БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции

1.) ( ' - ( ( E ) ? ( + ) ( ( ) L + ) ( (.

2.) ' &* - ) ( ( C A ) ? ) L + ) ( (;

3. ( ) - * = > ) ? ( + ) ( ( *

C ) ? ) L + ) ( (.

( ) ( ) ( ) F A ) ? *AE (A :

+ - ( ) *B * <* C = ( ) ( *;

- ( ) *A (* @ EF > ) ( * <* C =- ( C () *B ( +;

( - @ *, ( *, ( . . C ( ) *A L C (* ( * A;

, ( ) ( ( -

).

, / /%%&, ! 2% 3I% !" !#$ / #1 /% '" , %'% 2 !#%2" , !"%% " /& "%&

? ( ( > ) F A C ) A B ) * ?- F , () = EF <* ? ) ( ( B ) < ()*, C =- ( (* @ <* A. #, ) F AC ( )- L + ) ( ( BE <* (, ) ( ( *B *@ B - ) * ( + + ? *A + * ) A@ ) A C *@ ) L B 42. ) F A > B ( ) F A L > ? *, ) F- A *A ? F A ( ( + ) + + )). ( ) ( C @ ) F AC ) A@ ) A ) ( C ( *B @ *@ )- L B 12 , ( <* ( ) A@ L 42 .

L ) A C <* ? ) ( ( ) ) * = ( - (* @ A, ) -@ C ) ?- *AE (A ) * A: 1) ( ( A ) A@ A; 2) ? ( A A ) A@ A

F C = ( AC * ? C; 3) ? ( A A ) A@ A * F C

= ( +, C AF C(A ) ) A@.

( ( A ) A@ A (A (A , ) * A <* (-

, )) * = ( , + ( ( C F C = ( + ( A ) A- @, ), ) ? () > <*, ( *, ) *E= > ( + )) = ? ?„, ) *E= ) * *B +, ( ( + ))-

. ).

/ ? ( A A ) A@ A F C = ( AC * ? C — , )-

) ( ( < C = ( AC * ) ) * @ (( A

( * > 8. < @ ( ) * - *B C ?*, *. ) * > <* ( C 1000 C ) ) * C C = ( C * > ? C

, C, : > @ () * @ C * ? = > ( > C - F C = ( +, ? @ (* = + ) (; <*-

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= ( C > * L C * ( A <* = ( ; ) ( ( ?- * A, ) ( ( > ( (* ) *B? B(A <* = ( ) =. / > *@ ) * A B(A

= A .

/ + ? ( A A ) A@ A * F C = ( +, C AF C(A ) - ) A@, (= (A , ) + *E= (* = + ) * @ - EF C () *B? > ( F = ( A (( A

( * >	8, ) < (A ) A A C = ( C * -
> ? C *A ) F A > ) * @ A.
( ( ( #	# ) * + (* @ EF ) ( * <*-

( ) „A *AE (A (* EF A: *, ( >L 18-* > ? (, > B ) F <* ( C; * *@

B = + * ? +, L EF C ) ? ( + ;

* *@ ) (* ( ( EF + = ( + ) = ( + ) > ) + ) ? + B ( ) ( <* (-

C.

? @ ( B <* ( C ) *A (A ) ) ( )*

) ( > ( *B( A. ( ) ( *B( ) (A ( * (. /, ) ( (* @ E *

<* (, *@ ? B , (C ( ( - (* @ C ( +(, B = * ) ( * ? @ C ) ( ( AC, C L ? B ) * A B A 8 # ) *A, @ B - * E > )) ) <* ? ) ( (, ( ( EF E ) * A +

.

'%N% 0%& /! " ' # 7"% % !" !#%

) % ) - ) ( (A *, ( A? ( (* @-

<* C = ( C (, EF <* C = ( C ? +, = * > ) ( * A ) ( ( AC C ? ) ( ( ) C

<* ( C. * ) C A ( @ @ > ? >, - ( A ) < + * + > )) (A.

) % ) – ) ( (A *, EF <*-

C = ( ? A ) <* C, = * ) ( * ) (- ( AC, ? A ( C ) ( @ (, F ) ( * ? =

) C = ( C ( ( ? F. > )) ) ( (A: )-

1, 2, 3 – * ((, (, ( F EF ( ) A@ 1000, @ * <* C = ( C () *B ( +, EF C ( <* (-

. ! @ – 1 (A.

