inglish

Unit 3

exploratory well	to construct
(wildcat)	to lower
dry hole	to cut
appraisal hole
drilling rig
drilling fluids
drill pipe
horizontal well
bit

Production discusses the various methods used to maximize recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.

upstream	to extract
natural pressure	to produce
primary (secondary) recovery	to depend
porosity
pcnneability
pump
natural flow
artificial means
Transportation describes different means of transporting hydrocarbons and their products.
midstream	to lay a pipeline
pipelines	to weld pipes
tankers	to construct
barges
tank trucks
storage tanks
route engineering

Refining investigates the complex chemical and physical conversion of crudes into useful products.

downstream	to refine
treatment	to separate
catalyst	to convert
refinery
heavy (light)
hydrocarbons
fractions

Automation and computers embrace all operations of oil and gas business.

upstream	to develop
midstream	to replace
downstream	to reduce
computer	to invent
robotic	to remove
telecommunication	to estimate
alternative technologies	to calculate
modeling	to model
costs	to integrate
remotely controlled systems
automation
automatization
automated systems
E-business
data processing
software
hardware

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Mechanical engineering studies the science of materials and constructs machines and equipment for oil and gas industry.

upstream	to design
midstream	to select
downstream	to weld to
behavior	increase to
properties	choose to
equipment	withstand
alloys
corrosion protection
welding
coating
resistance
destruction
strength

Economics provides the tools with which to assess and minimize the financial risks.

demand	to gather information
supply	to evaluate
capital costs	to estimate
operating costs	to forecast
oil and gas prices	to take a decision
budget

economic analysis Ex. 16 Translate in

writing. Use a dictionary.

The major gas reserves on Sakhalin, a Russian island directly north of Japan, may eventually be developed for export by pipeline. Shell's Sakhalin II project is being developed for exports of LNG, and so ExxonMobil's Sakhalin I project is the most likely supplier for a pipeline project. Reserves at Sakhalin I are estimated at 17.1 trillion ft3, and ExxonMobil may eventually be awarded additional areas of the island. A pipeline linking Sakhalin into the Russian gas grid is one possible avenue of development and would come very close to China, creating an opportunity to be extended into northeastern China in the future.

Japan being another option for this pipeline export makes this project more attractive. In this scenario, a 1500 km pipeline would link Sakhalin to the main Japanese island, Honshu, via the less heavily populated northern island of Hokkaido. A feasibility study for this route is currently being undertaken by ExxonMobil. As commercial production of gas from Sakhalin I is not expected to begin until 2008, both of these pipeline options are medium to long term plans. ExxonMobil is believed to favour the Japan option, while the Russian government prefers China. However, gas reserves on Sakhalin may ultimately prove to be adequate enough for both. (Oil and Gas Journal)

Ex. 17 Think of several reasons why natural gas is becoming the leader on the world fuel market.

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	Text:	Ecology
	Grammar:	1. The Conditional Sentences
		2. The Subjunctive Mood
	Grammar Revision:	Contact Clauses

Ex. 1 Read the following international words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents.

a) harmony	[' do mme i t]
dominat	[' kr ai si s ]
e crisis	[' hj u ma n ]
human	[1' fe kt]
effect	cycle
[ ' h a : ma n i ]	methane

b)principal symptoms toxic emission to invest a project sulfur

oxide nitrogen oxide carbon dioxide to control atmosphere

[' pri n s a p al ' si mp t a ms] [' t a ksi k I' mi jo n ] [t a m' v e st э ' p r o cfc a kt ] ['sAlfa ' a ks a i d]

catastrophic	[, ka3 t a ' st r afi k
dramaticall	]
y	[d r a' ma e ti ka h ]
efficient	[ffijant]

['saikl]

['meGein]

[' na i tr i c fe a n ' a ks a i d] ['ка:Ьэп da i ' a ks ai d] [t a ka n ' t r o ul ' a et ma s fi a]

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Ex. 2 Insert the conjunctions "that "or" which" and translate the sentences.

