school today? (as pupils)			teacher.
					• Excuse me, where is
						the university, please?
Church	in		church/at church		•	The church was built in
	• Mrs Kelly goes to church					the 17th century.
			on Sundays (for a religious service).		•	There is a church in
						the village.
Prison/jail	to be in prison				•	Ken went to the prison
	to be sent to prison/jail					to visit his brother.
	to be put in prison				•	They lived near a prison.
	•	Ken's brother is in prison
			for robbery.
	•	Fred robbed a bank but he was
			caught and sent to prison.
Bed	to go to bed				•	Her portrait was on the wall
	to be in bed					beside the bed.
	to stay in bed				•	There is a table, 6 chairs,
	•		It's time to go to bed.			a bed and a cupboard
	•		Is Tom still in bed?			in the room.
Work	to go to work				• I like the work I'm doing now.
	to be a t work				•	A new work of modern art
	to start work				•	The works of Shakespeare
	• Why isn't Ann at work today?					(products of the intellect
						or imagination)
Home	to go home			no preposition	Institution or place:
	to come home				an orphans home,
	to be at home				a nursing home,
	to stay at home/to feel at home				a maternity home.
	• Will you be at home tonight?				Place where an animal or
	•		Let's go home.		a plant is native:
					the home of the tiger.

202

Town	with prepositions: to/in town		• I want to go to the town
	•	You can't go to town tomorrow.		I was born in.
	• What are you going to do in town?		•	Would you rather live in
	•	He spent 20 years in town, he is	•	a town or in the country?
		not used to country life		The whole town was talking
		(as opposed to the country).		about it.
Hospital	to go to hospital		• When Ann was ill we went
	to be in hospital			to the hospital to visit her.
	• Jack had an accident.			(as visitors, we mean
		He had to go to hospital.		a particular hospital).
		He is still in hospital now.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (В, С) Insert articles where necessary.

Names of Seasons.

1.

day had been fine and warm; but at

coming on of

night,

air

grew cool. 2. All

nature was very calm and beautiful. 3. You see,

winter was

very bad

bread with.

time for me, and I really had no money at all to buy

4.

summer drew to

end, and

early autumn. 5. It was

lovely

year.

evening in

spring time of

6. It was pretty late in

autumn of

year. 7.

little Wiltshire

declining sun looked brightly upon

village. 8. There was

election soon, we all knew: this

spring of 1955. 9. It was

going to be

was

cold fall and

wind came down from

mountains.

Bed, School, Prison, Town.

1. Maycomb was

old town. 2. Dolores said nothing at all on

way to

town.

3. Before that she

taught history in

girls' school. 4.

had

school was not

particularly good one. 5. I never knew

lawyer yet who

didn't

threaten to put me in

prison sooner or later. 6. In all

town. 7. Among

probability he was already in

other public buildings in

certain town ... there is one anciently

common

to most towns,

great or small ...

hospital where Amy worked was in the East

workhouse. 8.

10. He told with

End. 9. They went to

church every Sunday morning.

perfect truth ... how he

had in time

been released from

prison. 11. You take your man

home, Mrs Douglas, and get him to

bed before

eleven. 12. I'm going to be out of

give

rector

bed, he had nowhere to

town for few days. 13. Unless we can

lay his head this night. 14. Who could be in

century, and

prison

quarter of

be prosperous!

Ex. 2. (В, C) Translate the sentences.

I

1. Для лета это был очень теплый вечер. 2. Казалось, что осень в этом году наступит

раньше. 3. Была ранняя весна, день был чудесный, и у нас было хорошее настроение. 4. Это был первый день лета. 5. Весна в этом году пришла рано. 6. Она поехала в

203

деревню на лето. 7. В этом году весна была короткой. 8. "Ты не мог бы подождать до

зимы?" - спросил Сэм. 9. Зимой и летом мы проводили выходные за городом.

10. Зима заканчивалась, в воздухе пахло весной.