&) % ) – ) ( (A *, EF <*-

? A * ( <* C ? ( ( +( (* @ <* (, EF ( = @ ) ( * ) ( ( AC )

<* ( C, ? # B ) * A C , ? A )

? E ) + ) F. ( (A <*, (* ( A, )-( ( <* ( + . ., EF ( ) A@ L 1000 .

32

-) % ) – ) ( (A *, EF ? ) <* C # B C, @ ? EF C ( +( (* @-

+ (. ( (A ( A? –5,6 ? A, F – =-

, @ C . .

) ) % ) – ) ( (A *, ? EF (C -

A ( > = (, ? A ) #, ) ) ? . . ( (A - = *B ) ) A +, >* @, @ ) #, = *B C

. .

= ( A ) ? + ) (A ? >, *A ) ( * ) ( (-

(* @ EF > <* ( ? > *A * ( A? C ( (* @ <* ( *E= A @ ) #.

/. "% 0% ""1 % # 7"%2 ! % , / /%%& / 8 / "%3 / -"%& ' #/%2 ! %, # ,

> ? ) A A (A (A:

) * A * ( () A@;) ) ( (( @);

) ? A ;

>) * ) , ) > = (, = A

.

C = ( ) A A (A (A:) *E= A = (.

) L ) ) *B C )*, > @ ( .) ) ( ( A ) A@ A.

>) * @ ? ? * A.

? ( ( <* (, *B > ) A@ A, @ +-

*, (* + (, ( ) ( <* A ) A (A C +

)* ( C = ( C ? F C .

? F (A (A:

1.* = ( A ? *A A F C = ( +;

2.* C ) A@ + () A@ A * 42 , *A ( ) ( C ) F + – 12 );

3.* = ( ? * ( + () ) * > ? * ( *B

<* = ( ( A? @ ( + = ();

4.) *;

5 + A ? *A A;

6.F ? ? *;

7.*;

8.F *E=;

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) ) )

N ? = ( + ( (* ? *A ? F + ? *E= (A > = ? =- A ( * , ) EF > = ? * = * ) ?* = C ( A *B( C, ? EF C ) (( < ()* <* (.

! ( A ? *A ? ( * ? *A, ( + <* (-, @ (* + ) ? ( + (: ), * @ (, * = A

? L + ( ) *, C ). = ( ? *A C ? (A ( )-

* =. ( ( ( 8 = *E > = ( ( @-

A ) C *A *@ B * 0,001 . = ( (, <*- ( C 1000 *B ? = ( ) * A ? *A ( * C ( *B C <* ) = ( @ ( @ ) C *A * ? ) (* ) C *A @ *E ) ? * + *@

B 0,5 ,.

*A *A ( ( A A <* = ( + ? *A ) A ) = ( ()- A ? *A. " ( () + <* ( ) A@ 1000 ) ) *B C F C C ) # # ) * +. *A ? A () + ( ) * A ? *A <* ( C ) A@

1000 ) AE > ) Ml 101. , > ) ( *A ( + >-

) ( A > , ) + F . ( )- ( ? F > <* = ( + ? *B + ) ) ( A > . *A ? + (A > ( (=, = ? *B ) A@-

* ( *B *BL *B > ) A@ A <* (. - L* ( B ) ( > Ml 101 ) A@ 100, 500 1000 ( ) * ? + ( (: 0—100, 0—500, 0—1000 ,.

= ( ? A ( ) * A ? *A ) ? *AE A B *E )-

@ A <* ( C. ), > ) A (A ? A,

( *E= ? @ ( B ) @ A = * <* = ( ?-? C L- A ? *A. 8( B * ( ( + ) @ A ? *A ? @ ) ) ) > *A ? *A. ( AF A () *B? E ) C ): ) ( A )

*B. ) C ( ? > , ?- = ( * > ) *A (A ( ( A ? *A. ( @ ( )- * A ? *A ) *B ) ( + * = ) ) ? + *

( + ( > *. ) @ ( ) %, # #-60, )- ? = *A ) > *A ? *A ( AC = ( + 50 ..

)

8 BL ) A@ A <* ( @ ( F ( ) ( B (* A <* ? ) ( (. # ) ) A@ 10—12 <* = ( ( ) *-

* = * 5—6 ( * , ) EF > = ? = *, ) ( 2. # + ? ) ( @ ) * *B ) C @ = ? * = *.

