Lesson 6

ТЕМА: CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

1. Сложные формы причастия I, № 14

2. Формы с окончанием -ing (повторение)

3. Временные формы глагола (повторение)

4. Значение слова "one", § 23

5. Парный союз "either ... or"

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

1. Суффиксы -ous, -able, (-ible)

2. Префикс in-

I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

cattle breeding, to produce, barley growing, sheep, grass, clover, alfalfa, to consume, dairy cow, grain, as well, both... and, should, have to, hay yield, root crop, to provide, is4o, pasture, pig, quality, amount, to supply.

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II. Переведите следующие прилагательные:

а) образованные от существительных при помощи суффикса - ous

fibrous - (fibre - волокно)

vigorous - (vigour - сила, энергия)

various - (variety - разнообразие)

б) образованные от глаголов при помощи суффиксов -able, - ible.

suitable - (suit- подходить) valuable - (value - ценить) digestible - (digest - переваривать, усваивать)

в) с отрицательным префиксом in- (который превращается в "im" перед "т" и "р" и "ir" перед "г").

irtfertile (fertile - плодородный)

irregular (regular - регулярный) impossible (possible - возможный)

III. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем.

1. to feed, feeder, feeding, fed, the feed.

2. a product, production, to produce, producing, producer, produced.

3. proper, improper, properly.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод сложных форм причастия I.

1. Being provided with good feed, cows produce much milk.

2. Having been provided with good feed, young animals developed well.

3. Havingprovided the animals with good feed, the farmer obtained good results.

4. Being used in feeding livestock, grasses and grains are widely grown by man.

5. Having been weaned at the age of eight weeks, calves produced high-quality veal.

6. Having divided the calf house into sections, the farmer could put his calves into it according to their age.

CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS

Various feeds are used by man in feeding livestock. They are classified into three main groups: succulents, roughages and concentrates.

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Succulent feeds are pasture grasses, silage and root crops.

Roots contain a large amount of water and are laxativeto stock. They are low in protein, but comparatively high in carbohydrates. Being fed together with hay or straw, roots provide good rations for sheep and cattle.

Green grass should be grazed when it is 4-8 inches high. Young grass is very rich in protein and animals eat it readily but its low fibre content may cause scours. The feeding value of grass is the highest in spring and early summer.

Silage is made from a variety of plants. Good silage is the one that is green in colour. Silage should be made from young leafy grass and clover. Having been prepared in this way, silage is. always of high feeding value.

Roughages are bulky feeds. They are high in fibre content which is poorly digestible. For this reason they are not suitable for pigs, but one can give large quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep.

Good hay is the one that contains plenty of green leaf. The quality of hay varies with the kind of grass and the stage of growth at which it is cut. Hay made from grass in the early flowering stage is better than the one made from mature grass.

Oat straw is a valuable feed for providing bulk in the rations of beef animals and low-yielding dairy cows. Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef cattle. It is more digestible than wheat straw. Wheat straw is high in indigestible fibre. [Most of it is, therefore, used for bedding.

Concentrates are feeds which are rich in either protein orenergy or both. Being nigh in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture and indigestible fibre, concentrates are very valuable in feeding all classes of animals. General grains, cakes and bran are illustrations of concentrates.Having supplied the animals with the proper kind and amount of feed, the farmer will obtain good results.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to be low in - содержать мало

2. to be high in - содержать много

3. for this reason - по этой причине

4. plenty of - много

5. is of... value - иметь (представлять) ценность

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Активные слова и выражения

succulent, roughage, concentrate, to contain, ration, water, straw, to eat (ate, eaten), fibre, content, to cause, scours, digestible, growth, to cut (cut), mature, bedding, nutrient, feeding, value, one, either... or.

V. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод сложных форм причастия I.

1. Being grazed too early, young grass may cause scours in calves. 2. Having been made from young leafy grabs and clover, silage was of high feeding value. 3. Having provided the pigs with highly nutritious feed, the farmer obtained high gains. 4. The animals grow better, being fed a concentrated ration twice a day. 5. Being bred by man, cattle, cheep and hogs are known as domestic animals. 6. Weaning calves at the age of about 8 weeks, farmers obtain high-quality veal. 7. Having cleaned the cowshed, the farmer put the calves into it. 8. Having increased the amount of the supplementary feed, we shall be able to obtain a higher milk yield per cow. 9. Separating calves by 10 days' age, the farmer can feed them according to their age. 10. Having been prepared from grass in the early flowering stage, the hay was of high quality.

