БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции
.pdf() *B? * > ) > ( *A ) * = A - ) A * > ) A@ A < ) C *E= B + E *. * = ( A * *E= , ? EF + * + ) ? *E. , C = ( A * ( F ( *A (A ( ) FBE C @ + /,,
? C ? * + ), + ? > ? *E.
(= ? ) EF > ) A@ A (C <* = ( + *
*@ ) * ( BE *E= B ( ? A B ( *B. ) A * <* = ( > ) A * ) A@ ( *@ ) B(A ? L *B( = *.
(C C <* = ( + * *@ B ) ( *B ( )-
* A ? *A ) +, ( F ( *A + ( ) ( ) *-
* 10 .
*A ( ? ) ( ( (* @ EF > ) ( * <* ( - ) ) A + *@ B ( E ( > * ? E *E= *E= - ) A@ A. ( *E= A *@ *E= B(A ?- A ( > * ? A.
*A ? F (* @ EF > ) ( * ? +( A <* > C ) * + ( = ( ) = < (A. N = (
) A@ ( <* > > ) *A *@ ? A B(A @ C ? > ) ) EF > ) A@ A ( ( *B + F ( BE.
/ #/ "!'&0% ""1 !# "0%%
( ( A *B + ) (* @ E ( + ) ( E (A * * @ 18 *, ) (( *B ) > * ) L L ( ( *B(-
.
F A ( + *@ ( ( B +( EF , ) * (- * A, ( C ( C * > = ( > A *@ B, )-
= >, F + ( F. ! B + > ( F A *E=- (A = ( L )( *B C ?.
) F AC, > (A ? @ ( B > ) ( A *E +
** = ( ) ( ( > A ? ? * ) AF-
() > *B E ( )* A, ) - * ?), <* () > *B > A *@ B > @ -
) AF L. > * F = ( <*- C- = ( C (, ( ) (* = + ) ( E *E +, *@ B
? * > @ C (* = AC, > ) A@ ) F AC ( ) L- + ) ( ( BE ) L 36, ( ) ( C ) F AC — 12 . ! (
EF C(A +, ( EF C(A @ C * > EF C(A ) * + ))-
, * <* = ( C L ( * C F *@ * @ B <* =- ( * @ L + 0,7 .
F A = C ( ) *A C ( + ) ( + *- ? C ( (/#8) ( = (* ( C) *@ B (- ) = @ + * + ( A?BE ( *B + ( * *B + ( +.
61
C = ( C ) F AC *A ) *E= A ) ( C <* ( ( *B *@ B ) * @ A <* ( B ( *B - ) A@ L 36 . O )( *B ( A 12 * 36 *@ B
(, * = EF E(A ( L )( *B C ( +, ) A C - ) A@ 127 * 220 , ( ( *E= B ? @ ( B *E= A * ) 12 36 L )( *B ? 127 220 .
! ) ( (*A C ?* E (A = ? ? *,
A *A (A ? F. * = ( ) * A ( ( ?- ? * A *@ ) L B ? = +, (* * C 8. " )- * @ ? * ? ? *AEF ) ( C ) ( +
* + *@ B ( = ) * ( = > (- ( A 150 > > * ) * ( BE L = + . * = ( ), )) ( + /#8 *@ B ()- = ? F + ( *B *E= A () =
( * ( ? F. " *B )* C ( * = (
? F ) *AE (A C = ( )).
A, C ? F ( / 8, (*A C * +
? E (A ( ( * ? F. ( + = * > ? > ), ) (* @ + > ? @ > ) A * A ) ( C ) A@- + ) C *@ ) ? B(A > * ? ? ( C ? A. " ( ) *A C ( AC ) ) C ( ( > ) *- A ( *@ B ( *E= ? @ ( B ( > *E= A )). * = ( +( ( + )) /#8 *@
() = B: *E= <* ) A (; ( A ( = C ? A (
(; *E= L C * + C > (, ( *- *A > ( ( !. ( +, C
() *B? (A ) A@ ( L 1 , *@ B ( ( * — <* = ( E C = ( E. ( = ) A@ * 1) ) * + ) *A + F ( * 5 @ B *B C- = ( E *. )) ( C = ( ( ( *, ?- F A ) F, *@ B ?* = * = *E= (@ ?- *). ( A ? C = ( + * *@ () = B ? @- ( B ? * = A ? > *E= ) ? ) + ? @ ( B ? A ? *B ) ? + . ( * = *@ *E= B(A ) (* *B, ( A *@ ( *E= B ) ? *B ?-
) ) ( ( = * ) ( ( (. ! * F-
> B *, A? *B *@ B > @.
