52 Lesson II

ТЕМА: FATTENING CATTLE ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Инфинитив в функции определения, § 6.

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение).

3. Временные формы глагола (повторение).

4. Союз "provided"

5. Наречия "like, unlike"

I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

to fatten, quality, mature, whole milk, meat, gain, to raise, grains, wheat, barley, corn, nutritious, legume grass, to increase, quantity, to -depend on, to weigh, high in, low in, most, succulent, silage, both ... and, per day, veal, to graze, age.

II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

system, method, expert, fermentation, reserve, transformation, microflora, maximum, minimum, temperament, biologist, instructor.

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на инфинитив как определение.

1. The feed to be given to the calves is of high quality. 2. The cowshed to be built next year will be very big. 3. These are the hogs to be fattened. 4. We spoke about the method to be used in our work. 5. The amount of feed to be fed to the dairy cow varies with the amount of milk produced by her. 6. The farmers to raise this new breed of pigs should consult the zootechnician.

IV. Прочтите следующие слова, обратите внимание на их произношение и значение.

though - хотя

thorough - тщательный

thoroughly – тщательно

through -через

throughout - на всем протяжении, повсюду thought - (прош. вр. и причаст. прошедшего вр. от глаг. think - думать)

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FATTENING CATTLE

Unlike dairy cattle beef animals may do well with very little care. But like all other animals they are Healthier and produce higher quality beef, provided they are properly fed and managed.

Best beef breeds are known to be those then mature early, are fattened rapidly and whose quality of meat is high.

The fattening of cattle is a common practice on farms where beef cattle are bred and corn is raised. Some other grain crops are suitable for feeding beef cattle as well. They are wheat, barley and sorghum.

There are many different systems of fattening beef cattle. The method to be used depends on many factors. Some of them are the legion, the age of the cattle to be fattened, the quality of pasture to be used and others.

The system of fattening on grass is mainly practised in regions where pasture provide most of the feed throughout the year. In recent years the use of pasture in fattening cattle

has been increased in the United States. Even in areas where winter grazing is possible, reserves of hay or other roughages or some concentrates to be fed during the periods of drought or unfavourable winter weather should be provided. Pasture and other roughages, should be both high in quality and sufficient in quantity to maintain the rate of gain of 1 pound or more per day.

There are many farmers who follow another method of fattening cattle. Cattle are kept on good pasture up to midseason. Then they are properly fed dry feeds for 3 or 4 months. They are to be supplied with legume or mixed hay, shelled corn or other grains and sometimes high-protein feed. This system is known as fattening in the dry lot. Having been fattened by this method cattle will be in fair flesh, provided they are supplied with highly nutritious and high-quality feeds.

Unlike the system of fattening cattle on pasture, the system of fattening in the dry lot is more effective though it is a more expensive one.

Пояснения к тексту

1. do well (better,best) - хорошо расти

2. shelled corn - лущеная кукуруза

3. fattening in the dry lot - откорм на сухих кормах

4. fair flesh - упитанное состояние

5. up to - до

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Запомните:

like – подобно

unlike - в отличие от

provided - 1. II и III формы глагола to provide - обеспечивать 2. (союз) в том случае, если; при условии, если.

Активные слова и выражения

favourable, weather, to follow, to fatten in the dry lot, fair flesh, provided, like, unlike.

V. Дополните предложения по смыслу.

1. Cows are kept in cowsheds, and pigs in ... . 2. Dairy and beef cows and bulls are known as .... 3. We breed cows for milk and meat, sheep for ... and ... and poultry for ... and ... . 4. There are two main systems of fattening beef cattle fattening on pasture and fattening ... . 5. In fattening cattle, in the dry lot one should use the feeds of high....

VI. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.

1. Beef cattle a. are suitable for fattening beef

cattle.

2. The quality of meat b. is a popular method now.

3. Com, wheat and sorghum c. is of high quality.

4- Fattening on grass d. should be provided during

unfavourable winter weather.

5. Climate in this region e. require less care than dairy cattle.

5. The hay to be fed f. allows to keep cattle on pasture all

the the year round.