) ( ( ) ( *B ? C ) A@ + ? @ ?-? -

34

C ( ) * = A C + F ( ) ( C <* ). < *A ) ? ( C * + ( * > A * C ) A@ +,

(A ) A@ A * 42 . ) ? ( C ) F AC ( )- L + ) ( ( BE *A ) A = > (, ) ( C ( *B ) A (A ) A@ 42 , *A ) F + ( ) ( C — 12 .

, * ) A@ A ) * = E = ? ) @ EF (. *A ? F =- * (* = ) C ) = > ) A@ A 380/220 ( ? > - ) A@ A = ( ? ? *AE (A ( AC ( ? *- + + *BE ( AE (A ( * ? F ) ( AC ( >* C ?- ? * + + *BE.

# ? * ) ) * > ? * ( *B, <* = ( ( A- ? @ ( + = ( ( ) FBE ? * *B C (. - L <* ? ) ( ( ) (C ? (= BL A ( ( )- L A ( ) * A ? *A ? ( ( *B ? *.

C = ( ( ( ? F ) A (A *A ( @ A ) A@ + ) (-

A L >. A ) * ( > E ) ( +( C

? ? * * +. ( ( > > ? ? * *A = ( ? *

) E ) *, * ? + ) * ? ? * *A. # ( ( @ E (A ( *B ? = A ) A@ + ) ( A L >.

) ? ( C ) F AC ) * ( F ( *A (A (-

** = ( C ( ( ) ,), ) ( )) ( *B-

> > A ( ( ( ) *A ) ( A ** =- ( ( A ? A, ( @ A, @ ( -L + ? F > ? ? * A.

. ) ) )

( ( ? F ) ) * > ) ( +, = + ? *A

F C = ( + F > (* A ) * *B + ? *A, ? * EF + =- * ** = ( C F C = ( +, > (* = + ? B(A

) ) A@. ) <* A ( + + ? *A +

(A ? ? * A, ? * A C ) (.

/

<* ( C ( ? * + + *BE ) ? F C = (- + ) ( ? A ) C = ? ( ) * A ? *A ) @-

C ?. < <* C ) @ C <* ( ? - ) A@, ) ) *B ? A ( ) * E ( A > ? *. 8 BL A ( ) * ( E , E (A ( @ A ) A@- A ) ( C <* ( + @ . F ? ? *-

35

— < ( A C = ( A , ) A A ( AC ( ? * + +-

*BE. ) E ) <* = ( ( ( ? * + * ee < * ** = ( C F C = ( +, > ? B(A

) ) A@. " (.18 ) ? <* (, ) *E= A ( ( ? * + + *BE, + ) ? L* ? + ? ? ) (.

) ( <* (, > ( (A = *, ( ( ? * + = ? ?- ? *AEF ( +( ,c ( ) * ( E R?. # > = ? * = * ) *A B(A ? @ A

I== 3U / (3R= + R?/ a), >= R?/ (R= + R?)

(E @ ( * B , = ) ) +( A ? F > ? ? * A ? *E= (A

BL ( * , ) EF > = ? * = *. / (. 18

( ( ( 8 ? F ? ? * ) AE ( C <* ( C ) > ) A@ 380 L ) ( A > 440 L. ) F AC ( ) L + ) ( ( BE ? ? * E ) * @ <* ( )-

> ) A@ 42 ) ( A > 110 .

F ? ? * E ) * @ ) ( <* = ( C L, (,

* = * +, ** = ( > @ A <* (, ) <*- = ( C )), ** = ( ) ( ) @ C ) ( C <* )-

.

? F ? ? * ) A ) B ( ) ( B ? ? * *A ? ?- *AEF C ). ! ? ? * *B ) ( *A ( + ) * > )) ), C AF C(A ) ( ( ( ) ( ( ? * +. / ?*- = E ( (( ( ( ? ? * *. = ( ( ( C ? ? *- * + () *B? E ( *B ) ( ) > ? > E= C @ ( +), ( ? ( C ( @, ** = ( * = - * +, @ * ? . %( (( ? ? * * ) * AE (A ? >- ? *B C * *B C ). * > ? *B C ? ? * * +

(A ? ( ( ? )* F + ( @ (A ? ?- *AEF ( +(. *B ? ? * * ?> *AE ? ( *B C > *,

, ( @ +, ) > @ C > C ? () (. C

C ( E > ? *B + ( *B + ) * ( +.

? *AEF ) ) ? = *A <* = ( > ( A ? ? *A- C = ( + <* ( ( ? ? * *. ? *AEF ) >

B () *B ) ( *A < + * ), ** = ( - ( ? + ( , *), @ * ? C ( *B C (-

+, * = * +. ? *AEF ), C AF (A ) F, *@ B ( ) *A ( @ ? F F C = ( C ) @-

+.