! /#8 *@ B )* C ? F ( () = ) + ( + ) F.
/ ) ( + )) /#8 *@ ) B(A ) A > +
= ? C = *. , ** = ( ) ( ), ) A C *A ?-
+, *@ B ? ? *.
62
/ % "1 8!# " %
) @ „ (A (A ) @ - * + ( (//!), ( (, ( L (( *A, () *B *
*A +-) * = ( C .
*A () = A ? ) ( ( (* @ EF > ) ( * ) * ? ) (A ? * EF *, ? ? * ) ( C ? *@ ) B(A ) ?. ) * = < > ( C ( = )- A * ) @ C <* ( + ( ) * ? ? * A ? A- (A ? ( ( * = () *B? > ) A@ A *@ B : 2) 660/380 ; 4 ) 380/220 8 ) 220/127 . ? ) @ + ( C ) A B ( ? @ *A ( @ A
*B > ( ) * A ) = ( ? L A ? ? * A (B
) = ( *BE, ) * B + . ).). ? *AEF + ) *@ -B () *- @ F + * = ( @ *, ) „ ) (A <* < > A,
> ( = *@ B ( = E ? C @ *. ? * ) @ C „ (A C (* = AC, > E ( ( E <* (- E, () * @ E ) ( ( F + ** = ( + ( -
* > ) ) (A ) @ + <* (, ) EF +
> (, () * @ + (( A * 50 ) @ > „. (* ? A ) @ C //! C ? B )* ( B ) F ( ! 2 L * . (* = ) L A ) ( >
A )* ( ) F (, A? *B ) A ) * *B C ) > ( @ E C ? = +.
A L ) ( <* ( *B <* (-
() A*B, * . ).), *@ B ((= ) A@ L 42. < ()* ) *B + ( ? C F B -
> = ( B ( A ) *A ( C + + C* ) +
> *A L ( >* L *A. > * L C-
? B ? L *E ) *A. C* ) ? >- > ) @ C //! *@ B ? * L ( ( > @-
.
) F (A ? = ) @ C - //! A > ? *
) * @ A, ) ( *B (* 6 **), > * *, ( *B @ (-
> ).
4.3 , /1 !" #% /% !'8 % "%% 1 /&,%# '$"17 8!# " % 8,8' /"17 , I "%4.
( ) ) F A ) A *B + (> +) ? L (A (* @ EF-) ( *, E > )) ) <* = ( + ? ) ( ( @
B +. > * ) A *B + *@ C B(A ) ) ( - (* @ EF > ) ( *. / ) ) * = ( ) A ) ) * ( A ) A@ ) A C ? F C C ) @ A <* =- ( . F EF (A = ( <* =( C L ? E (A > @ A,
63
) (, + C F – *@ B ) * @ <* = (
L + 0.75 * + ( ( EF + * (. (- * ) ? (A > ? ) A * +, + C (A ,
= + ) A *B ) A > @ B.
F A > ( * ) A *, *@ B @ E )- = – A@ E *A E. ( ) C ) A * + - ) * AE (A ( * C ( , C * *. * E B C
( B ( ) FBE ? + > L ( ( ( +. / B C - C ? C ) = C C *. " @ > ? 6 (A ) ? (A
* ? ? L + ( ) A *B +.
(* @ ) A *B + ( *E E (A (* EF ) * :
) ( E (A ) A *A *, EF L A C (* @ E; ( L ) A * + ) ? (A ) *E= ) A@; ( *A E * > ) A *A ( * E, > A ;
? > <* = ( + > *E E *B = ? ( ( * ( (-
*B, ) ) ( EF *B *; () *B ) ( A ?: ) ( A ( ) A *A > ? *E= (A > ) A@ (.