II

1. Хотя было одиннадцать часов, Софья все еще была в постели. 2. Стефан сидел на краю кровати и улыбался. 3. Он и мой брат вместе ходили в школу. 4. Когда почти

стемнело, он посетил городскую тюрьму. 5. После окончания школы он начал работать

вконторе своего отца. 6. Год назад она закончила институт и начала работать в школе

вдеревне недалеко от Москвы. 7. Эта мысль впервые пришла ко мне, когда я лежал

впостели во время бессонной ночи. 8. В деревне есть больница. 9. Мы закончили работу в полночь, мы слишком устали и легли спать даже без ужина. 10. Книги,

газеты, журналы лежали на столе, стульях, кровати. 11. Он живет в одном крыле дома, остальную часть дома он превратил в госпиталь. 12. Утром, как обычно, я пошел в школу.

Ex. 3. (В, С) Insert articles where necessary.

Day, Night, Morning, Evening.

1. I payed my first visit to his house on

clear February night. 2. It was nearly

sundown. 3.

night outside seemed very

quiet. 4. During

evening we played

innumerable

games

of piquet... 5. It was

evening, and

he was

walking across the

school grounds on his way home. 6. He

wondered

what hour it was.

sun seemed to

indicate

late morning ... 7.

morning was cold and sharp and sunny. 8. It is

9. We are going

ideal night. 10.

night being sharp and

early morning.

to have

frosty, we trembled from

head

afternoon.

to

foot. 11. It was early in

12.night came and he sent his sadness into his sleep. 13. I was up at six in

		14. She has had				bad night, probably		rather delirious night. 15. Arthur
morning.
did not pass
				sleepless night; he slept long and well. 16. It was about ten o'clock at
	night.		17.	fine September afternoon was dying fast. 18. It was					morning

after Roger had

Park, and Margaret and I were sitting at

breakfast.

talked to me in

19. On

bright January morning

telephones kept ringing in my office. 20.1 cannot

describe

intense silence

night.

to you

of

Ex. 4. (В, C) Insert articles where necessary.

Names of Meals.

1. The invitations to

dinner for sixteen people were sent out. 2. He came in one

morning when I was

having

breakfast on

terrace of

hotel and introduced

good

big lunch on

himself. 3. I saw to it that he had

dinner.

4. He was giving

following day and at

week

grand dinner.

Wayne settled

end of

5. Mr

back in his chair, savouring

drink,

dinner was very

his

expecting

good dinner. 6.

sound. 7. But

hot bath and

supper

good dinner fixed him up. 8. They had

few minutes," she said.

in silence. 9."

dinner will be ready in

Ex. 5. (В, C) Translate into English.

1.Утро было холодное и ветреное.

2.Был теплый летний вечер.

204

3.Настала ночь, и путешественники решили отдохнуть.

4.Он пишет с утра до ночи.

5.Он переночевал у приятеля.

6.Он провел бессонную ночь и был очень бледен.

7.Приятно поехать за город в ясный летний день.

8.И днем и ночью он думал об одном.

9.Было прекрасное утро, солнечное и тихое.

10.Было раннее утро, все в доме еще спали.

11.На дворе (outside) была ночь.

12.Была теплая летняя ночь.

13.Я думаю, день будет ясным и теплым.

14.Машины на фабрике работали день и ночь.

15.Я убедил его провести ночь в нашем доме и отдохнуть.

16.Я никогда не забуду вечер, который мы провели в Лондоне.

17.Вечер был холодным и туманным.

5. THE USE OF ARTICLES

WITH NOUNS IN SOME SET EXPRESSIONS

I.THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE WITH NOUNS IN SET EXPRESSIONS

1.in a hurry - второпях

2.to have a mind to do smth - иметь желание что-либо сделать, быть склонным .