7. Reserves of roughages g. of this breed is high.

VII. В следующих предложениях выделите инфинитивные и причастные обороты, служащие определением; переведите.

1. We spoke about the method of fattening cattle used in their region. 2. We spoke about the method of fattening cattle to be used in their region. 3. The cow to be examined by the veterinarian is being milked now. 4. The farmers feeding beef cattle high-quality legume hay always have good results. 5. Cows to be dried off should be milked once daily. 7. The boxstall to be used as a calving pen should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. 8. The factors increasing milk production are well known now. 9. Milk yields obtained from this cow are very high.

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VIII. Определите функции слов с окончанием - ing; переведите.

1. Farmers following the method of fattening beef cattle in the dry lot must grow different grain and legume crops. 2. Farmers following the method of fattening beef cattle on pasture, less care for the cattle is required. 3. Feeding the cattle good-quality legume or mixed hay, farmers obtain a lot of meat of high quality. 4. Good-quality roughages being fed to the cattle, the rate of gain of 1 lb⁶per day will be maintained. 5. A small barn with an adjoining paddock is a good place for keeping the bull. 6. They are discussing the problem of feeding the cattle in winter. 7. Increasing the rates of feeding the bull is necessary before the breeding season.8. The feeding of calves is a very important problem.

IX. Определите время и залог сказуемого в следующих незаконченных предложениях. Переведите их и дополните соответствующими обстоятельствами.

1. They have cleaned ... . 2. They have been cleaned ... . 3. They have to clean.... 4. They have to be cleaned .... 5. They would clean if ... :6. They would be cleaned if.... 7. They are to clean .... 8. It is to be cleaned ... . 9. They will clean ... . 10. They will be cleaned ... . 11. They clean .... 12. They are cleaned .... 13. They are cleaning .... 14. They are being cleaned .... 15. They had been cleaned before .... 16. They caught to be cleaned ....

X. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов.

1. Cows will produce high milk yields, provided they are fed and cared for properly. 2. During the dry period the cows are provided with plenty of roughages. 3. Roots provide good rations for sheep and cattle, provided they are used together with hay or straw. 4. Unlike roughages succulent feeds are high in water content. 5. Unlike the other nutrients vitamins are required by the animals in small amounts. 6. Like carbohydrates fate supply energy and heat. 7. Silage like green grass is of high feeding value.

XI. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What beef breeds are best?

2. On what farms is the fattening of cattle a common practice?

3. What are the two main systems of fattening beef cattle?

4. Where is the system of fattening on grass practised?

5. Why is it necessary to have reserves of hay or other roughages in areas where winter grazing is possible?

6.Which system of fattening is more effective?

XII. Переведите на английский язык.

а) в отличие от, откорм на сухих кормах, придерживаться другого метода, норма привеса, благоприятные погодные условия; подобно, при условии, если.

б) 1. Кукуруза широко используется при откорме скота. 2. Сено, которое предстоит скормить молочным коровам, очень хорошее. 3. Высококачественные корма, используемые при откорме, снижают время откорма. 4. Фермеры, использующие высокопитательные корма при откорме, получают мясо высокого качества.

в) 1. Цель откорма - увеличить количество мяса и улучшить его качество. 2. При откорме молодых животных протеина требуется больше на единицу веса, чем при откорме взрослых животных. 3. Рационы для крупного рогатого скота должны быть сбалансированы по содержанию клетчатки, что достигается добавлением в них грубых кормов. 4. Не следует давать слишком много зерна в начале периода откорма. 5. Скот нужно обеспечивать минеральной добавкой, при условии, если его содержат на пастбище с низким содержанием основных минеральных веществ.

XIII. Прочтите текст и, исходя из его содержания, определите, какие из следующих утверждений ошибочны; внесите в них необходимые исправления.

1. Early maturing breeds are best suited for veal production.

2. After weaning the calf is given 3-4 pounds of whole milk for ten days.

3. Good pasture should be provided for the calves.

4. During the fattening period the calves should be given little salt.