Unit 7 (19). Workplace fire safety

Grammar:

1. For + noun / pronoun + infinitive § 59

2. Функции IT, ONE §§ 29, 32

3. The functions of the gerund § 60

A. 1. Translate the following international words: classification [,klæsifi′keiòən], cigarette [,sigə′ret], organic [ɔ:′gænik], traditional [trə′diòənl]

1. 2. Learn new words

although хотя burning горение combat бороться grass трава inhale вдыхать lesson урок match спичка normally обычно oxygen кислород receive получать	absence отсутствие authoring создание behavior поведение determine определять furnace очаг, топка inhalation вдыхание merit заслуживать mortality смертность shooting стрельба smoke дым, курить				additional дополнительный component составная часть essentially по существу estimate оценка, оценивать extinguish гасить, тушить investigation исследование luminous светящийся properly должным образом somewhat что-то, кое-что take measures принять меры
stove печь, плита though хотя visible видимый	serve служить, удовлетворять, обслуживать, снабжать spread - spread - spread простираться, распространяться within [wi'¶in] в, внутри; в пределах, в течение, через
carry нести, перевозить suppression подавление		be made up of быть со­ставленным, состоять из ineffective безрезультатный, неэффективный
elevation высота, поднятие lighter зажигалка, запал spray брызги, распылять			asphyxiate вызывать удушье, задыхаться fight – fought – fought бороться, драться investigator испытатель, исследователь
assure убеждать, гарантировать attract привлекать, притягивать blaze пламя, гореть пламенем compartment отделение, купе destructive разрушительный flame пламя, пылать, гореть gaseous газовый, газообразный heater радиатор, кипятильник institute учреждать, начинать mitigate уменьшать, облегчать				accomplish совершать, выполнять blow– blew - blown дуть, гнать call призывать, обращать внимание code кодекс, свод законов; код development разработка, развитие identical одинаковый, идентичный in turn в свою очередь, по очереди shoot – shot - shot охота, стрелять therefore поэтому, следовательно unwanted ненужный, нежелательный

available имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный, доступный, пригодный

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

protect – protection, mitigate - mitigation, suppress - suppression, relate - relation, apply - application, consider - consideration, classify - classification inhale - inhalation, investigate - investigation - investigator, behave - behaviour, wanted - unwanted, visible - invisible, effective - ineffective, destruct – destructive, prevent – preventive, attention - attentive, fatal - fatality, threat - threaten, research - to research, damage – to damage, measure – to measure, burn – to burn, impact – to impact, heat – to heat - heater, absence – absent, difference – different

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

fire protection, unwanted effects, destructive fires, suppression of fire, related emergencies, to take measures, to prevent fires, life-threatening and property-destroying fires, to extin­guish the blaze, fire-fighting equipment, the absence of oxygen, visible smoke, exposure to the heat, be made up of gaseous products, cause additional damage, smoke inhalation, to combat the fire, spraying water on a fire, extinguish the blaze, to spread the fire, injuries from fires, unintentional-injury deaths, result in injury and death, heating device, to maintain properly, contribute to fires, the use of matches

B. 1. Translate the sentences with IT, ONE

1. It is difficult to choose a profession. 2. It is necessary to erect houses in the shortest time possible. 3. It is important to know the properties of materials. 4. Water is a good conductor of electricity, while wood is a bad one. 5. One could use new techniques and equipment while constructing these houses. 6. One could use new techniques and equipment while constructing these houses. 7. The use of one form rather than the other can be justified only by practical considerations.

B. 2. Translate the sentences with For to Infinitive Construction

1. The offer was too good for me to waste it. 2. Two hours were sufficient for the reaction to occur. 2. The road was too narrow for cars to pass. 3. For a computer to be programmed each problem must be reduced to a series of very simple steps. 4. It was easy for us to reach understanding. 5. There is a tendency for the method to be used in all the experiments. 6. Preliminary experiments showed that the time required for the specimen to reach thermal equilibrium was quite long. 7. Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow? 8. Sufficient time is allowed for the transformation to take place.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. The material was destroyed by having been exposed to atmospheric changes. 2. This material is capable of being heated to a very high temperature. 3. The experimenter suggested using the dry processes in treating raw materials. 4. Heat may be produced by burning coal, gas or any other fuel. 5. For lifting a heavy load a simple mechanism is sometimes used. 6. Measuring humidity means determining the amount of water vapour in the gas. 7. Introducing new methods into practice requires much time. 8. In spite of its having been compressed, the gas returns to its original volume as soon as the applied force is removed. 9. The room needed cleaning. 10. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.

