БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции

! (, ( @ EF L ) > () ( A, ? ( ( ( ) ? *AE (A ( (, ( @ EF ) = ? L > L, ( (, ( @ EF ) = ( > L.

! ( ? F L ? ( ( () *B? A ) * *B > ( =-

< > ) ? *AE (A ) ((, C () *B? (A ) *- *B + ( = < >, , C () *B? (A ) * *B + ( = < >.

! ( ** + ? F L ? ( ( () ( *- ? ) ? *AE (A ( = (, C-)* = > ?-

-C = (.

J=: E<A> =<> >@ EC ? F L ? ( ( ) ) +( A )- ? *AE (A ( ( ? ? *A, ( ( ? ) >* F A, ( ( -

? *A, ( ( ) A >* L * L. J <E>=E: - ) < C A ?> >E @? ? F *E= E: *B ( =- ( L A )* ? + > *B C )* „; *B

? F C * > = ( > A, L C ?, *B

? F = C (, *B ( = ( )* ? @

@ A () C ( ( () C ), ( ? L ? F F- C ? ?* = C ( C C @ A = *.

* B < F< -E> <A> =<> >E @? *E= E ) * L C C *- > = ( C ) (( (? C * > ) ? (, () (

() A * .); ( F L ( ( ( ( > ) * A = ( > *A; ) * L C (, ? ( C <* L, C ( = C ; (-

L ( C * > (* @ A (; () *B?

*B C @ C .

= (* ( C ( *B-( = ( C ) A + ) ( @ E L - C C (A (A ( L AF > A; ( +( @ C, >* L * +, <; *B A )* ) ) A A, ) + „, EF ? F L (* ) (, = (- * *B . ).), ( *B * L C C ( ) F +; *B A ) < @ A )* ? + ? F L >

A ?; ( +( ? * C ?-

) *A ) F A ) = + ( *B

(. ) A A *E= E @ ( +( >* L * + L C* ) ( ( C * > = ( > A, @ >* L L

*A C (; ) ? * EF C ) + *A - ? *A ? C; ( +( ? ? * C *E A, )- * A . ).; ) >, < *A ? F = C ( L,

@ *A > * L C L ( C.

O ( @ E @ * ? ) >* F EF * ) * (, ( L = C ? ) >* * +; ) ? ? * EF C > @ +, )-

+, + ; * L C = ( ( C ) F- + ( ) >, EF ( = E ? ? *A E; ? F-

101

(, ( > > A ( ? @ BL + )* ( BE ((( A @ ( 1,5 ), = ) ? *A ) A B ) *- *B ( ( *A ( @ A L — < * >; „, ) ? @ (, ( > )) ) ( ) L ( ( ) * * = ( = - * * L + > )) ( *B > A.

„ ) F A (* B ) ) = A +

)* ( ? ) >* F EF ) * ( *B C + (- +.

( = ( ( ( ? F L (A @ ), ?- ? *A E ? ) >* F.

! @ A L ( ) FBE ( ( ) A E (A ) ?*- = EF + ) C ( ) EF *, EF *BL -

( ) * ( (, +* . .)

I%# # / % !# "" 4 % / 0%%

+ ? E *E C = ( * A ) > C *, ) A *AEF (A

C ) F ) ( ( * ? C . * A * ( = (-

+ @ 16 . () E (A > ? A, * A ( = (- + 16...20 . * — A ?. %( = -

+ A *AE (A ?* = C * > = ( ) ((, (, (, - (, C ?, L (<* > *, *A, (, - ( (, ) ((, *B .) C = >. C (* = AC ) = + ? @ A + A *A (A ?-) ( ) *B @ A

( (, > C (* = AC — L F EF (A ((, B C

(* = AC — * +.

? ( ( ? +( A = * A * (A F E * *B- E.

F A A ) (A = ? ) ) C ( * ( AF > * ( AF > = * ? ( A( ( > > ?, ( A (* *B A) —

* * *B @ A * LB *B = ( * ( , >). ( > > = ( C ( , ) *AEF ?- +( = *, A *AE (A ( = ? = A ( ( v, /(, * * > = ( , , C ) * ( C = (.

' > = ( ( (, , ) *AE (A ) *

Lv =201g v/5 *10-8,

> v — ( = ? = ( (, /(; 5 * 10 -8— ) A - ( ( B, /(.

2 * = F F B E ) * *B + ( ( 10 -4 /(, ) ( ( 1 /( ) ) * C = ( C < ? E ( C, *B, > * ( A ( B. * A = * ? ( ) * A

+( A — *B > > ? *B >. (B ) ( A *AE (A *- A = C (, EF = (, ? ( E ( * A *B C >-

* = ( + * = *. #, (B > ? *BL ( C >-

102

? E ) +( * + ( = ( + 6...9 ., > * — 17...25 ., *A ( AF > EF + ) C ( = * (A ? ( C )-: = ( C 5.,,12 17..,25 ., *A ( AF > — = ( C 4.,,6 .. ! (- = ( ? +( ) ?* = L A ? BA = *

@ ( B ) = + + * ?. F A A ? +(

E ( (, ( =-( ( ( E ( (, ( ) E ? A (- *A )), L (A F (, ? E > * *, L (A

(, ) @ (A () ( ( B, C L (A ( = (. ' *B A A

? ?* = E ( ) B ( ( ( C, -L = C, (-( ( C

> C L +. !) ? ( ( = E (A ( C * > ) *B (- ) ( AE (A (E ( B, ) )* =B ( ( (. ( ( ? +- ( *E E (A F >-( ( (, ( *A > (( +- (.