*A ) F A ) „A *AE (A ) L A. - *A ( () * @ *B > ( + ) F ) *B-
* ) < @ ? A.
*A ) F A E ) C ( ( A A - EF (A @) *A ) C A ) A > ? ( ( )- F.
C *A, ? C ) F +, ( B ? L (A. ( *A C ) F + 2.4 . * F B ) * ? ( * = ( -
*A C +. * ) (A )* * (* ) ( *B. ! * ) =. !, ) *, ) *, L E
(* ) + ( +.
A )* *@ () = B *A C ) @ 16! * 35!. , @ B ) ? L, *B C (* = AC - ) ( (A = )*. < *, L *@ C-
B *A ) F A. *A ? ) F (A (-
* B *E= * *B. *A ) F A *@-
B = + ( F. * = ( * ) = * A
*@ ) L B > ? ) + . *A ( *A C
() *B? E ) ( <* * ) 36, ? ? ) ( + ( )-
? L* >.
/ (( A ) *B C + *A 0.75 *A (- C 1 *A F * = C *A.
*A ( * E , = ( *E= B ) ( - = > ) ( * () ( *B ) A@ C 250 ).
*A * A ? ) ( C > ? () *B? E (A ) =-A@ A *A A
? ? ) ( () *, ( A? A ( F + ( ( + *A ?-
64
A ( > C. ( ( + (* +, F * =BE, * <* F () *B? E *B ? ) = * L, ) ? + , (- E ( (* ( + + ) ) + ? F C = C.
( ( * (* > <* * C ( E (*, ( ) FBE
+ @ * ? + > L * B , ) L A ( (B, . . ) (* = ? @ ? ?> (*.
( ( * F * = > <* * ( ( ( + ) ( E + +
* * E > + ( F * = *BL ) A, ) L A ( ) * = +. ' B ( ( ( F * = ** ? ) F. +
F ), ) . . ? @ ) * = A @ > @ B =, ?-
) =, .
( (* *A *@ C B(A ) F ( F * = *A.
(* @ (* C *A ) * ? ( *@ C B(A - *B, *, ) *, 2 – 3C * A *B ( 5 – 10 % + * ?-
( ) B + ( ( = + A * @ ( ( ). ) )-
<* * @ C < ( ) B +, ? ( = B > + * ? EF (.
(* @ F * = C *A = ( + * ? EF > ( ) AE (A 5 – 10 % ( + (* (1 = + A * @ + (*
1 ( ).
*A ) >* ? () *B? E 2 – 3 % ) (. * *, ) *- + ( ** @, E ( ) FBE A), ( = + + * ? EF (-
, ) * ( ) FBE ) *, ) ) E + * ? EF (-
.
* ( ( + (* + ) (A (A () *B C ( * C * )- ?A (A * @ C. + *A C )* ( ) ? (A ) ( *E (* EF C ) *: ) + ) ( ) B BL = = ? 1.5 = ( ) (* =- A ? A; A ) + *A A;- ) + ) * A ) + -
) *E <* C.
/ !1 '& ! , / / %
1. <* ? F ( ( ? ( E (A? 2. * ? (?
3. ( F ( *A (A (* @ () > *B > A? 4. *@ ( F ( *A (A * AC ( A? ?
5. = (* ) (* *B ( B ) ( @ ( ) = *
) ? C ( C ( +( C.
6. ? ) ( ( ) AE (A ) * C * > C ( AC?
7., ? ) ( ( ) (* @ -= C ( @ +? 8. A ) „A *AE (A ) F A > C A (A ) =? 9. A ) „A *AE (A EF (*A + (?
65
10.= *A ) F A (A (A ( ) ( ?
11.+ ) *A ) A (A *A C ) F AC ) =? 12.? @ * „ B *A E *A + ( *A + > C )- F + ) ) A + ( A??