36

F A E -L + ? F > ? ? * A, <* = ( (-

+ ( ? ? * *. -L * (A ( ( ? A= + 120071200 ) ( + )* F BE, ? + ,. ( C ) ( = A ) (, ) * A ? > ) ( = 6 2, () E (A, <* L ? ? * *E ( ) ( A (A ( ) FBE * > ( A. ( ) * @ F ? ? * E <* , ) ( AE

-L *B ? ? *AEF ), ) ( A C ) (*-

*B > *E= A, ) L * ( ( > ( A ? ? * > ? B(A ( ? ( *B <* ) * +.

) ( ) ( C <* ) ? ? *AE *B ? ? *AEF )-

, ) ( A ) *E= ) (, > ? ?- *AEF ( A. * ? > ( A ( , = ? ? *AEF + @ B *E= ?, ) *E= ?-

(A ), *E= A = C .

L ? * 0 ) ( @ -L (C > ? ? * A,

(* @ F A *A ) L A ) C ( += ( ,. ) * AE ?

+ L ( = 120 2 ) * E ) ** *B - L ? F > ? ? * A ? * . -L (C > ?- F > ? ? * + ( AE (A @ ( +.

8 ) ( ? ? * * + = ( * > (, ) < ( ) * ? ? *AEF > ( * *@ ) L B 2, 4 8 ) *- + C ) A@ AC ( ( 660, 380 220 .

( ( >* C ? ? * + + *BE + *B ( ) ( ( ( AE ( ? ? * *, ( ( ? * + + *BE + *B (-

( AE ( ? ? * * = ? ) + ) C *B ((. 2), (- ( AF + ? C <*, ? * C + (*E A + ) * + ( - ( A. ) C *B ) ) * ) A@ ) (A (- A ( * E = ( ( ? * +.

/ (. 19 ? * * + = ( * > (:

— ( ( >* C ? ? * + + *BE; — ( ( ? * + + *BE / (= ? F > ? ? * A ? *E= (A ) * ( C > )

— = (*, ? ? F A *B C <*, @ * > ?- *B C ( *B C L, ) C F ( ) * ( E

) ( ( ( EF, >* 8 ? =. <* (-

37

C ) A@ 1000 ( ) * ? ? *AEF > ( +( *@ ) L B 4 . F ( ( = ) A 100 ? ? *AEF ( +( > B ( ) * * 10 . ! ) * ( E ? ( > = ( C ? <* ? ? * *A, >* ? * @ A,

*B > ( ) * A >.

*B ? ( ( A ? ? *AEF > ( +( ) A > *A @ - > ? > ) BL + ) ( >. (* @ (A, = (- ) * ? ? *AEF > ( +( *BL >, > (* )- ( ( ( ( +. 8 BL B ( ) * @ ) ( * + -

> > ? ? * *A, * @ A > * ? ) * *B- C <*. ! ) * ( E ? F > ? ? * A * E

) ) F ? * + ( ) * A ? ? * A ) ,!-08, ,416 .

/ !2 # ! / #% ' "%& ,'&3I . 8!#/ 4!#

I. ! ) * ( E = > <* ( ( ? F > ?- ? * A, ) *A (A ) *:

R3 = 2 L (ln 2dL + 12 ln 44tt + LL),

> = 1 - *B ( ) * >, ˆ, ( = * = ( > - < (*A ( + ) * ( = 1,3) 1 - *B > ( ) * A >-, ˆ, ? > ( ( +( ? ? * *A; L - * *B > ?- ? * *A, ; d = 0,95 ˆb - *A > * ( L + ) * b , ; t - (( A )-

C ( ? * ( *B > ? ? * *A, ; t = t0 + L /2. 2. * = ( *B C < ? * * + ) *A (A ) *:

n = R3 ,

#$ R

> ‰#$ - < () *B? A *B C ? ? * * +, ) *A (A ? *, ) ) *B + L E: a/L;

a - (( A A @ ? ? * *A, L - * ? < * *A. () ? F ?- ? * * + A.)

3. * ( *B + ) * (, ) * + ? ) * ( + ( *, ) *A (A ? ( L A:

Ln =(n-1)ˆa,

> n - * = ( *B C ? < * * +.

