БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции

— ) @ = + @, > = *B + ) (C ? ( ) @ ( ( ? * () ( + , ? ( ) @ (-

> () A ( ( *B ? ( ( A.

*A ) * A ? ? ? +( A C = * () > ? B,

* = ( @ ( * > ? ) ( ) @ EF E ( ) *

.

" < ) (= C ( = *B ( (, * = ( C (* +, )* )* F ((= B ) (( ( A () A @- (, @ (( ) ) * + @ (. / ? *B > (= *@ B ( ( + )* ) *A + ) ) *- + @ (.

2/ 12 4"1 !%#8 0%% – / 8'$# # /1

? ) A ) B L + > A * +, ( A? C ( * ? = B + ) @ *BL > * = ( < > > = ) ( (. = ? ( A? ( ) F A F ( ? *B C- = ( + * ? *B A C ) F +. " ) = F > C

( = E (A (* EF ) ?: ( + ? L + ?, ? + () ? +) ?, ? ) F A (+ ?), @ ? *BL C > ? ? C * (.

( ? L ? (A ?, ) (C AF ? = *B + ( ) C ( ? *, ) < ) (C ( * A + * - @ ? „ ? (= @ A. %? = *

* *B ( B ? (@ A ? (A < > ? ((( ! ? A ), (

? ) C ( BE *, (* + ? (( A A R <)-

.

(* ? ) (C ) C ( *, ? L A A * ?-

( * (A ? (= @ A. + * ((= E )

* ? L > ?, * = < > ? E; * (* @ ) (( ) (C A ) ? C ) ? C (* AC (.

< C ? C ? E (A ( = ( ? L *, () (- AEF (A ) ( ( * ( (@ A —? A@ A N ? L +

+ * C ? (A ( = * A, ), )* ( (- ( = ( ? C. ( @ ( = ( + + * ? + ) C- ( @ (A , = ) E @ + *. "

(( A <) ? () ? ? E )-

C ( B) ) A + @ + C * (* E (A, ? A > *- E *, EF E , *B + ) C ( * ) F EF +(A

*B ) C (. * ( B ) ( (, > ( ( * @ (* A

, ? (A ? + > *A > @;, * ( B ) ( (, - + () ( A (A > * A *,—? + > *A > @ A.

!) C ? L + + * = ? + ) C- ( * ? ) L (A ( *B > ? = A, ? -

71

( > @. ) L > ? = > * A ? (A ? + (@ A, ) ) @ > * A —? + ? @ A.

+( ? L + + * ? A ( @ A ) *A (A *B-

? = *, +( ( ( > ) ? L C ((, - * = > @ ) * B ) (* EF ( L E:

+ ? C ? (A , = > ? ? +( „ ?-. ? EF > ? ? (A > C :

) ? = > F (, > ((, ) * ? ) * A > „ ) F A ? = F (, > ( ) * @ A „ ..

). = ? > B *BL > ? *, - ? EF (A ) = C * ? ) ? L > = C ( +, - ) . ). (( ? * > A C > ? C * A ()-

= ( C ( ( +, = ) C ( (( B < ) (- ( *B. ? EF (A ( > ? * = F ( > E ( >-

? E , A E ) ) * E . % > A * ?-

< C (* = AC (A = F ( > (* = + + C. = ()*

( > ( ) @ (A ?.

)* C ) L > ? ? C F ( ( ( ? C ?

F *E (A. < (* = ) ()* > ?- * ) ? L + ( ( ( A ( ? + ( ( BE () ( A B(A «* > A». # () ( )* ) (C ( ( *B ? + ? + ( ( BE, * > A * ) L (A.

) (( ( *B (L ) > A ? (= C >

? )*, * () A B(A ) ( „. , * + - @ > A * ( @ + ) C ( ( *BL * * = ( + < > @ ) ( ? E @ ( = > ) @ ) L*-

„.

