Вопрос 21

Strong verbs

Strong verbs use the Germanic form of conjugation (known as Ablaut). In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense: “scriban - screib – scribum - giscrban."

The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Germanic there were 7 major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes.

Stem Changes in Strong Verbs

Class/Infinitive/1st Preterite/2nd Preterite/Past Participle

I i: writan a: wrat writon writen (E)

II e:o or u: krjupa e:a kraup U krupum O kropinn (Icel.)

III e: Helpan   e:a healp 

    u: hulpon  o:      holpen

IV E niman A nam A: nemum O numans

V E giefan Æ geaf æ: gaefon E giefen

VI A faran o: for o: forum A farans

VII –a(e) hatan e: or e:o het e: or e:o heton - a(e) haten

Вопрос 22

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are formed principally by adding endings to past and participles.

There were only 3 classes of weak verbs:

1) –j- stem – nerian – nerede – nered;

2) - o- stem – endian – endode – endod;

3) – ai– stem – habban – haefde – haefd

4) na/no fulls – fullnan gafullan (Goth).

In Gothic there were 4 classes of weak verbs.

Preterite-Present Verbs

were a very ancient group. Their root of the present form derived from the Past form, and the Past tense was formed by means of the dental suffix –D (-T).

Examples:

sculan – skal – skulda (shall); magan – maeg – meahta (may); cunnan – cann, cuthe (can) etc

Kunnum – kuntha - kunthedjau (Goth)

Atypical Verbs

Additionally there is a group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "will", "do", "go" and "be".

They have their own conjugation schemes to make them as distinct as possible, to reduce the possibility that a listener will mishear the word.

wesan (to be) - has got only the Present tense forms, uses the verb béon in the Past

gán (to go)

Pres. Past

Sg.1 gá - éode

2 gæ'st éodest

3 gæ'þ - éode

dón (to do)

Pres. Past

Sg. 1 dó - dyde

2 dést } dó - dydest } dyde

3 déþ - dyde

Вопрос 23

The Verbals included Infinitive, Participle 1 and Participle 2. Infinitive originated from Verbal Nouns just naming the action but not showing its characteristics. It included an Indo-European suffix –N- e.g.- berenne, etannne (Dative case). It used to be declined as a Noun.

Participle

Participle 1 was formed from the present stem by means of suffix -ND

– e.g. berende; Goth. nasjands (saving).

Participle 2 had suffix –D or N

– e.g. boren; Goth nasiths (saved).

Participle 1 denoted action. Participle 2 of transitive verbs had passive meaning, non-transitive – active meaning. They were used in descriptive verb constructions.

Вопрос 24

Word-formation in Ancient Germanic languages

The typical ways of word-formation in Germanic languages were:

1)

• affixation (pre-fixes and suf-fixes), e.g.

suffix  -ari (Mo-dern English -er, -or)– bocere (a man of books);

• suffixes -ing, -ung – lytling (a small thing);

• -l- Wulfila, Attila

• The suffix -nd   was added to the root of a verb to form nouns such as feōnd "enemy", from the verb feōn "to hate", freōnd "friend, relative, love" – from the verb freōn "to love", "to honour"

• -ig – a suffix of Adjectives - staenig (stony);

• prefix bi- bistanden  (to stand around).

2) Ablaut + affixation was also widely used, especially in the Gothic language, e.g.– brinnan – gabrannjan (to burn).

3)  Word connection has been always  typical for Germanic languages.

Some examples:  gold-smith (jeweller);  gudhus (church).