Consider the following examples:

Everybody knows (that) oil lies in sedimentary rocks, (дополнительное придаточное предложение)

Все знают, что нефть залегает в осадочных породах.

Different fuels (which) man uses now are obtained from oil. (определительное придаточное предложение)

Различные топлива, которые сейчас применяет человек, получают из нефти.

1.We can say titanium was discovered twice—in 1790 and in the 1940s.

2.We know the higher the temperature the less electrical conductivity of metals.

3.The heat a body contains is the kinetic energy of its molecules.

4.Mechanical properties metals possess are important for all engineering materials.

5.Stainless steels different industries use are almost free of corrosion.

6.It's true energy is wasted in industry.

7.Many scientists suppose global warming is a real phenomenon.

Ex. 3 Translate the sentences. Mind different meanings of the words "since" and "for".

_ с			для
since ----------	с тех пор как	for ---------	в течение
"	" так как		так как

1.A geophysicist first should be a geologist since the interpretation of the geological studies is the most important part of any geophysical survey.

2.Gazprom has signed 50 agreements with foreign hydrocarbon companies in its upstream activities since 1986.

3.The environmental protection has developed into an oil industry business since the time when people began suffering from smog caused by refineries.

4.Natural gas from the Norwegian North Sea is an important source of energy for it will serve the European market for many decades.

5.For Europe Norway and Russia are the major natural gas suppliers whose importance will continue to grow in years to come.

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Conditional Sentences

(Условные предложения)

I		Главное предложение		Придаточное предложение
реальное условие, отно-		I shall finish the work Я		if I have time (if am free), если v
сящееся к настоящему или		закончу эту работу.		меня будет время.
будущему времени
II				if I had time tomorrow (if I were
предположительное условие,		I should finish the work Я бы		free) (now), если бы у меня было
относящееся к настоящему				время завтра (сейчас)
или будущему времени		закончил работу,
III		I should have finished the work		if I had had time yesterday (if I
нереальное условие,		Я бы закончил работу,		had been free), если бы у меня
относящееся к прошедшему				было время вчера.
времени
	Союзы, вводящие условные предложения
if	—- если		in case	— в случае, если
unless — если . . . не			provided	— при условии, если
		but for	—если бы не

Бессоюзные условные предложения (II и III типы).

1.If the book were interesting, he would read it. Were the book interesting, he would read it.

2.Provided he had been free, he would have finished the work yesterday.

Had he been free, he would have finished the work yesterday.

Ex. 4 Translate the sentences. Mind the Conditional Sentences.

1.If the temperature increases, the rate of any reaction will rise as well.

2.If fuel were regularly tested, emission levels would be reduced.

3.Unless Norway had discovered hydrocarbon deposits in the North Sea, the country would have been an importer of hydrocarbons.

4.In case the world oil production decreased, the price for oil would automatically rise.

5.Oil industry wouldn't have made great progress unless new technologies had been developed.

6.If a reservoir were not capped by an impermeable layer, oil would migrate to the surrounding formations.

7.Were natural gas a useless product, it would be vented to atmosphere or flared.

8.Could a major part of coal be converted into synthetic oil, it would help overcome fluid fuel shortage.

9.But for the new technologies, gas wouldn't have been produced in the northern regions.

Ex. 5 Translate the sentences. Mind the meanings of the word "provided".

1.In the past only drilling provided important information about the formations.

2.More oil from existing formations can be recovered provided sophisticated secondary techniques are used.

3.The hydrocarbon structure of oil and gas provided keys to their origin since plants and animals remains are primarily composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.

4.Provided natural gas is compressed or liquefied, it can be transported through pipelines.

5.The art of successful exploration is based on accurate interpretation of the information provided by geologists and geophysicists.

6.The appraisal drilling program can be developed provided new geological information has been obtained.

Ex. 6 Complete the following sentences:

a)1. If I had an exam tomorr ow, ....