3.to fly into a passion - прийти в бешенство

4.to fly into a fury (rage) - прийти в ярость

5.to take a fancy to - проникнуться симпатией, почувствовать расположение

6.in a low (loud) voice - тихо (громко)

7.a great many (with countables) - много; a great deal (with uncountables) - много

8.it's a pity - жаль

9.it's a shame - стыдно; жалко

10.it's a pleasure - приятно

11.as a result - в результате

12.to have a good time - хорошо провести время

13.to be at a loss - быть в растерянности (недоумении)

14.at a glance - сразу, одним взглядом

15.to tell a lie - говорить неправду

II.THE USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE WITH NOUNS IN SET EXPRESSIONS

1.it's out of the question - об этом и речи быть не может

2.to take the trouble to do smth - потрудиться

3.in the original - в оригинале

4.to play the piano (the violin, the harp) - играть на пианино, скрипке, арфе

5.to keep the house - сидеть дома, не выходить (особ, по болезни)

6.to keep the bed - соблюдать постельный режим

7.on the whole - в целом

8.the other day - на днях

9.on the one hand - с одной стороны; on the other hand - с другой стороны

10.to tell the truth - говорить правду

11.to be on the safe side - для верности, на всякий случай

12.at the bottom/top of - внизу/вверху

III. NOUNS IN SET EXPRESSIONS USED WITHOUT AN ARTICLE

1.out-of-doors - на дворе, на улице, вне дома

2.to take to heart - принимать близко к сердцу

3.at heart - в глубине души

4.to take offence - обижаться

5.to give (to get, to ask) permission - дать (получить, попросить) разрешение

6.to lose heart - терять мужество

7.from morning till night - с утра до вечера

8.from head to foot - с головы до ног

9.from beginning to end - с начала до конца

10.at first sight - с первого взгляда

11.by chance - случайно

12.by mistake - по ошибке

13.for hours - часами

14.for ages - целую вечность

15.by land, by sea, by air - сушей, морем, по воздуху

16.to go to sea - стать моряком, выходить в море

17.on deck - на палубе

18.on board - на борту

19.to keep house - вести хозяйство

20.at sunrise (at dawn) - на рассвете

21.at sunset - на закате

22.at work - за работой

23.by name - по имени

24.in debt - в долгу

25.to play football/hockey - играть в футбол

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (С) Insert articles where necessary.

1. "Are you

bad sailor?" she asked. "About as bad as is possible in spite of having

been at

sea

so much." 2. The parcel came by

post. 3. On his trip round the

deck.

world with Fleur he had often put his nose out and watched the dancing on

4. He decided that he would not at

present explain to her who he was. 5.1 saw

good deal of him during

He has taken her death very much to

heart

war. 6.

indeed. 7. She went by

coach because it was cheaper. 8. All seemed perfectly at

their ease, by no means

in

hurry. 9.

little car in

question now stood

outside

dealing,

people, with

case of

love at

front door. 10. Am I

young

Rosa

first sight? 11. We've had some tea already on

board

yacht. 12.

was well aware that she had never taken

get to

Annette. 13. You

trouble to

know

will go to

sea and forget all about

me in

month. 14. He is beginning to lose

head to

foot.

heart, they say. 15. She burned like

fire from

16.1 got into conversation with him by

chance at

concert. 17. She's taken

206

quite

fancy to you, Ridgeon. 18.1 returned at once, and found Ada sitting at

work

by

fireside. 19. Somewhere

great many men were singing. 20. It is

her if she has

uneasiness. 21. Behind

pity to worry

talent for

house was

summer,

large garden, and in

pupils almost lived out-of-doors.

22 .

foot to

Ebury Street.

rain had stopped and we went on

23. They started at

dawn, and

boy

I sent with them didn't come back till

next day. 24. All of

sudden, his face had become stony. 25. Dear, dear! It

seems only

other day

since

I took you down to school to Slough!

Ex. 2. (C) Translate into English.

1.Он всегда говорит очень тихо.

2.На днях я случайно встретила Нину.

3.Если вы так ответите, он придет в ярость.

4.По правде говоря, я так и не поняла, почему она обиделась.

5.Она читает с утра до ночи.

6.Мы всегда заставали его за работой.

7.Приходите ко мне завтра. - Об этом и речи быть не может, я очень занята.

8.Он даже не потрудился встретить нас на вокзале.

9.Мы уже можем читать Диккенса в оригинале.

10.Мой брат очень хорошо играет на скрипке.

11.Вы по ошибке принесли не тот журнал.

12.Я полагаю, ты сказал мне чистую (bare) правду.

13.Она смотрела налево и направо и говорила тихим голосом.

14.Она вела хозяйство своего овдовевшего брата.

15.Они любили путешествовать морем и пешком.