C. 1. Read the text WORKPLACE FIRE SAFETY and answer the questions:

1. What does fire protection involve?

2. What are two important components of fires?

Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires. It involves the study of the behaviour, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems. Firefighters, fire investigators, and other fire prevention personnel are called to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a fire. Lessons learned from fires are applied to the authoring of both building codes and fire codes.

As important as it is for each of us to take measures to prevent fires from happening, serious life-threatening and property-destroying fires occur. It is therefore important that measures be instituted to extin­guish the blaze. How this is accomplished will be determined somewhat by what type of fire is burning, by what fire-fighting equipment is avail­able, and the skills of those available to use the equipment.

Two important components of fires are smoke and flame. Flame is the luminous part of the fire that most of us associate with a blaze. A burning building with high shooting flames will attract attention. But a fire may not always have a flame. If there is little oxygen, for example, there is not likely to be a flame. A field of dry grass burning high in the mountains will have little flame because of the absence of oxygen at high elevations.

There is always visible smoke from any kind of fire. Smoke is made up of gaseous products that result from the burning of organic materials. Smoke is not only destructive at the scene of the fire, but it may be blown some distance and cause additional damage. More in­juries and deaths occur from smoke inhalation than from exposure to the heat and the flames generated by a fire. As the result of inhaling smoke, an individual becomes asphyxiated because the body cells do not receive the needed oxygen.

Even though most people think of fires as essentially identical, it is important to understand that there are several different types of fires. The particular classification of fire is based upon what objects are burning - which, in turn, impacts the measures needed to be taken to combat the fire. Even though we normally think that spraying water on a fire will effectively extinguish the blaze, there are certain kinds of fire for which such measures are ineffective and actually may serve to spread the fire.

Injuries from fires are the fifth leading cause of unintentional-injury deaths in the United States. It is estimated that fires cause more than 4,000 fatalities a year. Fires resulting in injury and death occur at all times of the year, though the peak mortality period is in the winter months - with January being the highest. This is because heating equipment such as furnaces, electric heaters, and stoves are in greatest use during this time. Every effort should be made to assure that any heating device is properly maintained.

Although many behavioral risk factors contribute to fires, three merit consideration are: use of alcohol, smoking, and activities associated with the use of matches and cigarette lighters.

D. 1. Explain the following statements: Make use of the phrases below while commenting on the text: the text speaks about ...; we might as well mention here that ...; among other things ...

1. It is estimated that fires cause more than 4,000 fatalities a year.

2. The particular classification of fire is based upon what objects are burning.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. It is necessary for the goods to be packed 2. It's easy for me to answer this question. 3. It will be very pleasant for us to spend a week in England. 4. For the desired properties of the substance to be prepared, some preliminary indication should be given. 5. The most important thing is for the apparatus to function properly. 6. It is impossible for the molecules in this layer to vibrate. 7. He explained the scheme for the second time for the students to understand it better. 8. For the remarkable properties of rubber to be carefully examined, one has to carry out a long series of experiments.

B. 5. Translate the sentences paying attention to IT, ONE

1. It is necessary to have a good education. 2. The building was completed in 1974. It houses a computer centre. 3. It is difficult to learn the English language; it's quite different from Russian. 4. It is important to master a foreign language. 5. It is known that stones which are crystalline in structure weather better than those that are non-crystalline. 6. It is essential that expert recommendations should be obtained when designing the structure. 7. Old houses must be replaced by new ones. 8. One of the most significant facts about both industry and building has been research on synthetics and plastics.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. The complete system is capable of handling approximately 30 cu. yd. per hour. 2. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved. 3. Using automatic control makes it possible to increase productivity. 4. This device can be used for studying the upper layers of the atmosphere. 5. The results obtained differed depending on the substance. 6. Proper relation between theory and practice must be observed in training specialists.

