D. 2. Speak on Moscow and the sights of London

E. 1. Insert the missing words

1. Have you (just, ever, for, never) been to London? 2. I have (ever, for, never, since) heard this opera. 3. This chemist has (now, already, ever, for) published the results of his research. 4. The scientist hasn’t completed the experiment (just, for, yet, never).

Unit 8. Cities and towns [2]

Grammar:

1. Функции слов AFTER и BEFORE § 33, 34

2. SOME, ANY, NO § 27

3. Emphatic Construction § 30

1. 1. Mind the pronunciation of the following words

Russia [rə] Sweden ['swi:dən] India but: Holland ['hɔlənd]

Россия Швеция Индия Голландия

Russian Swedish Indian 1. индийский 2. индейский Dutch [ dt] голландский

Baltic Sea ['bɔ:ltik'si:], Indian, New Amsterdam, New York, United States, start, territory, port, record, monument, interest, financial, north

1. 2. Read new words

duke герцог effort усилие ferry паром flat плоский heart сердце hill холм island остров line линия outlet выход sky небо under под war война wonder чудо	acre ['eikə] акр adopt принимать call называть cut – cut - cut резать expensive дорогой lift = elevator лифт move двигаться nothing ничего possible возможный remain оставаться require требовать shop магазин, цех through через				bury хоронить, зарывать considerable значительный constitute составлять countless бесчисленный doubt сомнение, сомневаться enormous огромный extremely чрезвычайно human человеческий impression впечатление rename переименовывать skyscraper небоскреб swampy болотистый wonderful чудесный
before до, перед, до того как cost – cost – cost стоить famous известный, знаменитый preliminary предварительный without any doubt несомненно				buy – bought – bought покупать connect [ kə'nekt ] связывать, соединять flatten выравнивать, делать плоским piece участок, часть, кусок, деталь permanent постоянный, коренной
in honour of в честь take over завоевывать			make impression on произвести впечатление places of interest достопримечательности
place место		according to [ə'kɔ:di] согласно, в соответствии с

consider [kən'sidə] считать, полагать, рассматривать, принимать во внимание, учитывать

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

name – rename, build – rebuild, read – reread, fame – famous, wonder – wonderful, finance – financial, difficult – difficulty, require – requirement, move – movement, convenient – convenience, impress – impression, consider – considerable – consideration, wide – width – widen, flat – flatten, long – length – lengthen, home – homeless, count – countless, doubt – doubtless, help – helpless, use – useful – useless, quick – quickly

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

rename the street, the financial centre, without changes, before construction, different examples, according to the table, without any doubt, for structural purposes, choose the place, after the text, extremely difficult, to change enormously, a magnificent cathedral, considerable changes

A. 5. Translate the sentences

1. The city is famous for its architecture. 2. He is considered the best specialist in this field. 3. Unlike old cities, cities built later were planned by architects. 4. How many machines do you require? 5. The reconstruction will require a lot of money and enormous efforts. 6. We operate the equipment according to the instructions. 7. I'm in doubt how to do it. 8. Railways and ships carry goods. 9. Does the engine work smoothly? 10. They made a lot of efforts to restore this valuable building. 11. It is necessary for you to be at the conference. 12. We had to use some lorries to transport sand to the site. 13. The top of the mountain was covered with snow.

B. 1. Define to what part of speech the following words belong

1. The greater part of the research was completed. 2. They parted after they graduated from the Institute. 3. He works on the design of a new machine. 4. The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters. 5. The children made a fine model of a rocket. 6. It was the first model made by children. 7. The amount of heat the body contains is something quite different from its temperature. 8. When we heat a substance its molecules are speeded up. 9. The professor planned all his lectures. 10. Planned work gives good results. 11. All the visitors like the exhibition of plastic materials used in construction. 12. The thermometer has not always had its present form. 13. Ultrasonic vibrations can be used for cutting holes in hard materials like glass. 14. It is clear that such transformations like the changes from one state of matter to another do not affect the composition of the material. 15. Unlike batteries direct energy converters do not need reacting chemicals.