* ? B ( (A > )) ) ? * +. ! *BE ( *E= A ? @- ( ? A + * ? > = E ) - = C ( ) C ( ( EF C ( ( ( . !# 12.1.012—78. ! > > = ( E ) B

? (* EF C : = ( (() *B) * ? >

); > *B + + = ( > ); ? + -

.

= ( * ? ) A *AE (A ( =-

? = A ( ( C * > = ( Ly * (- A *A * *B + C ) * ( C = (, *A F + —

C * 1/3 C ) * ( C = (.

( ** + ? F A *AE (A ( @ +

? +( ( = ? @ A; ( + @ ? (; -

); = ( > L * + ? ( C

<* ( ( *B C ( +.

B ( + ? +( ( = ? @ A ? *E= (A

C = ( C C * > = ( C (C, ) C = ( ) (- (, ? , ? ( A, * ( *E= * ) *B ( @. ( > (A ? + * = C L ) C C ? C- ? ( > ), L ) ) (( . .

( + @ ? ( ( > (A ? (= ( + ( ( C = ( ( * *B C ?* * + = ( @ EF + ( * * ? A (( * @ ( ( (, * ( > = > @-.

) —< ) (( BL A A + ( ) ) F A < > C = ( C * + )* E ( > (A ? (= () *B? A ( C * ( *BL ()*- ( ((, ?), ( EF ) C ( (* A ) > A? C -

* (+ * A> + )* ( ((, ), ) )* (, ) * ( = C ) +, ) ( *AEF C ( (B ( = ( C ( * ) * * +.

103

* ( B ) A ) >* F EF > ) A ) *A (A * = (-

).

? *A A — < BL ) = * + ( = ? @ A ? F F „ ) ) F ( +(, ) F C @ . = (-

C ( +( > B ? *A () @, ?, -

.), > ( AC ? C ( C C ) C @ A = ? ( *B (, ) > ) * ?* C )*- A ? C, “)* EF” ) * (( * ) * *A (A ) A )- > ) *) .

*A ( @ A + ) AC () ( A ( <* (-

, ), )) ( *B C ( + ? AE (A ? (= -

A @ ( (.

! ( *B + ? F ) ? *AE (A !% *A , > * ). = ( !% *A ) AE (A ) =, * L

) * (. !# 12.4.002—74). ? F A B ( >* ( . !# 12.4.024—76 ?> * (A ( ) >, ) * ( ) > ) * ( ) > ) EF ? . ! ( ? F *A * ) ? *AE (A >, ) A(, ()-

*B ( E, ?> * ? ) > ) EF C *.

*AC ) * + * ? (A () *B + @

C. F A ( EF (, = EF-

A ( C , *@ ) L B 2/3 * *B ( = +

(, ) A ) *@ *B ( B ? > ? +( A, *E= A

) ?, C AF E ) E, *@ ) L B 15—20 .

E ? AE ( ( ( A . !# 12.1.034—81 !# ! 1931—79) “A. F A ) E ? +”.

I%# # 8'$#/ 8

8*B ? ) ( *A ( + * * ) > + ( ( = ( + (- L 20 .. 8*B ? C ? (A *B ? * ( ), - ( ( BE ( / 2) = ( + * A. ! >* ( . !# 12.1.001—83 *B ?- + ) ? = ( ) ? *A (A ? = ( * A ( 1,12 • 104 1,0 • 105 .), () ( AEF (A ? L ), ( = (-

* A ( 1,0 • 105 1,0 109 .), () ( AEF (A *B -

).

" ? = ( + *B ? C L () ( A (A ? C, ( = (- + ) = ( () ( A (A, ? ) > C ( C ( , ** .) *B ? () ( A (A ? ) B *BL (( A A.

* > = ( ? +( *B ? > ? ? ( * *B ( ?- +( A, ( (, = ( C 8. 8 EF C ( *B ?-

( *E E (A L A + ( =- ( ( ( + ( (, ? * A, ( ( ( +( , (* C > (-

*A > )) . ). 2 ( @ * > * *, ( E *A- ( B, ) E (* C + = ( *B (.

104

( >* EF A *AE (A “!

) * ) ) L* C *B ? C ( C”, . !# 12.1.001—83 “!! #. 8*B ?. F A ? ) ( (” . !# 12.2.051—80 “!! #. C * > = ( *B ?. # A ? ) ( (”.