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) @ = ) E * + ) (( > A, ( ) @-

EF +(A = @ *B C ( + ( ? EF + ) ( ( B *A @ ? *E +. @ @ ) B ?* = , ( , =-

(=, ( A (A C = ( + @ > E= F ( (*-

? C (* (* *B C (), ? EF + ) * =

> A * (* AC ( ()* A.

? )* ( A? ( > ? ? ( ( A F (, ) < > @ C C F ( ) ) * > C ) C > ? ? E ?. (* = > A @ ( + < ) (( = ? *E= (A ) ( ) ( ()-

) C (. > ) = ( C C * ? - F (, () ( C * = B(A ( ) C ( *, ) ) C * ( B )* ) (C ) C = ( > ?* @ A () * ?). *BL ( )- @ ( A? ( > C *, C A = *B A ( A ) @ @

72

B ( A? ( > @ C > ? ? C > E= C F (, L () *B- ? C ( ) L* ) ? (.

> ) A ) ? *A B @: @, > E= F (-

? E ( (B ( (* * ? C = * > A ( - = ( )* A), @, > E= (* *B ) = *B ? *-, > ) * ( C ) L A (? >).

( *E= ) L C ) @ C ( = (A ? + @ >-

A, ) ( ( B > A > ) *A (A ( ( BE ) ( )*- A ? > A ? EF C(A * = C > E= C F (. (* = > A

C * ( ( B ) ( )* A * = C F ( ) ( ( ( A?-

( ( ( BE )* ? )* > > E= > F (. , (( A ( ( B > A ? ( )* > ), ()-

> > E=, > ?-C = ( C ( +(.

# )* + ), ) ( ) EF + ? ? > A > E=, ( F (-

? ? ( < >, * + ) (( > A, (* + )- * @ ? + > A ) C ( BE > > E= >. < C (* AC @ ( ( B > A > ? = *B + ( ) ? ( B ? = ( > ( ( A A > E= > F (, > () * A ) ( ( C (

@ EF + (.

@ ? ) ( ( B F ( C ? (A > ): )-

()* A, () L, ( ?> A, @ (" ) C

( ) ) * ()* A; ( ( BE () (- A )*, * + + (( + ( > C () ( ( A > A - > A F (.

()* ) (A ?> (? > A ) ? +(-

( = ? @ > A), ( ) @ EF (A ) A * )*. # ) ()* A —*B A ) F (, ) + ) (C ?- > (* > () *B > = >).

# ) () L — *B A ) > E= > F (, ) - + > ) C ( BE ? E (A > ? ), () ( () C B (() C-

B — ( (> B ? ? A (@ C > ?) ? C ( = ? @- > A (> AF > * ( * > *, @ <* = ( > ? A, * E- F C ? ) ( < > ) +, ( = *A ? A > A F (). # ) ( ?> A - ( A ? A ), ) +

) (C ? * = ( ( < ? = ( + () ( ( ( = ? @ > A), ? = EF (A )* >.

) * ()* A — *B A (@ + ) *) ( *B A (C +

) *) , C ? E * ( ()* A. # ) () L, ( ()* A ()* A > E= C @ ( + ) *A (A < () *B * (= ) ( >* ( . !# 12.1.044—89. " @ + C + + ) * ()* A > ?, ) > E- = C ) * + @ > ) *A B(A < () *B * (= ) (- >* ( . !# 12.1.041—83*, . !# 12.1.044—89 * ( ) «/ (= (-

C ) ? * + ) @ ? ) ( ( F ( *».

73

@ ? ) ( ( B ) ? ( ) *A (A ) ) @ ) ( (

* = ( () *B? C C * > = ( C ) (( C * F (,

( ( ( A @ A, * = ?- @ C ( = ? @ > A (* + *A ( > () ( A > A (* =, ) @.

( ) ) @ + ) ( ( ) ? ( *A (A (* EF >:

-> A – ( A? A ( ) F (, ()* * ? - C @ ) (* B ? *B ? +( A , (* , ? C , @- ( + ( ) + () L ) 28 ! @, > E= C > ? , @ + ) * ? ( C 10% ) L E „ ? C ) )-

< C > ? @ ( + * = ( C, ? EF C ( ? C ?- ) ( ( (.

