General Pharmacology

1. Drug A. has been prescribed to a patient. After several days the action of drug has significantly decreased and the increased dose of drug is necessary for achievement of initial effect. What is the name of this phenomenon?

*A. Tolerance.

B. Tachyphylaxis.

C. Drug dependence (drug addiction).

D. Cumulation.

E. Idiosyncrasy.

2. Drug A., which decreases the blood clotting, has been prescribed to a patient with thrombosis of veins. After several days the signs of overdose has developed in patient. The level of drug A. in blood significantly exceeded the top border of therapeutic concentration. What isthe name of this phenomenon?

*A. Cumulation.

B. Tachyphylaxis.

C. Tolerance.

D. Potentiation.

E. Antagonism.

3. Substance A. increases the tone of smooth muscles of intestine. This effect is not observed in presence of substance B. But the tone of intestine is increased, if concentration of substance A. is enhanced 10 times and concentration of substance B. is not changed. What is this type of drugs interaction called?

*A. Non-equilibrium antagonism.

B. Equilibrium antagonism.

C. Potentiation.

D. Synergism.

E. Indirect antagonism.

4. The biological activity of xenobiotics in human organism is decreased due to reactions of:

*A. Hydroxylation

B. Amination

C. Carboxylation

D. Dehydration.

E. Hydration.

5. The synthesis of ATP in cells is blockaded in pharmacological experiment. What type of drugs transport through the biomembranes will undergo the greatest changes?

*A. Active transport.

B. Passive diffusion.

C. Osmosis.

D. Simplified diffusion.

E. Filtration.

6. A man, 36-year-old, with craniocerebral trauma has diminished breath sounds, thread pulse, reflexes are absent. What route of administration of pyracetame is the most appropriate in this case?

*A. Intravenous.

B. Subcutaneous.

C. Peroral.

D. Rectal.

E. Inhalation.

7. A man abused drug A. during a long time. After the interruption of this drug use, the abstinence has developed in this patient. But the signs of abstinence are eliminated after the use of drug B. This phenomenon is an example of:

*A. Crossdependence.

B. Potentiation.

C. Tolerance.

D. Physical dependence.

E. Psychic dependence.

8. For the passive diffusion of medicinal substance through the biological membranes ... is typical:

*A. Moving of molecules according to concentration gradient.

B. Presence of protein carrier in membranes.

C. Presence of external source of energy.

D. Moving of molecules through membrane by means of their kinetic energy.

E. The possibility of competition of two substances for one transport mechanism.

9. What property of medicinal substances promotes their cumulation?

*A. High degree of binding with proteins.

B. High degree of biotransformation.

C. High solubility in lipids.

D. Low degree of binding with proteins.

E. High degree of dissociation.

10. Amebiasis was diagnosed in patient, who had appealed to the doctor. Doctor prescribed tetracycline to this patient. What type of action was used in this case?

*A. Etiotropic action.

B. Direct action.

C. Reflex action.

D. Main action.

E. Irreversible action.

11. It is necessary to introduce the drug into organism in definite period of time for creation of effective concentration of drug in organism. Call the pharmacological parameter which should be taken into account at a choice of drugs introduction rhythm.

*A. Period of half-life.

B. Breadth of therapeutic action.

C. Coefficient of diffusion in intestine.

D. Degree of binding with proteins.

E. Constant of elimination.

12. The tranquilizer diazepam in average therapeutic doses was prescribed to patient with disturbing-imaginary state. But due to the genetically determinant enzymopathy the action of drug was so strong, that the marked hypnotic action was showed in patient. What is such atypical reaction to drug called?

*A. Idiosyncrasy.

B. Allergy.

C. Tachyphylaxis.

D. Tolerance.

E. Dependence.

13. What is the name of the psychic and physical disturbances in narcomaniac, which develop due to interruption of narcotic intake?

*A. Abstinence.

B. Tachyphylaxis.

C. Euphoria.

D. Tolerance.

E. Idiosyncrasy.

14. The recommended route of drugs administration to comatose patient:

*A. Intravenous.