4. ! *B A ) * ( ( ( ) * ( E , )-

*A (A ? *::

	R'	=		ln	L2	,
					n
			2 Ln		0,5 b1 t0
	> b1 L ) * (, ;	t0 - >* ) > @ A > , .

38

5. F ( ) * ? ? *AEF > ( +( ) * (A ? *:

	R0	=		R3 R'		,
			R3	'*+ + Rn #$	n

> ( ) - < () *B? A > ? *B > ) * ( > <*, )-

*A (A ) ) *A ( ( ( * +.

6. * = + ? *B C ( B ( R: (* *BL ? = A, )-

* > . !#, (= ) ) *B, (* ) (C, , *- = * = ( *B C <* ( ( ? ? = A <-

() *B? A, (= (* ) B C ), ) - L ? = > ( ( A R0 Š R. # ? (* B(A )-

*B > ( L A @ * = ( *B C <* <-

() *B? A, ) C ( ) * ( E ( + ( (-? F > ? ? * A ) (C * ? = A, ) * > . !#.

/

? (, C ? ( ) > > B ( ? *- +, ( ? ? * + + *BE. C ( AC ) A@ 1000 ? F ) ( * ) @ A <* = ( ( F ( *A (A ? *.

* ? (A ) <* = ( ( ( * ?- F ) ** = ( C F C = ( +, > - ? B(A ) ) A@ (. !# 12.1.009—76).

F + < ? * A ? *E= (A BL * *B ( ? A

) (, (* *B, ( F ? +( A <* = ( >

= *. ( > (A ( ** = ( C ) ( <* ( ( * ) ) EF > (. # ( ) F *E-

? ) ( ?, ) ( (- *B A A ? F ()* A ( * = ( + *E= *B), - *E= A ) @ E <* ( (.

/ (. 20

( ( ? * ((.20 )(* ?* = B * + ? F + ) (") * +

= + ) (HP). " * ? F ) ? E ), ( AEF + ? *A = ( ( ? ? * + + *B + = + > * (. " * + = + ) (* @ *A ) A <* ), @ ) *E= ? ? * + +- * ( = ) A. / (( ) ) +( A ? * A.

39

*A () = A @ > ( > *E= A ) @ + <* ( ( * > ? A *@ ( > B ) * > ? = A,

? ( ( ) * A ? > * > ? F > ). %? (

@, = A ( A ( *B + + < F ) *A (A - L ( * ? A ( * *B > )* + ( * -

.

( ( ( < ) 8 L ) * A ? * A ) *A, = ) ( B ? C * C ? F C ) *@

B +, = ) ? ) ( ? * > ?-

A, ) L EF + = 3 ? *B + * @ +L + )* + (.

8 ? *E= (A , = ( ) * * > ? F > ) *@ ) L B * = 2 ? ( ) * ? > )-. ) * < > A ) (* ) = ( > ) * A (A -

= (. < ? = > ? ? * A ( (A ) *B -( ) * A * > ).

!* B, = ( AC ( >* C ? ? * + + *BE ) A B ?- F ? ? * *B?A, < (* = () = C

(* A <* ? ) ( (.

( = A * > ? F > ) ) C * *E C @- * C (B ) (, > ( = < (* = *@ B 50% (- = A ? > ). ( *B C * C ? F C ) C (* (- ) *B? B *, ) 8, > *B ? = A ( ) *- A ( *B C ) *A ?* = C ? = + ? A.

*A () = A ? * A * + ? F + ) *@ B - @ ( A *@ () = B(A ) ( B ) @ > - ) ( <* ( + * ( =. 2 BL B ( ) * ) ? * A, ? F + * + ) ( AE ( ( ? ? *

** = ( ( A: ** = ( ( A ? +, - + @ * ? C ( *B C ( +, ** = ( ( A

) ? ( > ? = A. < >, * + ? F + ) ) *- @ ) ? ? * E, = ( @ ) * ? * C ) ( - ) A@ ) ( A (* = ) ? * A.

8 ? C <* ) () ( C ( *B, = > <*- ( .), *E= E (A @ .? * = )-

, ? * ( F ( *A (A *B ), + ( A

) ( <* ) ( * ? F ) + -

@ (* @ B ) *A = > , ) - = > * > ) ( ) > ) C *A) ( ) (

) ( @ (A ) ? ) A@. 2 () = B ) ( B ) ? * A, ? ) F (A ( * + ? F + ) )* C ( *E= * +. %( *E= ) ( (A *B (* =, > *E=- *B ( *E= * C ) *E= ( ), C AF (A ) ) A@.

40