-> A – ) ? (, ( A? ( ) @ ( + ( ) +

() L ) 20 -120 ! > E= C > ?, @ + ) * ? ( C

* 10% ) L E „ ? C .

-> A – ) ? ( ( A? ( + * ) C

(> C F ( * , @ @ ( + ( ) + () L )-

120 !..

-> A . - ) ? (, ( A? ( + (> C F ( -

* > A= , ( * * ()* * ( ( A, ( ) @ E- F (A * * = ( > )*, (, )*.

-> A - ) ? (, ( A? ( + (> C F ( -

* C * ( ( A.

> ) F + ) *AE (A ) ) (* *B + ) ) * @- ( ) F A > A (L + ( ) ?L + ( ). > E ? A )-

*AE ( >* ( (* EF A:

— ? ( (A > , (* ( A )* F B ) F + - > ) L 5 % ( C ) F +, * 200 2. (* = A )- F + ( = ( > ) @ L A ) ( (A ( B -

> ? A ( @ A, C *A ) F + > 25 % ( * 1000 2);

— > (A ? A ( @ A, (* (A (A >

( A )* F B ) F + > + ) L 5 % ( + )*- F ( C ) F +, * 200 2, ) ( (A ( B ? > !,

(* ( A )* F B ) F + > ? ) L 25 % ( + )* F ( C ? F C ) F + ( * 1000 2 ) < ) F A E (A ( ( = ( > ) @ L A;

—? ( (A > , (* ( (A > *

( A )* F B ) F + > + , ) L 5 % ( 10 %, (* ? ( ( E ) F A > + ) ( + )* F ( C ) F- +. (* = A ) F + > , ( - = ( > ) @ L A ) ( (A ( B ? > , (* (-

A )* F B ) F + > , ) L 25 % ( * 3500 2) ( + )* F ( C ? F C ) F +;

74

—(* ? ( (A > A , ( A )* F B ) F +, , . ) L 5 % ( + )* F ( C ) F +, ? (- (A > .; ) ( (A ( B ? > ., (* ( A

)* F B ) F + > + , , . ? ) L 25 % ( + )* F ( C ? F C ) F + ( * 5000 2), ) F A

> + , , . E ( = ( > ) @ L A;

—? A, ( > A , , ., (A > .

" „ C > + , . ? *B C ) @ ? ( B

( ) > ( + ( ? +, ? ()* L C ) @— )* ( ? ( +.

> ( + ( BE ) E () ( ( B ( *B + ( ( )- *A B(A ? +( E ( + ) (* AC ) @ ) * A B ) < ( = < ()* .

A ( = ( C) = * () A ( > ( + ( B , )

A () ( ( B ( C A B ( F * > @ EF , - ? (A ) * > ( + (..

A ( F + () ( ( ) *A (A L ( * ?-

) *B C + ? = (A ( R. A > @ EF C

+ ) *A (A ) + * ( ( * )* ? * EF + () ( (.

A * ( ( (* * ) ) (> A ? ? *- EF E ) > ? = (A ( . A )* ? * EF + ()- ( ( ) *A (A ) L ) > + ) C (

( ( * = 140 ! * *E + = < + ) C ( - * = 180 ! ? = (A ( J.

( ) * @ A () + ( + > ( + ( B ?* @. !# 30247.0—94 «( ( *B. , () + > ( +- ( B. F A» . !# 30247.1—94 «( ( *B. ,-

() + > ( + ( B. " ( F > @ EF (».

! ) B > ( + ( ? A ) *A (A > ( + ( BE > ( +

) ? *A (A )A B ( ) > ( + ( ( I ) V ( ( ( !"

21—01—97.