С. 2. Translate the text FIRE WARNING DEVICES and then discuss it with your partner

Early fire warning devices play an important role in reducing the like­lihood of injury to people from fires. Two different types of early warning systems are on the market today. One is a smoke detector, and the other, a sensory detector. Smoke detectors work on the principle that shortly after a blaze ignites, smoke from the fire can be detected and an early warning signal given. Since most fatalities from a fire result from smoke inhalation and be­cause smoke spreads faster than heat, a smoke detector can give a warning before the smoke has built up to a dangerous level.

There are two kinds of smoke detectors: the photoelectric detector and the ion chamber detector. The photoelectric detector senses a smol­dering fire more quickly than it does a flaming fire. The ion chamber detector operates on a slightly different prin­ciple. Key components are two inner chambers and a radioactive source. Rays from the source flow into the sensing chamber, and any particle entering the chamber changes the balance of voltage and trig­gers the alarm. This type of detector is more sensitive than the photoelectric detector.

A second type of early warning fire detection makes use of heat sensing. The heat sensor activates an alarm system when a certain temperature level is reached. This system will indicate when a fire is burning in the area where the sensor is located. In most hotels and motels, theaters, and other buildings where large crowds gather, it is mandatory that there be automatic sprinkler systems.

The most commonly found sprinkler system is the wet pipe system. In this system the pipes are full of water under pressure. The sprinkler head is activated by a small heat detector and water is dis­charged. In areas where freezing pipes can be a problem, a dry pipe system is employed. With this system the pipes are filled with dry com­pressed air.

crowd толпа ray луч smol­der тлеть	discharge выпускать gather собирать warn предупреждать		alarm сигнал тревоги delay отсрочка, задержка sprinkler разбрызгиватель
voltage напряжение		mandatory обязательный, принудительный

C. 3. Translate the text What Is Fire? and then discuss it with your partner

Fire is the result of a chemical reaction in which heat and light are produced. Rapid oxidation, combined with some fuel, causes fire. This chemical process is known as combustion. The necessary oxidizer in fires is usually oxygen. Only when oxygen functions as an oxidizer is the process referred to as "fire." For there to be a fire, three elements must be present: oxygen, fuel, and heat.

In order to extinguish a fire, one of the three necessary elements must be removed. For example, if something is burning and the source of oxygen is removed by smothering the flame, the fire is extinguished. Most of us have put a small burning candle in a glass jar and placed a cover over the top. The flame goes out when the supply of oxygen is cut off.

Because heat is necessary to the production of fire, removal of heat can be used to cool the blaze to a point below the ignition tem­perature. The temperature at which a substance begins to burn (ignites) will vary. The ignition temperature of a solid material is higher than is that of a liquid, for example. The best means of reducing the temper­ature of many fires is to apply water. Water will absorb the heat and in the process extinguish the fire.

candle свеча cool охлаждать rapid быстрый sodium натрий	combustion горение cover покрытие jar банка, кувшин oxidation окисление			cut off отсекать, прерывать fuel топливо, горючее go out погаснуть, выйти place класть, помещать
smother тушить, задохнуться		absorb поглощать, впитывать, всасывать
remove удалять, передвигать			ignition воспламенение, зажигание

C. 4. Translate the text Classification of Fires using a dictionary

Fires are divided into four classes: Class A fires involve ordinary combustible material, Class B fires involve flammable liquids, Class C fires are electrical in nature, and Class D fires include combustible metals and normally take place in an industrial setting.

There are many preventive measures that can be taken to protect against the destruction of a fire. Early fire warning detection devices play a major role in reducing the incidence of fire. There are two dif­ferent types of early warning detection systems: the smoke detector and the sensory detector.

There should be a fire extinguisher in every residential dwelling. Purchasers of fire extinguishers must be certain that they have selected extinguishers that will be effective against the class of fire most likely to occur in their environment. Not only is it important to have the proper kind of extinguisher, but people must know how to operate such devices before the occurrence of a fire.