2.If I were a millionaire, ....

3.If I were you, ....

4.If we finish early today, ....

5.If my friend gets into trouble, ....

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6.If you hadn't entered the universit y, ....

7.If I hadn't missed the classes yesterday.....

8.If my friend helped me,....

9__ , unless I had worked hard.

b)1.1 could answer your question if. . . .

2.He would have passed the exam if. . . . 3.1 will get a good job if. . . .

4.We'd go to a cafe if. . . .

5.You'll speak good English if. . . .

6.They could have done more if. . . .

7.You wouldn't have done so many mistakes if. . . . 8.1 would buy a new car if. . . .

Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)

1.It would be interesting to discuss the results of the experiment. Было бы интересно обсудить результаты эксперимента

2.It is important (that) the results of the experiment (should) be discussed. Важно,

чтобы результаты эксперимента были обсуждены.

3.Не demands (that) the results of the experiment (should) be discussed. Он требует, чтобы результаты эксперимента были обсуждены.

4.We must protect the nature lest it (should) be destroyed for future generations.

Сослагательное наклонение может употреблять после

1 глаголов
.
demand	— требовать
insist	— настаивать
propose	— предлагать
require	— требовать
suggest	— предлагать, предполагать
suppose	— предполагать
wish	— хотеть, желать
2 неопределенно-	•личных предложений
.
it is necessary	— необходимо
it is important	— важно
it is essential	— существенно
it is desirable	— желательно
it is likely	— вероятно
it is probable	— вероятно
3 союзов
.
as if	— как будто
so that	— так чтобы

Мы должны защищать природу, чтобы не уничтожать ее для будущих поколений.

Ex. 7 Translate the sentences. Mind the Subjunctive Mood.

1.Gubkin insisted that a petroleum engineer should be an expert in all the spheres of petroleum business.

2.It is essential that petroleum geology should be integrated with natural sciences.

3.A cap rock is a necessary condition of oil accumulation lest oil migrate into surrounding rocks.

4.It is desirable that pipelines should carry petroleum products directly to the market.

5.Crude oil must be refined so that it could be used as a useful product.

6.It is necessary natural gas be processed to meet the specifications of its transporting by pipelines.

7.For decades gas was vented to atmosphere as if it were a useless product.

8.Nowadays it is important that alternative sources of energy should be developed.

Ex. 8 Translate the sentences. Mind different meanings of the verbs "should" and "would".

1.It was reported that the refinery would process about 50 different crude oils a year.

2.It is essential that the temperature of the reaction should be constant.

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3.The devel opment of renewable energy sources — such as wind, solar, and biomass - should be a key to the solution of the energy shortage problem.

4.The energy committee proposed that 5.5% of electricity should come from the renewables.

5.If consumers around the world wanted to slow down climate change they would pay higher prices for energy.

6.The petroleum industry should develop oil and gas resources, which would supply growing markets with fuel.

7.The early philosophers considered atom to be inseparable. We, however, would hardly agree with them.

8.I wouldliketo stress that today the internet is an important tool.

9.But for the internet we wouldn't be able to get or to send needed information in minutes, sometimes seconds.

10.One should know that diamond bits are used for drilling hard formations.

Ex. 9 Read the text and answer the questions that follow it.

ROLE OF IMPORTED OIL IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

One industrialized country, the United States, consumes almost 17 million barrels of petroleum products per day and it imports 7.7 million barrels of crude oil per day, or 46 per cent of its requirements. Forty two per cent of those oil imports come from OPEC Member Countries.

If an industrialized country such as the US stopped importing oil, many different people would be affected:

•All of the oil importers (dock workers, import agents, etc.) would be out of work.

•Roughly half of the people working in the downstream oil industry (refining, distribution, retail sales4) would lose their jobs.

•Prices would rise dramatically. With only half the normal amount of oil being supplied, the price of oil would increase rapidly, let's presume the price of oil would double:

□Many people would suddenly find it very expensive to fill their cars with gas.

