- •Unit 1
- •Skeletal System
- •Bones
- •Long bones have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are the arm and leg bones.
- •Short bones are somewhat cube like, with their lengths and widths roughly equal. The bones of the wrists and ankles are examples of this type.
- •Functions of Bones
- •Skeletal parts provide shape, support, and protection for body structures. They also act as levers that aid body movements, house tissues that produce blood cells and store various inorganic salts.
- •Joints of the Skeletal System
- •The Plan for Rendering the Text
- •Unit 3
- •1 Learn the key words and phrases:
- •2 Match the terms to following definitions:
- •the gap between the ends of the broken
- •bone
- •4) the remains of something broken
- •down or destroyed
- •5) a rigid dressing of gauze impregnated
- •with plaster of Paris for immobilizing a
- •diseased or broken part
- •Fractures
- •Repair of a Fracture
- •Meanwhile, phagocytic cells begin to remove the blood clot as well as any dead or damaged cells in the affected area. Osteoclasts also appear and resorb bone fragments, thus aiding in "cleaning up" debris.
- •Unit 5
- •Muscular System
- •Muscles, the organs of the muscular system, consist largely of cells that are specialized to undergo contractions. During these contractions, chemical energy from nutrients is converted into mechanical energy, or movement.
- •Atrophy and Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscles
- •Pre-text assignments
- •Digestive System and Digestion
- •Unit 10
- •The Alimentary Canal
- •Unit 11
- •Stomach
- •Unit 12
- •Heart
- •Unit 19
- •Actions of the Heart
- •Unit 20
- •Blood Vessels
- •Unit 21
- •Paths of Circulation
Unit 1
Pre-text assignments
1 Learn the key words:
ligament, cartilage, joint, framework, tendon, bone, lever, limb
2 Translate the following phrases:
a set of interrelated organs, specialized functions, protective shields, rigid structures, longitudinal axes, expanded ends, platelike structures
3 Choose the correct definition of the following terms:
1) bone |
a) an aggregate of cells together with their |
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intercellular substance |
2) limb |
b) the point of contact between elements of the |
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skeleton |
3) tissue |
c) the hard largely calcareous tissue |
4) joint |
d) a leg or arm of a human being |
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Skeletal System |
The human organism consists of several organ systems. Each system includes a set of interrelated organs that work together to provide specialized functions.
The organs of the skeletal and muscular systems function to support and move body parts.
The skeletal system consists of the bones as well as the ligaments and cartilages that bind the bones together at joints. These parts provide frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues, serve as attachments for muscles, and act together with muscles when body parts move. Tissues within bones also function to produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.
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