B. Inhalation.

C. Peroral.

D. Subcutaneous.

E. Rectal.

15. A woman intakes tranquilizers in the second part of pregnancy. The delivery develops in time, but child was born with different anomalies of development (labium leporium, polydactylia). What is such drug action called?

*A. Teratogenic action.

B. Mutagenic action.

C. Enbriotoxic action.

D. Fetotoxic action.

E. Carcinogenic action.

16. Several injections of ephedrine hydrochloride had been given in short period of time to patient with acute dropping of blood pressure. But the reaction of vessel to the last introduction was much lower, than to previous injections. What is the cause of this phenomenon?

*A. Tachyphylaxis.

B. Idiosyncrasy.

C. Tolerance.

D. Cumulation.

E. Ricochet syndrome.

17. The significant psychic, neurologic, and somatic disturbances develop in addict after the cessation of narcotic action. What is the name of this phenomenon?

*A. Abstinence.

B. Physical dependence.

C. Sensibilization.

D. Cumulation.

E. Tolerance.

18. A pregnant woman had taken high doses of retinol during the first trimester of pregnancy. This had caused hypervitaminosis. The pregnancy had developed normally, but the newborn has the anomalies of development. What is such negative drug action called?

*A. Teratogenic.

B. Embryotoxic.

C. Fetotoxic.

D. Mutagenic.

E. Carcinogenic.

19. Some drug in tablets was prescribed to patient with hypertensive disease. What factor has not the influence upon the absorption of drug from intestine?

*A. Activity of microsomal hepatic enzymes.

B. Food intake.

C. Solubility of drug in water or in lipids.

D. Acidity of stomach juice.

E. Reception of other drugs.

20. Digitoxin was prescribed to patient with chronic heart failure. After several weeks of treatment the following symptoms of glycoside intoxication had developed in patient: bradycardia, nausea, extrasystoles. But the dose did not exceed the average therapeutics and the term of treatment course did not terminate. What is this phenomenon called?

*A. Material cumulation.

B. Functional cumulation.

C. Tolerance.

D. Tachyphylaxis.

E. Idiosyncrasy.

21. A doctor has prescribed diclofenac-sodium and prednisolone to patient with serious polyarthritis. The doctor takes into account, that in case of simultaneous introduction of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids theirs action is significantly increased because drugs have different mechanisms of action. What is such type of drugs interaction called?

*A. Indirect synergism.

B. Direct synergism.

C. Physicochemical interaction.

D. Pharmaceutical interaction.

E. Pharmacokynetical interaction.

22. It is known that the substance has significant hydrophilic properties. What pharmacological peculiarity is typical for this substance?

*A. Rapid renal elimination.

B. High bioavailability.

C. Biotransformation in liver.

D. Ability to penetrate into cells.

E. Ability to penetrate through blood-brain barrier freely.

23. During experiment the acetylsalicylic acid was introduced in different parts of gastrointestinal tract. What part of GI-tract this drug is absorbed with maximal speed in?

*A. Stomach.

B. Oral cavity.

C. Duodenum.

D. Small intestine.

E. Large intestine.

24. The following type of reaction should be expected in case of prescription of drugs for pregnant woman:

*A. All from above.

B. Teratogenic.

C. Embryotoxic.

D. Fetotoxic.

E. Mutagenic.

25. Indicate the properties of drug which depend on the time of drugs’ introduction.

*A. All from above.

B. Toxicity.

C. Quantitative activity.

D. Qualitative activity.

E. Speed of drug absorption.

26. A doctor has introduced the caffeine intramuscularly for patient with alcohol intoxication. What is the principle, which is the base of expediency for such treatment?

*A. Physiological antagonism

B. Synergism

C. Potentiation

D. Competitive antagonism

E. Summation

27. The metabolism of drugs in embryo is significantly slower than in adult organism. This feature of embryo pharmacokinetics is due to:

*A. Functional insufficiency of enzymes or their absence.

B. Significant permeability of blood-tissue interfaces.

C. Significant volume of extracellular fluid.

D. Capacity of skin to absorb and excrete the drugs.

E. Insufficiency of tissue receptors.

28. The influence of some adverse factors, such as drugs, before pregnancy increases the possibility of birth of the child with genetic abnormalities. What is this action called?