B. 2. Translate the sentences

1. After school the boys played tennis. 2. Repeat the words before your English lesson. 3. It is extremely important to get the information before we start. 4. The results of the discussion will be published after. 5. He has never done such experiments before. 6. A great deal of earthwork is to be done before the construction starts. 7. Mercury can be seen with the unaided eye only shortly after sunset or before sunrise.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. There are some kinds of surfaces. 2. The student made no mistakes in his test. 3. None of them answered this question. 4. There is nothing in the bag. 5. There is something in the tube. 6. Is there a magazine anywhere on the shelf? 7. Any monument in this city has its own history. 8. No tables hang in the classroom. 9. Any student can do these simple experiments. 10. At some of London Underground stations there are lifts, others have escalators. 11. No student of that group studies Spanish. 12. Nobody works in the laboratory on Sundays. 13. There was not anybody in the bank. 14. There were not any students in the room.

B. 4. Translate the words in brackets and the sentences

1. This element has (несколько) important properties. 2. He says (ничего) about his tests. 3. There is (что-то) in the tube. 4. There is (нет) difference between these two figures. 5. (Кто-нибудь) works in the laboratory every morning. 6. My friends always go (куда-нибудь) in summer. 7. (Ни один) student uses these instruments. 8. She never says (ничего) about her studies.

B. 5. Translate the sentences paying attention to Emphatic Construction.

1. It was Tsiolkovsky who designed the first spaceships. 2. It was not until recently that computers have become widely used. 3. It is the knowledge of general engineering subjects that is the basis of engineering training. 4. It was these advantages of the method that made it possible to achieve such outstanding results. 5. It was not until recently that lasers have found a wide application. 6. It was Mendeleyev who formulated the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements. 7. It is the growth of industrialization that is changing the climate of the planet.

C. 1. Read the text A FEW FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF BIG CITIES and answer the questions using: As is known, besides, in fact, as far as I know, as a matter of fact

1. Why did Peter the Great want a new capital for Russia?

2. Why did the construction of St. Petersburg require enormous efforts?

3. What is St. Petersburg famous for?

4. What was the name of New York? In whose honour was it renamed?

Unlike old cities, such as London and Moscow that grew by themselves, without any preliminary architectural plans, cities built later were planned by architects before construction started.

The best example of a Russian city built according to a plan is, without any doubt, St. Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great. Peter wanted to found a new capital for new Russia, and for this purpose chose a piece of territory on the Baltic Sea that had been taken over by Russia¹ after a war with Sweden. It was swampy land on which it was extremely difficult to build anything, but a convenient place for a port that could give Russia an outlet to the seas and other countries. The city was built in record time, but it required enormous efforts² and cost a large number of human lives. The city is famous for its wonderful planning, its magnificent palaces, monuments, cathedrals and other places of interest.

Most towns and cities in North America were built according to a plan. The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626. It was these Dutch settlers who bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. Here the Dutch founded their colony and called their new town New Amsterdam, but when the territory was taken over by the British in 1664, they renamed it New York in honour of the Duke of York.

The city grew very quickly. Today's New York is the greatest contrast possible to the island settled by the Dutch. In 1811 a "city plan" was adopted under which straight lines were cut through the woods and fields of the island, flattening its hills, burying under the surface its countless little rivers. Practically nothing has remained of Dutch New Amsterdam. Now New York is considered the financial and business capital³ of the United States.

New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky. New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges and its expensive shops.

This island is the heart of the city. It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as tunnels and ferries with the other four districts that constitute New York City. New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in New York City than in Australia or Sweden. New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth or eightieth floor.

1. был отвоеван Россией 2. это потребовало огромных усилий

3. считается финансовой столицей

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. People realized the advantages of electric lighting over gas lighting only after. 2. Only after the first satellites and space rockets had been launched, the Earth’s radiation belts were discovered. 3. Our research team has never processed statistical data before. 4. It will surely not be long before nuclear propelled spacecraft exist not only in science fiction but in real life as well. 5. The Curies have never seen so beautiful a substance as radium before. 6. Many years had passed since the discovery of Vanadium before metallurgists realized its value. 7. They parted after they graduated from the Institute.

B. 7. Translate the sentences

1. Any exhibit of this museum is valuable. 2. Like aluminium magnesium is light in weight. 3. Any student of our group can speak English. 4. No lab assistants work here between 3 and 4 o'clock. 5. No magazine writes about this discovery. 6. There is something interesting on this subject in the library. 7. Any body has weight and mass. 8. There is a magazine somewhere on the shelf. 9. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park. 10. Is there anything in the box? 11. Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon.