V 2/ 12 4"1 !%#8 0%%. / #% /" & I%#
5.1' !!%N% 0%& 2/ 12 4"17 !%#8 0%4
= ? = + + ( + (2!) (* ) B ? ) ) ? L L ?-
( ) ) * + L E (A (* A @ ?, ( ? E (A *B (* A > * *E + ( (A F
C ?A+(.
2 ? = + ( > B * (( ) ? = *B = (* ) ?: ) ) (C @ E 2! @ ? *A B - ) > > ) > C. 2! @ * (( B ) ) ( +, * @ F C (-
< C ( +, ) (L () ( A, ) (* @ ( (, A@- ( ) (* ( +.
( A? ( ? /N « ? F ( * A + = ? = + C ( + ) > ) > > C » ) *B( / (( +( + N ( ) ( * • 1094 13 ( A A 1996 >. * ) * @ * (- ( = ? = + C ( + ) > ) > > C.
< ) ( * 2! * (( E (A ? ( ( * = ( *E +, ) ( L C < C ( AC, * *E +, C ? * (B L (* A @ ? A *B (, ? *B > F, @ > ? ()- ( A ) @ EF C = ? = + C ( +
2 ? = + ( ) ? *AE (A * *B, (, *B, > *B, *B (> =.
* *B + ( (A = ? = + A ( A, ? *B + ) ( * * 10 = *, * L (* A @ ? A *B ( * 100 = *, * *B + F ( ( *A * 1 (. *B C ? )*-
.
( + ( (A = ? = + A ( A, ? *B + ) ( * (- L 10, * 50 = *, * L (* A @ ? A *B ( ( L 100, * 300 = *, * *B + F ( ( *A ( L 1 (.,
* 5 (. *B C ? )* .
*B + ( (A 2!, ? *B + ) ( * 50 500 =- *, * L (* A @ ? A *B ( 300 500 = *, * -
*B + F ( ( * 5 (. 0,5 *. *B C ? )*
? = ? = + + ( C ? ) * ( „ / (( +( + N.
66
> *B + *B + ( ( (A (A 2!, ? *B +
) ( * 50 500 ( L 500 = *, * L (* A @ ? A- *B ( 500 1000 ( L 1000 - = *, * *B + F ( (- *A 0,5 5 *. ( L 5 *. *B C ? )* ? = ? = + + ( C E C ( „ /N * C ? C ) *.
(> = + ( (A = ? = + A ( A, ) @ EF +
C A ? ) * /N * 2!, A ) ? L* ? @ ? > -
E /N.
2 ? = + (, = (* ) L* C „ C, ( ? ) C A )A B (* C ) C ?:
— ) A — )* * + *B > ( ( A A * ) ((;
— A — = ? = + > ( A ( , ( * (- C + > ( A), ) = ) = ? = + ( @ ) B (
) > > * ) > ) (C @ A. *A (* = A ) ? (-
< ) ) ) A * > = ( B ) C A ( *B ( ( A, - > ) A *A (A ( += (: < ) @ ? B «+ + (-
+» — A F ) ? L*, ) ) ( * *. < ), A (* = F @ ( F ( B *B A ? @ ( B * ) B, * ( F ( BL B (L;
— BA — ) (( = ? = + > ( A, A > ) (C )- ( ( ? +( *E +, „ ) E ( ) = C )- @ EF C ; ) ) ? ( < ) ) (C (- @ < >, F (, @ ( B ? L *B + C; ) < (L ) (* ( + C ) A ? = *B + ( ) ) *AE (A = *B (, ( + ) ) A A () *B? +
C * > +; < ( ( B ? A ) > ? ? A (- ) L > ( A;
— = A — C ? ) * ) ) A A +( (- = C ) @ A;
— )A A—* A ) (* ( + ) C (; ( - ? *B +( A ) ( C , ) @ C + * ( C + (-
; ) () ( *B C = > * + ( C + > - ( A ) EF C „ ) ( L C ? C.
( AF A ( F ( E ( C ) * A ? A- ( ? A ) (* ( + 2! ) L* C „ C.