□Many retail gas stations would close (with workers losing their j obs), and fewer people

would buy new cars, leading to further job losses.

u The price of electricity would rise (since many power stations bum oil and gas). The cost of traraporting goods would be much higher, affecting everything from bread and butter to computers and clothing.

□If people could not afford to buy so much, more retail workers5 would lose their jobs, as would farmers, factory workers and truck drivers.

□With more people out of work, there would be less money spent on products and services, and the situation would get worse. It is not easy to predict how many people would lose their jobs if the US stopped importing oil. Presumably it would be millions of people.

The impact would not be confined to the US alone, of course. Countries exporting oil to the US would lose a valuable source of income that supports many thousands of jobs.

And if the US economy starts to suffer the problems outlined here, then the US cannot afford to import many other products and services, thus creating problems for its trade partners around the world.

1.What would happen if an industrialized country stopped importing oil?

2.Why would many people be out of jobs?

3.Why would prices rise?

4.How could this situation affect other countries?

4retail sales - розничная торговля

5retail workers — продавцы розничных товаров

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5.damage n

damage v

6.point n

3.destroy v

4.crust n

5.fragile a

6.consequence n

7.concern и

concern v

8.wildlife n

9.responsible for smb. or smth

10.warn v

Words to the text «ECOLOGY»

вред, повреждение

The earthquake caused much damage,

повреждать; наносить ущерб

The pipeline was damaged by explosion. 1)

точка; 2) пункт, момент, вопрос, дело

1)Four point six (4.6); boiling point; freezing point; a point of view.

2)There were two or three points in his speech that I didn't understand.

3)The point is that oil and gas are non-renewable sources of energy,

разрушать, уничтожать

The building was destroyed by fire. The weather destroyed our plans,

земная кора (геол.)

The Earth crust is of different thickness at different points,

хрупкий; слабый; недолговечный

The vase is very fragile.

последствие, вывод, заключение

The project was very dangerous and, as a consequence, was closed down.

забота, беспокойство

The storm was not too serious so there is no cause for concern,

касаться, иметь отношение

The problem of environmental pollution concerns everybody.

флора и фауна, живая природа (дикие животные и растения)

The company is to minimize its destructive effect on the environment, whether the concern is air, water, land or wildlife.

ответственный за что-либо, кого-либо

11.preserve v

12.impact n

The petroleum industry is partly responsible for C02 emissions,

предупреждать, предостерегать

The radio warned people about the coming storm,

сохранять, охранять

People should do everything to preserve peace. 1)

удар, толчок 2) воздействие

Her speech made a great impact on the audience.

рискованный, опасный

Smoking cigarettes is hazardous for one's health,

излучать, испускать

Uranium and other radioactive elements emit dangerous rays.

излучение, выделение

Kyoto's protocols having been ratified by Russia, carbon dioxide emissions are to be controlled by international organization.

модернизация, усовершенствование

Electronic equipment ages, so it often needs upgrading.

горение, сжигание

Combustion produces heat and often light.

парник

greenhouse effect

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Unit 4

A greenhouse is a glass building in which plants are grown.

1)содействовать, способствовать

2)делать вклад (в науку и т.д.)

1)Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.

2)Gubkin's works contributed much to petroleum geology,

кислота

Chemists should be careful when working with acids,

изменять (ся)

They've altered the plan for the new building. 1)

рисунок; 2) модель, шаблон, характер

1)Many carpets have geometrical patterns.

2)The same grammar pattern should be used while doing this exercise.

среднее (значение)

The temperature of this autumn is higher than the mean autumn temperature.

	плавить (ся), таять
	When a solid substance melts, it changes to a liquid,
	разлив нефти (на поверхности воды)
	Oil spills are taken away with the help of certain chemicals, пляж
	Australia, Brazil and the USA produce titanium,
	circonium, rare metals from beach sands.
27. level n	уровень
	sea level; production level
	The school leaving examinations in England have ordinary and
	advanced levels.

level v

28.support n

support v

29.contaminate v

30.soil л

31.pass a law

32.approach л

approach v

нивелировать, выравнивать

to level a surface, a road, prices

поддержка, опора

the supports of the bridge

Thank you for your support at this difficult time,

поддерживать

To support an idea.

