Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции

.pdf
Скачиваний:
132
Добавлен:
03.05.2015
Размер:
1.47 Mб
Скачать

-L, ) * A ) ( + )* F BE L, ( A (A ( * ) () * *B ( * F.

/ !2 # "8' "%&

* *@ () = B ( @ = ( *E= )-

@ C = ( (.

? ? ? * + ) ( ( = ( *E= (A, (* ? = , ? > > ? A, * AE (* E:

Ik kI ; > I - *B + )* + ( +.

= < k ) (A ? ( ( ) ? F <* (-

. (* ? F ( F ( *A (A = ( *E= * , k = 1,25 + 1,4 (* ( ? F F (A )* ) C *A, A ) > A - C ? ( (BL (A ( ( ), ( *BE ( > *E= A

) E k 3

(* ( ( + ? ( + C ( +, ) C-

( ) C * +, k 3

? ) ( C ) F AC -= 6 .

= Ik 3 (A U/ ( ) * + z# 3 + zn

Ik = zTU2 z

3 +

zT 3 - )* ( ( ) * + ? + (.

z = {(R +R .?.)2+(7+7.?.+7))2}1/2 ) * ( ) * ) * «? - *B»; >

R 7 ( ) * ? > ).; R .?. 7.?.- ( ) * * > ? F > ); 7)

( ) * «?-*B».

= < * = ((= E, ( = * > ? F > )> * ) E (A ? ? (* A, = ) * A ) ( B *- > ? F > ) * 50% ) * + ) ( ? > )-

.

1

 

1 z/ * z . 2z/ - 8

z .

 

2

(* ( * 8, . . ) ) ? *, = ) + ) ( Ik B ? =, . .

Ik kI .

#. . (= ? * A *E= EF E () ( ( B A *A (A ) = (= ) *B ( ) ( * > ? F > ), = ( = + ) ( ) * «?-*B».

8 ( ) * ? ? * A + * )

U= 220/127 * 8

41

U= 380/220 * 4

U= 660/380 * 2

8 F ( ) * ? ? * * + ( C ) C ? ? * + * >

= > ) + * * * > ) A A > *@

B:

5 - 660

10 - 380

20 - 220

< = ) ? ? * *@ ) L B

15 - 660

30 - 380

60 - 220

"#/ '$ %! / " !#% "8' "%&

= @ C C , @ ) (( < ()* ( (-

? * A ) (A ) ( ( A ? * A A 8.< ? A (A ( ) * ? ? * A + * ) C ? ? * + * > ); ) A (A ( ( A <* ? ? *AEF C ( +(, ,

? A (A ( ) * ) * «? *B». ) ? A )- A (A ( ( ( A 8.

/ *

! ( <* ? ) ?, = *BL = (* <* ) (C ) ) ( ( ) ( = * F = ( A,. . ) *B @ <* (. < ? (- ( C L C = ( C ( ( ? F ( ( A () = B ? F = *.

F *E= ) ( *A ( + ( +( EF E ? F, () =- EF E = ( *E= <* ( ( ) ?

+ ) ( ( ) @ A = * (. !# 12.4.155—85). # A ) ( ( B ?, * ) ? L, ) ) ( = * F

= ( A * ) L ? *A ? F C = ( + ) (. F *E= @ ) A B(A ( ( A *B ? F ( (,

( ( ( ? F ? ? * * ?- *.

/ (.21

F *E= ) AE ( AC ( ?- * +, ( ? ? * + + *BE. - ) ( +( ? F > *E= A

(8) ? *E= (A ) ( A * - + C + * =, ( A? + ( ) <* ? ) ( (, ( ( +

*E= * + <* ( ( ) ) L .

42

( B ( ( ? F > *E= A ) *A (A C ( +(, ) ( *B ) * C * *B ( AC ? +( A = * ) ( ?- = > ( * @ B ? = *B *BL. " *BL () (

< ()* ) * = * 8, C ? ( > C () *B? C C = ( C ( ( ? F () = ? F = * ) > (* = + ) ( F = ( A <* (.

" (.21 ) ? ) ) *B A (C 8 ) A@ * + ) (*- *B (, ) ? = A *A ( AC ( ? * + + *BE. / ( +( ) (* EF ?. *E= ) *A ( ) ?-

(A @ ) ' 8!»)- L > > ) ( *A (3') ) *- = = ? ? ) 4 !# ») ) ? ( -

. * ) *B *E= (A, L 3', ? ( ) * @ A

) ', = ? ( + *B ? + * ? F ($5) ) *E= (A (. / * ? F *E= @ + *BE (

? ? *AEF ( +(. ( ( ) * + ? *A ) (

( *B ? * ( ( ) ( A = * F = ( A ) A@ * $5 *E. < ( =,

* $5 ?, ) *B ) * = <* ). ) ( =- *, ), ) 1 ( ) * ) ( *B ? *

BL (A, LcA c e pA ( ) * + ) ( ( *B

? * @ + *BE ( ? * + ? ) A@-

. / * ? F ( > ? E (A, ( = A L

> > ) ( *A 3', A ( E = B *E= <* ( (. * > = ) ? + *E= <* ( (* = ? A ? ( ) (.