*A. Mutagenic.

B. Embryotoxic.

C. Teratogenic.

D. Fetotoxic.

E. Carcinogenic.

29. It is known that in persons with genetically determined insufficiency of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of erythrocytes the prescription of some antimalarial drugs can cause the haemolysis of erythrocytes. What is this atypical reaction upon drugs called?

*A. Idiosyncrasy.

B. Allergy.

C. Sensibilization.

D. Tachyphylaxis.

E. Tolerance.

30. The drug A. with significant solubility in lipids was prescribed to patient. What is the main mechanism of its absorption?

*A. Passive diffusion.

B. Filtration.

C. Active transport.

D. Pinocytosis.

E. Interaction with transport proteins.

31. During operation the anaesthesiologist used the nitric oxide as general anaesthetic. This drug has significant lipophilic properties. What is the mechanism of this drug penetration through biological membranes?

*A. Passive diffusion.

B. Active transport.

C. Simplified diffusion.

D. Filtration.

E. Pinocytosis.

32. Benzylpenicillin sodium is injected to a patient with pneumonia in dose of 500,000 units of action 6 times daily. After another injection there arose fever, spasms, and then the patient lost consciousness. What has happened to the patient?

*A. Anaphylactic shock.

B. Idiosyncrasy.

C. Tachyphylaxis.

D. Cumulation.

E. Medicines tolerance.

33. A victim was delivered to an emergency station by an ambulance with the following diagnosis: displaced fracture of the middle one-third of the hip. With the purpose of bone fragments reposition 10 ml of 2% dithyline solution was injected to the patient intravenously. In consequence of that a long-lasting apnoea and muscle relaxation developed. What enzyme deficiency causes such side effect?

*A. Pseudocholinesterase.

B. Acetylcholinesterase.

C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

D. Methemoglobine reductase.

E. N-acetyltransferase.

34. A medicine A was prescribed to a patient. In a few days the drug effect has considerably decreased and to get the initial effect it was necessary to increase the dose. What is this phenomenon called?

*A. Tolerance.

B. Tachyphylaxis.

C. Drug dependence.

D. Cumulation.

E. Idiosyncrasy.

35. During an operative intervention with the use of muscle relaxants breath disorder appeared. Injection of proserin led to improvement. What is such drug interaction called?

*A. Antagonism.

B. Synergism.

C. Incompatibility.

D. Tachyphylaxis.

E. Cumulation.

36. A patient suffering from epilepsy was receiving daily 0.2 grams dose of phenobarbital continuously. Recently, attacks became more frequent, dysphoria was observed. Which process became the cause of the deterioration of the patient’s status?

*A. Liver monooxygenase system enzymes induction.

B. Liver monooxygenase system enzymes inhibition.

C. Lipolysis activation.

D. Gluconeogenesis activation.

E. Glycolysis inhibition.

37. In the postoperative period promedolum was injected continuously to a patient. Withdrawal of the drug caused serious mental and somatic disturbances. What is this phenomenon called?

*A. Abstinence syndrome.

B. Idiosyncrasy.

C. Tachyphylaxis.

D. Steal syndrome.

E. Output syndrome.

38. A man, 36-year-old, with a craniocerebral trauma has dimi-nished breath sounds, thread pulse, reflexes are absent. What route of pyracetame administration is the most appropriate in this case?

*A. Intravenous.

B. Subcutaneous.

C. Peroral.

D. Rectal.

E. Inhalation.

39. Ambulance has been called to a 22-year-old man for the reason of bronchial asthma attack. What route of salbutamole introduction is the most appropriate in this case?

*A. Inhalation.

B. Intramuscular.

C. Intravenous.

D. Subcutaneous.

E. Sublingual.

40. Angina pectoris attack happened to a man, 48-year-old. A doctor prescribed him a pill of nitroglycerine sublingually. Why has the doctor chosen a sublingual method of medicine administration?

*A. Effect develops faster.

