Unit 11

Pre-text assignments

1 Learn the key words and phrases:

pouchlike organ, capacity, oblique fibers, cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric regions, balloon, temporal storage area, swallowed, regurgitation of food, stretch, chyme

2 Form new words by adding the prefixes. Define the part of speech and translate them:

a)dis-: colouration, continue, like, appear

b)un-: natural, cured, cooled, conscious, treated

c)over-: use, strain, work, eating, dosage

d)intra-: venous, muscular, cellular, vascular

3 Read and translate the following terms. Memorize the meaning of the term-element «gastro» – шлунок:

gastroenterologist, gastroenterology, gastrology, gastrotherapy, gastrotomy, gastro-intestinal, gastromalacia, gastronephritis, gastropancreatitis, gastropathy

Stomach

The stomach receives food, mixes it with gastric juice, carries on a limited amount of absorption, and moves food into the small intestine.

The stomach is a J-shaped, pouchlike organ, about 25-30 centimeters long, which hangs under the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity. It has a capacity of about one liter or more, and its inner lining is marked by thick folds (rugae) that tend to disappear when its wall is distended. The stomach receives food from the esophagus, mixes it with gastricjuice, initiates the digestion of proteins, carries on a limited amount of absorption, and moves food into the small intestine.

In addition to the two layers of smooth muscle – an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer – found in other regions of the

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alimentary canal, some parts of the stomach have another inner layer of oblique fibers. This third muscular layer is most highly developed near the opening of the esophagus and in the body of the stomach.

The stomach can be divided into the cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions. The cardiac region is a small area near the esophageal opening (cardia), the fundic region, which balloons above the cardiac portion, acts as a temporal storage area and sometimes becomes filled with swallowed air. This produces a gastric air bubble, which may be used as a landmark on an X-ray film of the abdomen. The dilated body region, which is the main part of the stomach, is located between the fundic and pyloric portions. The pyloric region (antrum) narrows and becomes the pyloric canal as it approaches the small intestine.

At the end of the pyloric canal, the circular layer of fibers in its muscular wall is thickened, forming a powerful muscle, called the pyloric sphincter (pylorus). This muscle serves as a valve that prevents regurgitation of food from the intestine back into the stomach.

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice. Gastric juice contains pepsin, hydrochloric acid, lipase, and intrinsic factor. Gastric secretions are enhanced by parasympathetic impulses and by gastrin, a hormone. The three stages of gastric secretion are the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The presence of food in the small intestine reflexly inhibits gastric secretions.

The stomach is not well adapted for absorption. A few substances such as water and other small molecules may be absorbed through the stomach wall. As the stomach fills, its wall stretches, but its internal pressure remains unchanged. Mixing movements aid in producing chyme; peristaltic waves move the chyme into the pyloric region. The muscular wall of the pyloric region pumps chyme into the small intestine. The rate of emptying depends on the fluidity of the chyme and the type of food present.

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Post-text assignments

1 Add the necessary part of the clinical terms pertaining to the pathology of stomach:

1 Gastro... (an instrument inserted through the mouth for visually inspecting the inside of the stomach). 2 Gastr... (the surgical removal of all, or especially part of the stomach). 3 Gastro... itis (an inflammation of the stomach and the intestines). 4 Gastro... (a stony concretion formed in the stomach). 5 Gastro... (a bleeding from the blood vessels and the stomach lining). 6 Gastro... (a process of softening of stomach lining because of poor blood supply or an inflammation). 7 Gastro... (a prolapse, falling of the stomach downwards because of weakening of some muscles). 8 Gastroentero-.. (the branch of medicine that is concerned with disorders of the digestive system). 9 Gastr... (inflammation of the stomach lining). 10 Gastro ...

(surgical incisior into the stomach).

(a — ...tomy; b — ...logy; c — ...lith; d — ...ectomy; e —

...rrhagia; f — ...ptosis; g — ...scope; h — ...itis; i —...malacia;j —

...enter...)

2 Choose the words that correctly complete each of the following sentences:

1 Alimentary canal begins at the (mouse, mouth) and ends at the anus. 2 The (rough, roof, ruff) of the mouth is called palate. 3 By the movements of the (tan, tang, tongue, ton, tone) and cheek the food is turned about and chewed. 4 The (leaps, lips) form the opening to the oral, cavity. 5 The pancreatic juice is (reach, rich) in enzymes which digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates. 6 A soft tissue which hangs from the soft palate is (cold, called) uvula. 7 The tongue has papilae which contain (sells, seals, cells, seels) sensitive to the chemical nature of food. 8 Pharynx is a passegeway for (ear, air, are) from the nasal cavity to the larynx and for food going from the mouth to esophagus.

3 Translate in writing the following abstract :

The rate at which the stomach empties is also related to age. An infant's stomach which has a small capacity, empties very rapidly. As

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