VI. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова, переведите.

1. In winter the farmer feeds his cattle with high-quality legume hay and silage. 2. Roughage feeds are not good for feeding hogs. 3. They market pigs at the weaning age. 4. It is the largest market in our region. 5. These farms increase their milk yields from year to year. 6. There was a great increase in cattle population last year. 7. Farmers milk average and low yielding cows twice a day. 8. This dairy breed is high-yielding. 9. Farmers breed poultry for meat and eggs. 10. There is always much work to do on the farm. 11. They work as zootechnicians.

VII. Определите время и залог сказуемого в следующих незаконченных предложениях. Переведите их и дополните соответствующими обстоятельствами. .

1.They feed .... 2. They have fed.... 3. They are fed .... 4. They are feeding ... . 5. They have been fed ... . 6. He has fed ... . 7. He has to feed .... 8. They are to feed ... . 9. They are to be fed .... 10. She has been fed .... 11. She should feed ... . 12. They will feed ... . 13. They should be fed .... 14. They will be fed .... 15. They ought to be fed .... 16. They are being fed ....

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VIII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing, переведите. 1. Cattle breeding is one of the most important branches of animal

husbandry. 2. Milk yields vary with feeding, age as well as care and management of dairy cows. 3. Milk yields vary with the number of the milking per day as well. 4. As to this dairybreed it is a low-yielding one. 5. Having fed the lambs the sheepman began cleaning the sheep-pen. 6. Providing good feeding and management for the poultry, we obtain more eggs per bird per year. 7. Being on pasture, animals take a lot of exercise. 8. Poultry breeders obtain good results by keeping the poultry on pasture. 9. Keeping sheep on the same pasture during summer is a bad practice. 10. The development of the calves depends largely on feeding and exercise. 11. The feeding of the animals snould be done at regular intervals.

IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов.

1. 1. One must feed domestic animals properly. 2. One of the reasons of low gains may be poor feeding. 3. These feeds are the most nutritious ones for pigs. 4. In order to obtain good gains one should provide proper feeding and management. 5. The new cowshed is better than the old one. 6. One can use different kinds of bedding. 7. One should give enough water to the animals.

2. 1. During winter feeding months cattle are fed either silage or hay. 2. Grass is of feeding value either in spring or in early summer. 3. These roughages may be fed either to the cattle or to the sheep.

X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. How are feeds classified?

2. Which feeds are high in water?

3. When is the feeding value of grass the highest?

4. What does the quality of hay vary with?

5. Why is wheat straw not used for feeding animals?

6. What are concentrates rich in?

7. What succulent (roughage, concentrate) feeds do you know?

XI. Переведите на английский язык.

а) Грубые корма, сочные корма, питательная ценность, непе- реваримая клетчатка, подстилка, содержание воды, питательные вещества, рост, вызывать, содержать, солома, рацион, или ... или.

б) 1. Будучи непере варима, пшеничная солома не использует- ся на корм скоту. 2. Корма, содержащие много воды, являются

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сочными. 3. Зрелая трава не должна использоваться для приготов­ления сена. 4. Концентраты содержат много легко переваримых питательных веществ.

в) 1. При скармливании животным зеленого корма улучшается качество продукции, получаемой от них. 2. Питательная ценность зеленой травы зависит от возраста растений; по мере того как ра­стение стареет, содержание в нем клетчатки увеличивается. 3. В большинстве районов страны животные получают зеленый корм с естественных пастбищ. 4. Хорошо приготовленный силос имеет высокую питательную ценность и его можно давать сельскохо­зяйственным животным всех видов. 5. Все виды зерна, отруби, жмыхи относятся к концентрированным кормам, т.к. они содер­жат наибольшее количество легкопереваримых питательных ве­ществ.

XII. Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его по-английски. Передайте содержание текста по-английски (по-русски).

Pasture grasses belong to succulent feeds. Hay made from grasses belongs to roughage feeds.

Pastures are classified into natural and cultivated. Cultivated pastures are classified into permanent and temporary. Temporary pastures are used only 2 or 3 years. They may be used during one season as well. Permanent pastures are used for many years. In the Northern areas where winters are cold pastures are used only in summer. In the warm areas cattle and other farm animals may be kept on pasture all the year round.

The best pastures are in spring and in early summer when grass is young and high in protein. Young grass also contains much calcium and vitamins, especially carotene. Green grass is consumed by farm animals in large amounts.

When pasture grasses become scarce cattle, sheep and hogs should be fed with high-quality roughages and concentrates.