( AC ( >* C ? ? * + + *BE () *B? E (C 8 * + )- (* *B (. C ( > * < + (C A *A (A = +

( * + ) (* *B ( {##7'}, ) *E= + -

* ? F $5, ) = > *E= ( ? ) * + = + ) ? F F + > ?.

( A, ) „A *AE 8, A *AE (A: = ( *B- ( B A ( A. = ( *B ( BE * ( + ( A ) E ? = ( * , ) C AF > = ? * = *, ) )- (C ( ( +(. *A * =L A ? F C + 8 (- A (A ( ? B ( ( A, A ? = A F > . - A ( A 8 ) *A (A ( *B ? @ + ( * + , +

@ ) B = ? * = * ) > ) ( ( ) (

F = ( A <* (, C (A ? ? ( (: t = f(I=).

I%# # !# #%2 ! . ' #/%2 !#

( F ( EF ) ( * A, ( = ( <* = ( ? ? *B-

(* @ C ) ((, ( A? C ( ) () * <* ) ( ) ( C ) C ( + C @ C * C F (,

43

C ? (A + + <* = ( + (* +. C = ( ? * ) C ( + ) (C ? * ? A < > + > <* = ( > (* A.

< @ ? * ) C ( A, ( F <* = ( + ? A, - ? (A ? ( B ) * ? <* = ( ) *. # ) (( - > *E B(A ) * C *, ( *B ) F C - C AF C(A *, (* @ ( * ( ) = C ( (.

* = ( ? A ) C ( C * ? E (A (* = AC, (* ?- *AEF (A ) C ( * C A ? C * <* = ( ( +(. (* @ EF ) C ( <* ), ?-

EF <* = ( ? A > (( E (A (* ( E) <*- ? A ) (C.

* = A (( A A @ ) C ( A * = (A ? ( B C ) * ) ( @ ) > > ? = A, ) *A > <* = ( + ) = ( BE > ? + (, ) (C ( + ? A. ? ( > ? A ) ( *A ( + *BL E ) ( ( B ( = ( > <* = (,

(* *AEF A(A ? A < > A * *BL *B + < > ()* A ?* = C ( ( + ), > ? ) * ( ? C, ? ) ( ( B ?, ) @.

* = ( + ( > ? A * @ ? B ) @ A = *.

? A ( = ( > <* = (, F F + = * * ? +

*, @ C (* = AC A B(A ( + ) = + (= ( > (* = A.

>, ? A ( = ( > <* = ( = ( ). #, ( = ( <* = ( 39 (* = ? 100 A *A (A ) = + ? * )- @, 38 — <* = ( C *E + 23 — C * > = ( C .

) ? ( C ) F AC ? A ( = ( > <* = ( = F ( > ? E ) ) ( (* @ EF > ) ( * *E ? <*-

). # ? A ) ( ( *A = * ) ( *AE, ,

) A C F F +, > ) ( C ? ( A < > ) ( ) ,).

* = ? EF C ? A ( = ( > <* = ( ? (A <* =- ( C ( +( EF C *, ) E = B *B > <*-

= ( > ( ) * A *.. ==105 * *

<* ? E (A, ) =108 * * ( *B <* ? E (A.

*A ( @ A * = ? EF C ? A ( = ( > <* = ( )- F ) C * > = ( C ) * (* ) * A B ? (* + > ) *-

*C* > ( = ( > * *. > ? F A *A (A + * ? A ? A ( = ( > <* = ( ? > ?. )- L* ( L ) AE + * ?.

F ? F ( = ( > <* = ( ) F @ (

F ( * @ ? C.

44

/ !1 '& ! , / / %

1.! ) * ( E ) ? F > ) ? *E.

2." ) A@ ) ( A L > ) A@.

3.> ? C = ( ) A A ) ) ) @ E ) @ A =- * <* = ( .

3.# C = ( ? F <* ( C.:. ) * = ( A ? *A A

F C = ( +; ) ) *; ) + A ? *A A; >) F-

? ? *; ) *; ) F *E=; @) * C - ) A@ +; ?) * = ( ? * ( +.

4./ (= ( ) * A ? F > ? ? * A.

5./ (= ? * A.

6.F <* ( = ( > <* = (.