B. 8. Insert some, any, no and their derivatives

1. We shall not go ... tomorrow because we must prepare for the examinations. 2. Tsiolkovsky wrote ... works which are referred to by many scientists. 3. For many centuries man didn’t know ... about the structure of matter. 4. There are ... important works in the field of chemistry in our library. 5. Have you ... books on your speciality? 6. Is there ... in the laboratory now? 7. Did you write ... about your experimental work? 8. There is ... on the table. 9. If it is dark you cannot see ... . 10. Is there ... in your bag? – Yes, there is ... . That’s an English magazine. 11. What is there in an empty box? – There is ... .

B. 9. Translate the sentences

1. It is industrialization that is making ecological problems very serious. 2. It is the electron motion which causes the wave known as radiation. 3. It is ultrasonics that is one of the most powerful tools invented by man. 4. It is the development of robots that will solve very complex problems of industry. 5. It is by radiation that the earth receives its heat from the sun. 6. It was A.S. Popov who invented the radio. 7. It is the use of steel framework that has made it possible to build walls almost all of glass. 8. It was the discovery of new materials that helped us to construct modern buildings. 9. It is the invention of an engine that started the first industrial revolution.

C. 2. Read the text NORILSK and then discuss it

Norilsk is a handsome modern city of some 150,000 inhabitants and the largest community in the world nearest the North Pole. The town was built not many years ago. Engineers and architects learned how to build into permafrost soil. Fifty two days a year the city goes without sunlight. In the long polar nights the winds are very strong. Norilsk now is the world's No.l centre of the non - ferrous metals. Apartments there are considerably larger than elsewhere in the country. They are centrally heated. Norilsk has movies and theatres mostly amateur, in which the workers themselves perform. The Palace of Culture has an Olympic swimming pool and indoor skating - rink where even babies are taught to skate.

C. 3. Read the text CHITA. Divide the text into logical parts and then entitle them

Chita is my native town. It stands on the Ingoda and Chita rivers. It is an old town which is famous for its interesting history and traditions. It was founded more than 300 hundred years ago. The population of the town is about 330 thousand people. In 1653 a Russian land-explorer P. Beketov founded the Chita ostrog which consisted of 6 houses.

Our town was a place of exile for some centuries. The history of our town is connected with the Decembrists who arrived in our town in January 1827. I. Annenkov, A. Muravyov, S. Trubetskoy, S. Volkonskiy and others served penal sentences in Chita ostrog. They made great contribution to cultural and economic development of the town. The Decembrists’ Church - the monument of the 18^th century – is a museum now; there is also Decembrist square and Decembrist street in Chita.

There are some historical monuments in the town: the Monument to the Fighters for the Soviet Power and the Memorial of Battle and Labour Glory.

At present Chita is a cultural, scientific and educational centre. There are some reseach Institutes, several Universities, some concert and exhibition halls, some libraries, a drama theatre, some cinemas, some palaces of culture.

D. Discuss Chita with your partner

C. 4. Translate the text Moscow's Future using a dictionary:

The face of Moscow has changed in recent years. Considerable attention is paid to the city centre. According to the General Plan Moscow will become one of the most beautiful cities in the world. One can gain a better appreciation of the beauty of the Moskva river with its graceful curving embankments surrounded by the new tall buildings so clearly visible from different parts of the new city.

According to this plan Moscow is divided into 8 zones. Each zone will have its centre and all these centres will be connected with the main one. New wide thoroughfares have come into being. Old houses of no artistic value are to be replaced by new ones. In keeping with tradition, the south - western section will house mostly higher schools, research institutes and design bureaus.

Rows of full-grown lime trees have sprung up on either side of the streets. The green spaces in the city will be greatly extended. Many small parks with a mass of trees and bushes, carpets of flowers and fountains have appeared. New parks will be laid in Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the forest and green belt around the city that will serve as a link between the urban and natural landscape, improve the climate and make the city more attractive. There is no other city whose appearance changes so quickly as that of Moscow. Architects and builders are successfully carrying out the great task of reconstruction of Moscow.

E. 1. Choose the correct form

1. I (have, has) just finished my home-work. 2. My sister (have, has) had supper and (is, are) watching TV now. 3. I (have, has) translated two articles and (have, has) done 3 exercises. 4. My brother (have, has) done his home-work and (is, are) reading a book. 5. He (studied, has studied) this subject last year. 6. He (studied, has studied) this problem and can answer your questions. 7. They (were, have been) to Moscow many times. 8. She (was, has been) in Kiev two months ago. 9. He (saw, has seen) this film on Sunday. 10. He (works, work) hard at his French every day.