) * *B ? + C ( ? A ) A =

4 *B C = C ( 1,5 ) *, (( A 0,5 (-

2 @ EF C ) C ( +. / (( A @ = ? A *@ ) L B 1 . %? + ? > * A, (- ) ( AEF > (A ? L + (, ) A ( >* ( . !# 12.4.077—79.

! F ( ( *B () ( ( @ A A ? > * A 8: ( @-

*B ? ( =, ? ) >* F ? ? *A A. " * <-

( ( — ? ? *A A. 7 L ? ? * EF ( +( E

** = ( @ C ? * ( ( * *F + 1,5—2 , ) ? + *F + 1 . AE ?* = *, ) ( E ?, ) * > = ( ( *.

" ) ( ( + = C ( ( = 8 @ ( B (* E- F : C ? + ? + ) (( ) ) +, = (

?@ * + . .; ) *, . . = ( >

*E= A ( ) ) * () > *B C ) + (? > ? - > ? ) . .); ) ) () ( * + *A ( ) * @ A ( = 8 * + *; ) *B C ( ( ? F + C ) = (C* )= @ C ? C), @ EF C

8 (* ? C, ) L ) . !# 12.4.051—78 () ? F 8, (- ) ( AEF > (A ? L + (); ( * ) ? = ( C )* ( C F ) ? * EF * (? + *F + 1 ) ( C ( )- ( A ) *B ) ( ( = *B ?.

( A 8, ) L EF ) *B ) (, *@ B - ? = ) ) @ EF ? “( @! = ) ( (” ) . !#

12.4.026—76.

I%# # %"N/ 8

% ? ) ( *A ( + * * ) > + ( ( = ( +

20 . @ C ? (A ? * ( ), ( ( BE

( / 2), = ( + * + (.). ) ? ( C (* AC ( ( =-

? (%) A *AE (A > * > (> A,

> *, *A, ) ((, > * , ( * )* *B ) =,

*, ? *B (, L C ?, ( L EF ?- ) ( ) *B * F *B @ ( ) * = 20 ?(.

% ? C ? (A ( + ) EF + * > = ( + () ( ( BE.

@ ? B ( *B ? +( ( ( A, ) *E + (* > A L, F F F A, ) ? *B F >* ? C A * = ( () A *A (A ) *B ) ( *A ? BA = *.

105

? +( % ( EL > ) (( C ? ( = ( 3—5 ., > A * — 40 .. % ? ? ( * * A C - > = *, ? C, ? ( = C ( F +, F >, ( > ) > (* L ( ( C = ( C, *, >- * E *B, ( *A L A . .

( ( ? 180 ) (C ? L * > = C *B *, = (. 140—155 *E ) (A * 3 . ! *-, L, ( = () ( ( 120—140 ? E ( * ( B, ) )* ( B A.

( * > ) A ) (* ( A ? % ( = ( + 2... 15 .,

? @ > ( ) ( *B- ?>. ( A? ( ?-

? ( C A * + > ? = * * ) ( = ( 7 ..

( ( ( !" 22-74—80 ? > * A C ) * ( C ( ( > = ( = ( 2, 4, 8 16 . *@ B * 105 ,

= ( 32 . * 102 .

! @ ( ( ? @ B ( > ?* = () (-: ? @ ( +( (* = ( C (), > - (, ? ? *A + ( =, ) >* F ? + < > ( ) FBE >* L * + L, @ ( ) FBE C = ( > ) ? *A = (. - F (( A ? (B ), ) ( *B < ( A? ( * ? C % ) > () ( ? C.

B(A ( > ? +( % @ ? (= * = A ( C ( C * > = ( > A, ( @ ( ( < = ( C )- ((.

/ !1 '& ! , / / %

1.? , * AEF (* A ?

2.) (A ) ) ? ( + (?

3.2 *E= ) A *?

4.E (A * = ( (* A?

5.*A ? ( * (( E (A?

6." ( F ( ) ? ( ) F.

7.! C = ( .

8.( ( ( F A .

9.O A.

10.F L .

11.F *B ?.

12.F ?.

'% # / # 8 /

1. ' O ".%., %# ". ., # / 7 . . 7/ " #/8 " /- %%&7 ! & % % 7/ " /8 3I 4 !/ 1 ,.: / % % ! &$; 1989, 290 !

106

2. '%" . . !" 1 # 7"% % !" !#% ' #/%2 ! %7 8!# " 7 ,.: " /. # ,% #; 1984, 450 !.

3. . "2 / "./. 7/ " #/8 " / /%%&7 ! & % ,.: ! & $; 1971; 394 !.

4.' !. . !" !#$ % " '$" !#% ,.: 1!O & O -

' ; 1999, 448 !.

5.!% / 3..., !%" . ., " .%" .". 7/ " #/8 12%!- '%# '$"17 0 "#/ 7 ,.: , O%" !# "% ; 1989, 192 !.

6.#'&/ ! %4 . ., 2 # . ., " ! 2 . ., . . . %/. /%% % # !#/ N1 . / 8 / "% % '% % 0%& -

!' !# %4 . ,.: % - ! , 1995, 320 !.

107