(L ( ( ) @ @ ) ? * B :

—*B + ) @, ? EF + *B ? (( @ * *B- L + ? * + > )) ? +;

—()* L + ) @, C ? EF +(A ( > ) * EF > = (* ? + ( @ + ) * = ( ? ( +

(* 50 %);

—> + L, ( A () ( AEF > (A ()* L > ) @, - ? EF A(A (* AC (C AF > ) > C ) (> A ( > ) ( )* A ( > > L ? = *B > * = ( ( @ > ? C ( ( ( ( BE 50 /=);

—(( + ) @, ? EF +(A ) * = ( ( ( ) ( *B- C ()* L C ) @. / () ( ) @ ) F C ()* L ) @ ) = C C (* AC ) *A (A )* ( BE ? ( +

75

„. * A )* ( ? F A ? + ( @ A ( B

() ( A ) @ @ ( B ) = , )

@:
/ (( A @ ? A,	0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 70 90
A ( B () ( A )-
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!/ !# / #8O "%&

( C, ) ? = + *A ? F ?* = C „

) @, (A (A ( ( ( > * ? ) @ L A.

@ A ( > * ? A *@ ( = ( F B ) @ ( ?

( > ? A. " * @ + ( ( + ) @ + ( > * ? A- *A (A <* = ( A ) @ A ( > * ? A. " * ( L +

( > * ? ) * *B () = E = ( + +( )- ( C „ ( ( ) @ L A. # ( > * ? *E=- E ( A ) @ ? F *, ( * ? F F C ) F AC *E= ( > *B E * E; )-*B E ( E, ( = )- A, ? ( ( ( ( > * ?, @ = ( ( ) @ L A * A.

" @ ( B <* = ( + ( ( ( > * ? () = (A , = (

<* ( A? @ ) ( A C A (A ) ) A@. ()- = (A ( F ( * ) ( A > *A ? () ( BE (. @ +L <* ( ( ( > * ? A *AE (A ) @ ? F *, -

) ? E ? = ( ), C ? EF ) @, <* =- ( ( > *. () ( ) A +( ? F * ) ? *AE =

= (. / = ? F * E * E ( A? <* > = ( + ( > * ) * + @ A ). = ( ) @ ? F- * *E= E (A ) ? ) @ EF + ( ?-

A ) @. ? ( ( , ? EF > ( =, ? F * ) ? *AE (A )* , ( . " *BL () ( ) * = * )* ? F *, = ( *B <*-

C > B ** = (, ), ) * )-

.

) @ ? F *, > EF , E = ( = (- *B > <* <* * ? , @ - *B *. ? L * E C ): = =, ( > * ?- EF ) A * ( C (, * +-„, EF

) ) ? A ( > * = @ ) ?* = *. ! ) @ ? F * ( ( ?* = C ( ( C = ( + ()

> )*. 2 ( *B <* C = > E *B-

* E * ( E * ( B () ) = ( > ?* = A. " *BL + ( BE * E )* =, BL + — (.

76

)* ( ) A +, ) * C ( ) = ? A ) @( ? (* +, ) C ) *@ > A ? @, ?-

(A ) @ L, *A * ) (( > A C ) B ) = ? > A * > E= >, * (* *A, * BL B ) - )* > ) ? . ( > (A:

—( *B C* @ = > > A * > AF > * ( ) FBE - F ( () ), * EF C *BL + )* ( BE;

—? *A + = > > A ( > ? C * ( @

(* ? C ) ) = ? > A C );

—) () *B C C = ( C ( (, ?AF C ( ( B

(* A;

—C = ( ( )* ( *B + ( + > ? * ;

—( ? (* + > ) > @ A, ) C )* A () ( A (A =- ? ? *, ( = C BL L F > ..

*A ( @ A L ? C < ( AF A = ( ( ( L A () *B? E:

—, A ) (A = > ) @ ()* L + * () * + ( “+.

—?* = ) (C = ( A * ? L-C = ( A), ) ( *AEF C ( + ) ? B ? C * >* (* > > ?, @ + )* + ;

—> ? ? *, = ( C > () *B? B(A: >*- (* + > ?, ?, >, A + ), > ? . .;

—> > > — ? )AF > * > >*;

—> > > —> L F ) L;

—( (.