16.Рада (просто удовольствие) видеть тебя.

17.Он любил играть на флейте (flute).

18.Он был постоянно в долгах.

19.Ему позволили повидаться с нею на несколько минут.

20.Услышав это, он впал в страшную ярость.

21.Я наткнулся на эту книгу совершенно случайно.

22.Он был в растерянности, он не мог соврать.

23.Я могу привести ряд примеров.

24.Во время обеда он по ошибке назвал меня Мэри.

6. TESTS

i

1.Она уже целую вечность ищет работу.

2.Родители купили мне гитару. Гитара была из прекрасного дерева.

3.Вы именно тот самый человек, которого я хочу видеть.

4.Он довольно хороший художник.

5.Знания - это сила.

6.Я только что приготовил суп. Хочешь супа?

7.Была весна. Весна была очень теплой.

207

8.Мы никогда не ужинаем, но вчера после театра у нас был легкий ужин с друзьями.

9.Напротив нашего дома больница. Я не люблю лежать в больнице.

10.Было уже одиннадцать, а она была еще в постели.

II

1.Я нашел на улице котенка.

2.Это был милый домик. Перед домиком было много роз.

3.Он задал ясный вопрос и ждал такого же ответа.

4.Она такой хороший учитель, что все ребята ее любили.

5.Он послал нам важную информацию.

6.Принесите воды. Вода в этом пруду очень чистая.

7.Зима в том году началась очень рано.

8.Она трудится с утра до вечера.

9.Когда Аня была больна, ее забрали в больницу. Мы часто ходили к ней в больницу.

10.Летом я живу за городом, но по воскресеньям езжу в город.

III

1.В молодости она была красавицей.

2.В нашей школе новая учительница. Что ты думаешь о новой учительнице?

3.Он дал неправильный ответ.

4.Это довольно глупый вопрос.

5.Мне нравится музыка этого композитора.

6.Добавь соли в суп. Соль на полке.

7.Была поздняя осень, а мы еще жили на даче.

8.Сегодня мы завтракали поздно. Завтрак был как ланч.

9.Сколько людей посещают университет в вашей стране?

10.После работы мой дядя обычно идет домой.

IV

1.Его попросили произнести речь.

2.На правой стене есть полка. На полке много английских книг.

3.Это правильный ответ на вопрос?

4.Он довольно вежливый человек. Он не мог так поступить.

5.В комнате было много света и воздуха.

6.Дайте мне льда. Сок теплый.

7.Лето в этом году пришло уже в мае.

8.Они пригласили нас на обед. Обед был превосходным.

9.Он большой мальчик, он ходит в школу.

10.По воскресеньям вся семья ходила в церковь. Церковь в нашей деревне была

очень красивая.

THE PRONOUN

We use pronouns instead of nouns.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF PRONOUNS

Pronouns fall under the following groups:

1.PERSONAL: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.

2.POSSESSIVE: my, his, her, its, our, your, their.

3.REFLEXIVE: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves.

4.RECIPROCAL: each other, one another.

5.DEMONSTRATIVE: this (these), that (those), such, the same.

6.INTERROGATIVE: who, whose, what, which.

7.DEFINING: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another.

8.INDEFINITE: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, one.

9.NEGATIVE: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.

1.1 PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns have two cases; there are corresponding possessive pronouns and their absolute forms.

	NOMINATIVE	OBJECTIVE	Possessive	Absolute
			PRONOUNS	FORMS
	/	me	my	mine
	he	him	his	his
	she	her	her	hers
	it	it	its	—
	you	you	your	yours
	we	us	our	ours
	they	them	their	theirs
	NOTES:

1.We don't have singular and plural forms of you. We can say "You're right" to someone we don't know at all (Вы) or we know very well (Ты), to a child or to an adult.

2.We use it for things, to refer to animals, a baby or a child. We use he, she, who when we refer to pets, ships, cars, motorbikes, a country if a reference is "affectionate":

•Roger is a good dog. He is my best friend.

•Bessie's a fine cow. She gives a lot of milk.

•My old car is not fast, but she does 50 ml to the gallon.

•In 1941, America assumed her role as a world power.

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