B. Drug elimination by gastric juice.

C. Low intestinal absorption.

D. It is activated by saliva.

E. Only because it damaged the liver.

41. Ambulance has been called to a 22-year-old man because of asthmatic status. What route of adrenaline hydrochloride administration is the most appropriate in this case?

*A. Intravenous.

B. Inhalation.

C. Intramuscular.

D. Subcutaneous.

E. Sublingual.

42. Intramuscular injection of benzylpenicillin sodium was made to a man, 28-year-old, because of a shoulder phlegmon. After that the man had tachycardia, thready pulse and arterial pressure decreased to 80/60 mm Hg. What kind of pharmacological reaction has deve-loped?

*A. Anaphylactic shock.

B. Central effect.

C. Reflex effect.

D. Potentiation.

E. Peripheral effect.

43. Phenobarbital was prescribed to a man, 56-year-old, suffering from insomnia. The sleep rhythm has been normalized. But gradually, during 2 months, the effect of the medicine decreased and insomnia arose. What reason has caused the reduction of the hypnotic effect?

*A. Tolerance.

B. Low solubility.

C. Bad absorption in the stomach.

D. Accumulation in lipids.

E. Tachyphylaxis.

44. During the fetal period metabolism of medications is consi-derably slower than in adult age. The specified feature of a fetus pharmacokinetics is caused, first of all, by the following:

*A. Functional imperfection of the most enzymes, their absence.

B. High permeability of blood-tissue interfaces.

C. Significant volume of extracellular liquid.

D. Ability for absorption and release of water-soluble drugs by skin.

E. “Maturation” of receptors in organs in different terms.

45. It is known that people with genetically caused insufficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrohenase of red blood cells may develop haemolysis of these cells as a reaction to some antimalarial medications prescription. What is such atypical reaction to medications called?

*A. Idiosyncrasy.

B. Sensitization.

C. Allergy.

D. Tachyphylaxis.

E. Tolerance.

46. How can the fact that for tuberculosis treatment an isoniazid dose is being selected individually with obligatory control of contents of the medication in urine after its first intake be explained?

*A. Genetically caused speed of acetylation of the drug.

B. Hyperglycaemia after the drug intake.

C. Development of renal insufficiency.

D. Irritative effect of the drug.

E. Development of haemolytic anaemia.

47. A patient with hypertension has been taking an antihypertensive medication for a long time, but suddenly he stopped the intake. After that the patient’s status worsened, the hypertensive crisis developed. What kind of collateral action has developed?

*A. Syndrome of withdrawal.

B. Cumulation.

C. Tolerance.

D. Sensitization.

E. Dependence.

48. An out-patient with chronic cardiac insufficiency has been taking digoxin in therapeutic doses during several months. At a certain stage of treatment overdose symptoms appeared. What phenomenon underlies the development of such complication?

*A. Material cumulation.

B. Drug habituation.

C. Sensitization.

D. Functional cumulation.

E. Tachyphylaxis.

49. At a stomatologist a patient developed an attack of bronchospasm, which was cured with 5% ephedrine hydrochloride solution injection. In 20 minutes the attack repeated. An additional injection of ephedrine had no effect due to tachyphylaxis. What mechanism underlies this phenomenon?

*A. Exhaustion of noradrenaline depot in presynaptic endings.

B. Inhibition of adrenoreceptors.

C. Activation of adrenoreceptors.

D. Material cumulation of the drug.

E. Induction of microsomal enzymes of the liver.

50. A patient with atypical reaction developing in the result of drug administration is delivered to intensive care unit. Indicate the name of increased sensitivity and atypical reaction to the drug.

*A. Idiosyncrasy.

B. Tolerance.

C. Dependence.

D. Cumulation.

E. Summation.

51. A patient with morphinism is delivered to narcological unit. In the result of examination, a doctor indicated the decrease of morphine action. What is the phenomenon drug action weakening in the result of repeated drug administration, called?

*A. Tolerance (accustoming).

B. Material cumulation.

C. Functional cumulation.

D. Antagonism.

E. Summation.

52. What medicinal form provides the fastest and most complete absorption of drug in gastrointestinal tract?

*A. Solutions for internal use.

B. Tablets.

C. Capsules.

D. Dragee.

E. Granules.