A *A (A * L ) A ( ( L A. () =

) ) A + > C „ *A ) @ L A =

) ? (A ? F + (> ( +) ( ) * ? ) @ C

( +. # A ( ( ) ) @ > ( @ A ?* @ !" 2.04.02—84 «( @. " @ ( ( @ A» !" 2.04.01—85 «+ ) * ? A ? +».

*A ) @ L A ) F AC () *B? E = ( > > ( *B ( +(. " * L () ( ) * = * (,

= ( () * *B C ( +( () *B? E < =)> ?> < @ > A> ?> B -

) C=<.

4 < =)> ; B ) C= – < ), = ( EF + C ) ) L ) ) F A, ? + ? ) @.

= ( *E= (A ) ) L ) ( ? > ) *. = A *A (A ( () * A > *, ( @ A * > )* ?, + ()* *A (A ) ) L ) (A - ( ) ( + = > ) @. () * ( * E

)* F 6 – 9 2 ) F A ? ( ( ) @ + ) ( ( ) ? (. D > A> ?> ( ( ) ? = A ? A A C ? (, *A ? F ? A ?> A ) ) @ ( ( ( @, *A ? A A C

? ( ) F ( *BE ) ) @ A () ( A > A *A )-

77

) @ + ? L (* AC ) L + ) @ + ) ( (. = A ( (-

*E= (A = E * = ( ) ( > * = ( > ? F *A

) @ ( ) FBE *B-) ( > ?*, ? F > > ( *B

). () * + ( ( * = (A , = * >- )* > ? ( A ) ( A .

() * C = C ( ( C > ) A B(A, ) , ?- L-C = ( ).

* = E ) ( C, ) @ C, ) ( C ( +( C = C > L *AC. = ( ) @ L F > F ( L () ( ) * = * ) (* EF > ( (: 80 % >* (* > > ?, 19,7 % @ ( ( )

0,3 % ) ? EF > F (.

5.4'% % 0%& !' !# %4 2!

' A = ? = + + ( ( F ( *A (A ( * ( ( ) )- A +, = @ + > ? + ? ( C > ?-) + -, > ( > ( ) * A, > () * *B + * ( ( „ /N, C (* @ * (B = ? = + A ( A, ) (

( ( EF C (( + ) = ? = + ( A.

* 2! > ) * B(A @ ( * /N, +( > @ ( +

/N, > +( ( A ( ( ( ?- *B( / (( +( + N.

' A 2! (= (A ? L + ) = ) A +- () ( *B C .

!) ( *B > * @ = > C ) @ A *E= E:

— ? = > ) @ A, ? *B + ) * = E (

(* @ L +(A (;

— * * ? E L ) @, () ( *E + ? > AF C ? +;

— ? ( ( ? * C ? F C ( @ +, ? ( ? * = ? ? * ) ( L C;

— ? ) ( L ( + ) F, < A ) @ C -

( = @ A, < A ( * A ? ? ? @ > ( = ( >

? +( A (? )* A, > > > ? @ A);

— ( A *E +, ?? @ (), C = ( C ( (, ? +, ( @ + ) L* C „;

— * @ +-(( *B ) L* C „ C. / ? = +L ( *@ ( B C > ? L +

) @, ( ) B > > ? @ A ?* = C + C =- >, * = ) @ C *E + C ( ( A, ? @ ) () ( *B C

+ < ) ( L C. ? ) *AE „

, = AE () ( A () ( *B C + C , ? E )* * ) (* ( + = ? = + > ( A.

)* C * ) (* ( + = E + ) = B * @ C -

, ( * E C = ( B. ! = „ ( ) A () (-

78

*B C ) *AE ( * ( ( C ) * A. ) E = B )* C ) ( B , ) * ) F ? +- ( A L > „ ((* < ? @), * * ? E = > ) @- A, ) ( ( (, ) )A ( EF C () ( E ) ( ( ) -

„. *A ( > () L > ) A () ( *B C

)* (A ) * > A * @ C ) A +:

—( +( ) C ( ) ? ? * C ? > A? C = ( C;

C ) + @ A () ( ? C * C ) +);

—* * ? A + ( AC *B-< > = ( C ( (; (( *-

*B C ) @ C = ( < > = ( C ) C ( + ( @ +;

—)* L ( + ? + ( @ +, ) )A ( EF C ? ) ( ) E () ( *B C .