) * ? *E= (A ? C = ( C > ? C - ) A +, BL EF C A ( B * ? ) ( > ) @ EF > )-
* ( C C = ( C ( (. C < > ) * A C = ( ( ( ( @ E ? F ( +( — ( ( ? ) @- ? F C * > = ( > A, <*- * ? F, * * ? L A ) @ . .
) * ? *E= (A ) > „, (* @ EF > ) ( *, (* @ > @ ( + ( * A +( A (* AC 2!.
67
( + > ) * A A *A (A )* +( + 2!, *A ( ? A C @ *B ? ( ? @ C + - ( C „ C. *A < > C () * > B < ()- *B ( ( = ( ? = ( C C = ( C A * AC, (- ( *AEF C ? @ E E; ) > ? B ? ( ) B ) @ A „ ) ? +( > ) @ EF C ?* = C .
! *BE ( F ( * A *A ? ( *E ? ) ( (, (- = ( < ( ) A + ) ) ) @ E * = ?- = + C ( + ) L* C „ C *B( / (( +( + N-
) ( * 1 E*A 1995 >. • 675 « * ? ) ( ( ) L- * > „ / (( +( + N» * *A ) ) A +, = @ +, >- ? + > C E = ( C * ( C ( ( (, EF C ( (- ( ) ? ( ) L + ) ( ( A? *B E ? *
) L* + ? ) ( (.
? ,2! / (( . (> C ? / (( 4 ) *A 1996 >. • 222/59
+( « A ? * ? ) ( ( ) L* > „ / (( +( + N».
! >* ( < > ) ( * A * A ? ) ( ( ) L* > „ A *A (A , @ C (L ) ( ( +
) L* „ ) A A ) () = E ) L*- + ? ) ( ( > ( +( A C > C = ? = + C (- AC. * A ? (A *A +( EF C, *A ) C ) ) A +.
> + * A ? ) ( ( *E= (* EF ? *: F A A „; * ? ) ( ( ) L* > „; ()- = > ( ) L* > „ * * ? * = ? = +- C ( +; F ( (; ) * @ A, *E= EF (-
+ )* „ + * (.
* A ? ) ( ( +( EF > ) L* > „ ( ( ) ( ) ? ( A *A (A A? *B , + ? (A - > ? + ( ( ( * (* > ? +, EF + * ? E +
) ) ( *A (A > . (> C ? / (( ) ) * = *-
? ( F ( * ) L* + A *B (, ( A? + ( ) L + ) ( ( BE ) ? (.. *A „, ( A? C ( ) ? ( *B- C ( + ((), ( A?, * + <* ) = . ).) ( += ( B )- *A (A () ( ( BE B ) * A B ( . ( += ( BE C- = ( + ( ( ) (A ? @ ( B ( C A B () ( ( B ) 2!.
L ( += ( C = ( C ( ( „ ( > (A >* - ? > ?-C = ( ) A A, ( > ) L ( ((* ( += ( > „.
" ) < ) ((* A * ? E ( += ( B A? ( B > <*-
(* AC 2!, @ E ) ( ( B = ( B ) ?- ( ( + ) (* = 2!. 8( * E ( ( ( C
(, ? E C = ( , < @ ( B, * (, -
68
(, ( ? ) * A, ( ), *E, ) A, ( ) B ? (, > ( + ( B ? A, = (* = C (* @ F C, C AF C(A
? (*BL A = A (), * = ( C ? * ? ()- * @ C @ F, * = ? ( ( < C ) ) ( A () (- ( B.