IV. I%#"1 !/ !#, /%, "& ,1 /% !'8 % "%% '- #/ 8!# "

' #/ I%#"1 !/ !#

* ? F ( ( - (* @ *A ? F *E + ) @ A <* =- ( , ? +( A <* = ( + >, <* = ( > ) *A. * ? F ( ( ) ? *AE (A 4 > )):

%? * EF; > @ EF;

EF;

C AEF:

%? * EF ? F ( ( - () = E <* = ( E ? *A E = *-

F C = ( +, @ ? *.

) ( (A (A ( (, ? *A A C @ @ B =

) A@ <* (, ( ) FBE C ) ( (A ) (

F C = ( AC, C AF C(A ) ) A@, ? ) ( ( B

) @ .

( C 1 ( ? * EF ( ( A *AE (A: <*- = ( ) =; ( ( ? * A.

( C L 1 - ? * EF L >, ? * EF <* ?- *B * F, @ ? * ) A@ A.

)) * *B ? * EF ( ( (* @ *A ( * A ? F > +( A ( C ? * EF C ( ( ( ( ( ) AE (A.

(A (A > * L, , , ? * EF ) (, L 1 - - <* = ( ) =.

45

* = () *B > ) A@ A, *A ( C ? * EF C ? F C ( ( ? ( = > ) A@ A <* (, + ) A- E (A, *A ) * *B C ? F C ( ( A *A (A * = + ) ( A +. > @ EF ? F ( ( - ) ? = *A > > @ A -

F C = ( +, ? @ (* = + ) (, * ) * @-

) ( (( A. (A (A ) ( > @ A, F, *, ? * EF *, ) ) *B )*.

EF ( ( ) AE (A, = F, *A ? F EF > ? +(- A <* > C ) * + = ( > ) ?. ? ( ( ? F ? +( A <* > C ?* = + = (A (* EF:

) < ( = ?* = A; ) < = > (; ) )-

*B C ( ( ? F.

C *B ? F ( ( - ) ? = *A *B + ? F-

EF > ( C, )* C, C = ( C ? +( +. - (A (A ? F =, ) > ?, () *B .

( ) A ( = (, ) @, C B(A ) *- + > () ( ( ( A (* C ) * C ?- ) ( (. % ( ( ? * EF A, (* A > C A, (- ) () *B? A *@ ( ( B A, > EF > () ( B ) > ( B ) * E. ( <* ( ) ( E (A *B *, ) L L = ? ) ( , )-

? + ) * # EF ) * E * E > )) ) <*-

? ) ( (. () *B? <* ( ? ) F (A ) B > EF ) ( B; *A B ( @ * ) * A -; B ( ) ( C * ( ( * 2,5 ; ( ) =- ( ( ) ( E (A *B = ) ( - =. ) ( *B-@ > ) ( * > ? A ? L (A *B ) (* ) > = > (, ) ) *@ B (- *E= ( ? ) ( + ) @ *E + * EF (- * , ) = . .

( > ? + > * + ** ( > ? *@ ) ) B ( * = * =. * ( B ( A L* > ( ** > ? + > * + ) AE ( ) FBE *B + . ) F (A ) B < ) E ) F > AF C () =, > . ). < > ? ) F (A ) ) * = C A

? = *B C = > ?, ( *A B ? ( ? @@ E > *, ) ( B ** *B *.

' %/ % !%." '% 0%&

* ? <* ? ) ?, = *BL ( (= ( C (* = ( ) ( *, (* @ EF <* (, ) (C ? *B )

) ( C, C (). *, ( > * ? A

?* = C = ( + <* (, * + ) ) ) @ ) *B +( A . * = ( +( A *AE (A @-

46

( ( ? F ) ( * ) @ A <* = ( . )- )A ( E ( ) EF C F = ( A <* (, C A- F C(A ) ) A@. <* ( C ( +( C L )- A (A <* = ( A C = ( A *. ) * # ( )-

= *@ B *: <* = ( E C = ( E. * = ( A *( (.22) ? +( *B <* = ( + ). ) +( A ( ( , = + L * > @-

A <* ( * @ C <* A ( ) @ (A ?-

<* = ( + ) = ( *E= <* ( * <* A ( = . ' * * ? @ -

+ L * > @ A * ( A B @ C *B ) (* ) *B-

 

> *E= A ( = .

!

 

,. . - > + ) ( *B

 

 

. . - * =

 

/ (.22 * = ( A *

* ( @ B *E= ) ? , *A < > ? A * = C ( =. 2 *E= B <* (-

, (A @ B ) " (", A () * @ > @ A. - <, (* ) + B > @ A, @ ? B(A ) ) A- @ ) (* = + ? . " ( <* = ( + * A- *A (A ? ( ( B () ( <* = ( + ), ) * + ?-? ?- @ > ) > A *B?A B > @ A ) = * *, = @ ) ( (= ( (* = E.

, C = ( A * ) A (A C ( (: @ ?* A, = @ A (- A. +( C = ( + * ? *E= (A , = B

L * > @ + ? @ *B ) ) *B *E= - *B, ) = <* ) A (, , , *E= B *B

@ *B ) ? C AC * C <* ( @ C C.