= ( () ( *B C ( * () *B? E = () ( *B A, ( ? ? * >, @ B ( ) ? * A ? = (* ) L* > „ () ? * + > @ ( +

„). !) ( *B A > B ) = ( „ * ( +, >, * (.

= ( C = ( C ( ( () *B? E „ E C (*B ?, < ( ( ( , *-( ( *, > +, -

) ) , ) = ( + ( . .), () C, C AF E(A () A@ () ( *B C +. ( ( >- ? () ( *B C ? ) ( ( @ ?-) ? * ) ( L C.

!) ( *E +, ) ) L C ? *, = E ( F *B > ( ? *, ) < ( AE (* A, () ( ( EF L E *B C ( +..

= *B A = ( B = > ) @ A ) C (A * * ? E *-

E ) @. ) ? A A ) @ L A ( ( > @ ( + , L ) @ = ( ) L* C „, ) @-

= ( *B > ) = A ? +( ( () ( *B

A.

= B @ @ ( B (, ) > B ? ) @

< + ( ) A B ) *B L ) C * * ? L E. * * ? ) () ( A > A (( = ) * A ) (- E ( = ) * (: ) * () ( A ) @ ? E * - L E (> ( ? +, ) * ( BE *AE ? ( = + ) * ( * > ?> * ( C E ( *B ( B: *A ( ? A ( = + ) *- ( L + 50—100 C @ A C.

—) @ ? () ( A (A ) F ( ) * L C, * (- = *, ) *A ;

—* ) > AF ? ( *B( E , = < )- F *E + * ( ( A B(A ;

79

—( *B )* A C ) C ( *B( ) * ? ) @ ) *BL * = ( (> C *;

—( *B ? * ? )* — ) ? ( > () ( A > A ( ) A ) ( A; (* ) < > ( + +, < ? = > ) ( (*.

/ ) * = > ) @ A ! &, ) *, ) L ( E * ) A (A ) A A, ) * ( @ * = -

( ( A ! & ( (, BL A ( ( () A A-

C F ( ( @ >* () ( A ? @ > ? C.

, '"% I%#

, * ? F + ? (A )* ( ? F C ( +(, ) ? = C *A

() = A ? ) ( ( *E +, ( C ( ? + ( @ +, A

* ? @ C ?, ? > + ? L +, ? EF C ) ? +( *.

) A * A ) ( ( + ( ) @ „-

, ( ) @ + () *B() *.

) A > ) A * A * + > B <* ( = ( + <*-

> + .

* ( = ( A A ? *E= (A , = ? C ) C - ? *B ? + <* = ( > ) *A > ? > * A (A ) ( <*-

= ( ) *, ? *B = > ? @ ( @ *B - ** = ( <* ( + A.

* > A A ? *E= (A ) * ? C

** = ( C C ? *B ? + * (? + >- > ) *A), ( ? EF ) ( ( B ( A ( C ( * @ A < C .

> ? A * ?* = „, C AF (A * ?- + ( @ +, ? @ ? ( ( C <* = ( C ) * ? F- F ? ) L ** = ( ( @ A A (<(-, *B(, >, ), * ( ** = ( - * = .). *A ) <* = ( > ? A * ?- *E (* @ () *B ( +(, ? *.

, * ( ( ? ( F + = ( ()), * ),

? ? * *A. " * () ( ( @ ( *. - @ + * ) * E ? ? F — = ( B ) ( (, )- * C > () = (A ? F ? + ( @ + ) A C *-

.

A ( @ A (* ( A?, *@ B ? F F ) A C

* +, <* ( = ( + <* > + + ? ( ( C )-

* = ? ? ) ? ** = ( .

) C @ * = ? * ) = * ? ? ? * * + > ? B ) ( *A *E + ) *. < C ? ? *- * * ? F B ) ( F C ( C * 5 *

80