+ )* „ ) *A (A * A )* ( ) ? ( + ? @ ( B ? A () ( A )- @, ? A ? * C @ F ) C @ ? A. (
F (A = (, > > ? B = )- @ A. # ( = A *AE (A: ( ( ' ! &, ( * ?-
) ( C * > = ( (; C * > = ( , ? L-
C @ ? B ) @, ? ? > ? ( B, ( * * > ()*-
AEF C(A *, = ( . < ) > ? E (A )- (* ( A (* EF C ) ((:
— = A@ * C * > C > ? * ( = C ;
— (( A ) (> A C ) F AC;
— ) @ (, *, ;
— > () A @ ( + (( + C ( AC;
— ? +( = * ) > A C C = ( C F (;
— > )* ) ) @ C;
— ? ) ';
— ? A + * ? *B ? ) ', ( (, C A- F C(A ) *, ? ? C C ) F AC; () ( )* ? AC ( @ AC „ . ). # C * > = ( + ) (( ? = (A ( = () ) ? ( A 2! (? C * >, = ( = ) F ) ? (, ) *E= ) ? ( + ) . ).). (A ? @ ( B ?-< > ( * +; ? @ ( B + *B C (, (-
C „; ? ) ( ( () * @ A ! &, ' > E= C F (; () ( ? + + ( ) ? ( (* AC 2!. (
*A (A ? = E ( ( > ? ( @ A, ) ( *B ? L < C ( ( - @ ) ( ) A * E = C ) @ EF C .
((* ( ( ) * A ) ? ( „ ? = E ((-
( * ( ( A ) ) * A @ ( ?* ( A?; ) *AE ( = ) ) * A = + ( *, * ? E ? @ ( ? ? A- ( AF > ( ( „.
5.2 , /1 !" !#% /% !'8 % "%% / # % ! !8 / # 3I%7 ' "% ,
+ A ?> ? A A *A C A, () A )-
F (, C AF C(A > ? ? @ ( ( A, ) -
( ( @ > )) @ EF E (. / ? ? EF C(A )
69
< ) ( C ? ( F ( ? ? (A ?-C = ( C ( +( ) ( ) EF C ( F (, (* + C C A ( AC . . F (, C = ( A ) ( F ( @ ) - @ EF + (, C A () *B C )* ? * C ? C ( - > C ? C ( ( < + -) L + )* ? *A +) (@ @ ( ( A , (*, ? . . < C F (, ? @
? EF (A ) () ( C A, * ( (@ @ E (A, * ( (- E (A (. ?> ? > ( ( @ ( ? @ E- F + ( ) ( ) )* + ), = ) * ( ) E @ ( ) C > ? ? ( ( A. % ( ( B ) (( )-
? A ) ) *B ( ( ) )*, A, ( E = B, ? ( (* + )* > + @ ( ( ( + ) ( * E- F + ) C ( BE, E ) ? L * ) *.
F (, C = ( A ) *BL ) @ EF +
(, ) ) A BL, @ C A (A @ ( ( A, ) = * = F ( ) + > )) *A @ @ A C C *B (@ B
(! ., ) ), , , C* . .). ?> ? ( )
* A + = ( B @ ( > () A (A, ( L A(A C* @ (A
) ) A ) ( *. #, ) ) @ C B(A )
) 26,9 °! * 1 , . (* ?> ? ? )-
* A ( > ) ( L +(A (() L +(A) @ (
—42,1°!. " () L A(A @ ( B @ ?* B(A ) ) ( * EF + )-
C (, *B +L + ) (( () A ) (C B ? (= ) - )* ? @ EF + (.
F (, C = ( A ) ) ) A *BL - ) @ EF + (, C A (A ) ( * @ (- ( A. ) ( )* C F ( ( ( ( B ) (( (- ) A ) *A (A ? ( BE ) *B C * + ) ) C ( BE @ ( @ EF + (. # ) @ EF + ( @ * @ B L ) ? —40...+50 °! ( . . ) *A ?* = C - + >), @ F ( @ ( < + * )- F + > )). #, ) ) A ) ( * *
0°!, ) < ) *B C ) C @ EF + ( C (A@ ( ( A, ) ) * @ *B C — > ? ?.
# ?, ? ( ( = ( > ( ( A A @ (, C- AF +(A ( (, ? @ ) ) A ) (( ) > ?> ?-
:
—) *BL C < > AC ) > @ ( * (@ C > ? ()) @ ( B @ ) * ( BE ) C B ? L * () ( ) ? (- ( A ( ? ? ) ( C ( ( +;
—) ? C < > = ( C ) C @ ( ) (C () + + )- * E ) C ( B, () ( F ( *A (A ) )* =
+ ) C (;
70