Large columns support the roof,

загрязнять, заражать

The town's drinking water was contaminated with toxic chemicals,

почва, грунт

Soil is the upper layer of the Earth.

принимать закон

The Parlament has recently passed a law about education, подход All approaches to the town were blocked; a new

approach to teaching English, подходить,

приближаться

The time is approaching when we must leave. What is the best way to approach this problem?

Ex. 10 Read the text and state the functions of "should" and "would".

ECOLOGY

Ancient people seemed to be quite « environmentally friendly» and lived in harmony with nature. Nevertheless since the earliest times the man has tended to dominate over the nature.

Environmental damage through history has reached a crisis point. Step by step the man has changed the composition of the atmosphere, the sea and the upper layers of the Earth crust. Our modem lifestyle

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is destroying the fragile environment. Nowadays the man faces the global environmental problems, which can have serious consequences for human health and the environment.

The principal environmental concerns connected with industrial progress are: water, air, land, wildlife.

Partly responsible for all types of pollution is petroleum industry, since upstream, midstream and downstream processes have created serious environmental pollution problems. It was as early as the 1960s that environmentalists warned the world that only balanced and regulated oil development would preserve the environment and the wildlife. Environmental impacts can start with geologic studies and

exploratory work, continue with drilling and production and end with hazardous emissions from refineries, storage tanks and pipeline leakages.

Operations that can have effects on the environment at all stages of petroleum business are seismic surveys, drilling, production, road-development and well-site access, pipelining, refining and processing and general increases in human activities.

Let's consider some examples.

Different pollutants are emitted during drilling operations, separation, upgrading, transport and storage of crude oil and gas, combustion of fuels.

The toxic substances such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) and other byproduct gases are considered to be greenhouse gases. They contribute to acid rains, global warming. Global warming is expected to alter atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, water circulation and weather patterns. (The global mean temperatures at the Earth's surface are likely to rise by 2°C by2025.) If the Earth's temperature got hotter by just a few degrees, it could dramatically change the weather all over the planet. Places that are warm would become too hot to live in, and places that are cold would become warm. Ices would melt and our planet would become an ocean. And the catastrophic warming might occur. Oceangoing ships, tankers and offshore drilling accidents can cause oil spills that pollute the water, damage beaches and destroy wildlife. Oil reduces the level of oxygen dissolved in the water, without which the sea cannot support any life at all.

Drilling fluids, pipeline leaks contaminate soil. All the facts mentioned above are symptoms of careless, inefficient poor industrial management. Many laws should be passed in oil producing countries to control pollution and protect environment. It is important that in all operations and products an eco cycle approach should be adopted.

Concern for the environment is a global problem. To reduce environmental impact is a continuous process. The petroleum industry has to invest much in the development of new technologies and products so that pollution should be minimized. Provided the safe and efficient technologies are introduced, the world is out of danger.

Ex. 11 Find synonyms to the following words in the text.

ancient times	ruin	pollute	average
harm	stratum	change	care
achieve	influence	scheme

Ex.12 Find English equivalents in the text.

1.управлять природой

2.вред, нанесенный окружающей среде

3.шаг за шагом (постепенно)

4.столкнуться с проблемами

5.здоровье человека

6.главное, что вызывает тревогу в состоянии окружающей среды

7.воздействие на окружающую среду

8.подъезд к скважине

9.хозяйственная деятельность человека

10.характер погоды

11.в значительной степени

12.аварии при бурении на морском шельфе

13.управление производством

14.защита окружающей среды

Ex. 13 In each line find an English word that corresponds to the Russian one.

закон — law; low; load; loud здоровье — wealth; health; width; strength

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