2.3. Russian equivalents of participles used as attributes active

Russian	English	Examples
читающий, который читает	READING	Look at this reading boy! He is only five.
читавший*, который читал (тогда)	READING	We looked at the reading boy. He had a nice voice.
прочитавший, который прочитал (раньше)	who HAD READ	The boy who had read the poem now was taking part in the discussion.
который будет читать	who WILL READ (is going to...)	We've never heard of the actor who will read the poems.

Passive

применяющиеся, при- меняемые, которые применяются (обычно)	USED	These are the methods used for metal treatment.
применявшиеся, кото- рые применялись (раньше)	USED	There were several methods used before the invention.
примененные, которые были применены (тогда)	USED	This is the method used in the first experiment.
применяемые, которые применяются (в момент речи)	BEING USED	What do you think of the method being used?
которые будут приме-няться (в будущем)	to BE USED (the Infinitive)	The methods to be used in our new project are quite modern.

2.4. Russian equivalents of participles used as adverbial modifiers

Russian	English	Examples
читая, когда читаю, когда читал прочитав, когда прочитал, потому что прочитал (раньше)	(when/while) reading having read	(While) reading this book I always remember my own childhood. (When) reading this book I wrote out a number of useful expressions. Having read this book I learnt a lot. Having read this book I can tell you my opinion of it.

NOTES

When translating Russian participles ending in -вший we use Present Participle (reading) only if the action expressed by the participle is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. If it is prior to that named by the finite verb, we use a clause.

Compare

Я подошел к молодому человеку, Все толкали молодого человека,

стоявшему у двери. вставшего у двери вагона.

I came up to the young man Everyone pushed the young man who

standing at the door. had placed himself at the car door.

Present Participle being (from to be) is not used in adverbial modifiers of time, we use "while-phrase" or a clause instead.

Будучи в Москве, я посетил Кремль.

While in Moscow (= while I was in Moscow) I visited Kremlin.

Будучи мальчиком, я любил играть в футбол.

When a boy (= when I was a boy) I liked to play football.

NB! being is used in adverbial modifiers of cause.

Being tired (= as he was tired) he went home at once.

Будучи усталым (= так как он устал), он сразу же пошел домой.