Unit 7. Cities and towns [I]

Grammar:

1. Функции слова One § 32

2. Perfect Tenses § 16

3. Participle I и его функции § 51

A. 1. Mind the pronunciation of the following words

London ['lndən], Thames [temz], Roman ['roumən], Westminster Abbey ['westminstə 'æbi], Great Britain ['greit 'britn], prince [prins], Moscow ['moskəu], Europe ['juərəp], fact, centre ['sentə], history, market

1. 2. Learn new words

already уже bank берег beauty красота between между both оба brick кирпич choice выбор fort форт like подобно never никогда outside снаружи ring кольцо tower башня width ширина	abbey аббатство cathedral собор cross пересекать dissimilar непохожий exist существовать fortress крепость gradually постепенно in place of вместо invade вторгаться market рынок, базар massive массивный prince принц, князь settle поселяться similarity сходство			change [teindʒ] изменять chiefly главным образом compare [ kəm'рεə] сравнивать give - gave - given давать hear - heard - heard слышать inside внутренний, внутри replace [ ri 'pleis] заменять resident постоянный житель run – ran – run бежать same тот же самый, одинаковый side сторона, бок, край, стенка surround [sə'raund] окружать take part in принимать участие unlike [n'laik ] в отличие от
choose - chose - chosen выбирать lead – led – led вести, руководить locate располагаться, находиться			erect возводить, строить, сооружать form образовывать, формировать; форма similar ['similə] подобный, похожий
unnecessary ненужный wooden деревянный		convenient [kən'vi:niənt] удобный, подходящий magnificent великолепный, величественный

AD [ei'di:] Anno Domini После Рождества Христова, ... нашей эры

BC [bi'si:] Before Christ До Рождества Христова, до нашей эры

A. 3. Translate the following groups of derivatives

compare – comparative – comparison, resident – residential, change – changeable, erect – erection, locate – location, grow – growth, wide – width, convenient – convenience, exist – existence, develop – development, replace – replacement, tremendous – tremendously, gradual – gradually, chief – chiefly, necessary – unnecessary, similar – dissimilar – similarity, like – unlike, begin – beginning, surround – surrounding cross – crossing

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations

physical development, to develop new methods, to change a five-pound note, a change in the programme, to grow rice, the rapid growth of the economy, to compare two translations, to make a comparison between two things, to choose friends, a careful choice, an enormous sum of money, to be similar in colour, to replace coal by oil, to surround a house

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to ONE

1. One of our teachers will be in London this week. 2. The church was designed and built by one and the same man. 3. The problem that has become the most important one is the problem of pollution. 4. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral. 5. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones. 6. This apparatus is more powerful than the one installed in the laboratory. 7. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on. 8. One cannot read this technical paper without a dictionary. 9. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

B. 2. Name the infinitive of the following verbs: made, felt, meant, had, known, taken, begun, said, gone, got, understood, found, read, seen, become, written, dealt, heard, done, thought, been, built, put

B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the predicate

1. Have you ever been to London? 2. Russian researchers have just begun to study this phenomenon. 3. Have you ever operated a Japanese computer? 4. They have built the bridge recently. 5. Of late years the production of plastics has greatly increased. 6 This chemist has already published the results of his research. 7. Electronics has already found a wide application in industry. 8. I've never heard this opera. 9. These young specialists have never conducted scientific investigations by themselves. 10. This scientist hasn’t completed the experiment yet.

B. 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle I

1. The post shows the way leading to the river. 2. While melting, this melting snow keeps the same temperature. 3. The scientist working at this problem will take part in the conference. 4. We use between speaking of two things or persons and among speaking of three or more. 5. Erecting new types of houses they used different building materials. 6. A dam is a barrier across water controlling its flow. 7. All young people finishing school must think of their future profession. 8. While working with microorganisms we found that they produced a variety of antibiotics. 9. He obtained his knowledge studying hard. 10. When working an electrician must use some means of protection. 11. The road builders are measuring the width of the road. 12. Qualified engineers were perfecting this technique for several months last year.

C. 1. Read the text A FEW FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF BIG CITIES and answer the questions:

1. Was London built according to an architectural plan?

2. Did it grow around only one centre like most cities?

3. Who was Moscow founded by?

4. What kind of similarity between London and Moscow can we see?

London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. When Julius Ceasar crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain in the middle of the first century BC, people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river Thames. Like many other very old cities,¹ London was never planned. It grew around two centres - a fort, the Romans built on one bank of the Thames, and an abbey, founded later on the other bank. As time went by, the place round the Roman fort developed into the City of London, the country's business centre, the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey. By the middle of the first century AD² London had already been in existence for about a hundred years. Roads leading to other towns had changed into streets, market grounds became squares. London was growing.

At about the same time in the year 1147, in a part of the world Londoners had never heard of, a town was founded by a prince on a site which he chose for its beauty and convenient location in the middle of a magnificent forest on the bank of a river called the Moskva. The river gave its name to the city which later became the capital of the Russian state.

If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them. Like London, Moscow was never planned. It grew up around its centre, which has been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one. The fortress was chiefly built of white stone and got the name of "White-stone Moscow". Later in place of the old "white-stone" wall a new wall was built with far more massive walls and towers.

Russian and Italian architects took part in the erection of the new buildings. Palaces, cathedrals and churches were built inside it, forming what is now known as³ the Kremlin. Now again, new houses were built around this centre, forming enormous rings, and the roads to other towns gradually changed into streets running across them.

Notes: 1. подобно многим другим очень старым городам

2. к середине первого века нашей эры 3. образуя то, что сейчас известно как