= @ + ( ( = ) * A *B C = ( ( A? ( -

? (* ?. *E= *B > (A B

L * > @ A. ( A ? ) ? *A ?-

B ? (* ? , (* *B, ) ( *E= *B, > ? > @ E *E.

( + ( ( ( ( ? () ?) @ ( ? )* > ?- *B *, + ) * @ *B ( > @ A. " C - + ( @ ( ? )* > + ( ( @ ) ?. .? *B + * ) ) F = @ > ( +( ( A? ( *B C = ( + *.

47

(/,) > *B ) * ( BE *E=, ) ? C ( C ( ) E

B > @ A @ B.

@ ?* + ( ( ( L * > @ + E () *B ?-, E (A *E=. ( A ? , = ) B *E= B > ? ? @ *B, *E= ) *B ( ) )-

*B, ( EF + ) A@. ( A C ? ) ? *A

B *E=, (* B ?. *E= B *B @ *B ) ?- C AC * C <* ( @ C C.

! > * ? A A *A (A () ( ( (, ) ? *AEF (* @ E- F ) ( * <* ( ( B(A ) = ( (* @ + (. " * = ( ) A (A ( A ? A ( > * ?- A. ( + ( > * ? ? * + ( * ) ) ?, = ) A@ ( ( ( A, ( + ( - = ( C (A ) ) ( ) A@-. 1 - ( > *B * ) () * > E (A ) *B. " ( A *A (A, = @ ) ( + ? ( A ( * ). A? *B ) C ? > @-

A (A ( ( ) A@ A ) ) F ) ( > - ) A@ A. L 1 = ( B ) A (A * ) * EF > ? A. " @ E ? ( (A ( A * ). # A ( > * ? A * >= ) ) @ (= ( (* =. *A ) ( * ) (* @ <* ( *BL ? = , A ? *E= (A * = ) ( +,

@ ?* = + ( = ( + (, * +, ) L ) #. " ) ( ? E ? = C * C ) ( (AF (A

*E= *A ? *B ). ( ) ( + > ) A B(A (* ? = A , . .

*, ) ( (C *@ L B(A ( ( EF C ( C (-

, > E *E.

, /1 !" !#% /% !'8 % "%% ' #/ 8!# " ! %. # '&,%"8#/ "" . !. / "%&

" @ A )) ( A? ? ( () + + <* )- EF C (. ) F A, > () * > E (A < (-, C ( *A B ( ) C 1 * > > F- ( BE * 24 0,8 * > > BL + F (. O ) C ? A (A ( > @ > > * > ( ) EF C = ( +, @ - @ ( ) EF = ( A ( ( C > >. ( F EF (A * >- * + C ? <* ( *@ B > @ A, ) F EF (* = + ) ( A . %? ) F A <* (

> ? > *A C *A B = ? >* L *, C* ) A

*@ ? L B(A B L ? A = 1,5 . - F <* ( *@ B C = ( + ) =-

A@ + *A +, ((= + = C + ? C

* )* ? L > ? *. ! @ ( >* ) F *@ ) L B 20 >/ 3. (* @ E <* ( + ( > *A -

48

> (> A ) ( (A *B () *B = + ) ( *, EF +

* E > )) ) <* ? ) ( ( @ +. ? *B- > + B L @ ( > B 100—110 , ) < ) ? B

? * (), ( +, *B ) ( . ).) C ( (- ) *B? ) L (L, * L +).

*A () = A A ( ( ) ) * > A

( A? L () *B? E (A ) ((-( > *B (, ) @

) (( ( ( (, EF ) *. < ()*

> A > ) ( B(A *B *, ( >L 18-* > ? (, ) L L ) ? ( = ( ( EF E ( E. *A > ? C ** ) A () *B A ( ) ( +. %() *B? ) ( @ „ ( A? ( *B L, C ? (*B , ) > ?=, L *A *B C , L, ? * + L, *B- > L) *@ ( (-

B C ) * A C , B ) () *B + . (- )* A > L C ? *@ ) B(A ( ( (

) * ? ) ( ( ) A , ) ( E (A *B () *B = ( *. > ? ( *B + )* F *@ B ) ( ) C, = F > A?, (, (- > *B. *A ) C = ? L *@ B ( ( L-

+ 0,7 ( ) * ( + 1 ( (- + : 18 (. ( *A () * @ A @ * C ) ( C - > C = B, = C *B?A ( * B ) * A <* )-

= ( *E ) A@ * @ = 100 * <* ) = - ) A@ L 1 ; * ? ( * > E=-( ? = C * (.!,); ? L C ( C. * > *@ ( ( B 8, ( C C () * @ A *@ B ( ( L A ) @ ( ,

), * )). @ + > *@ B > L *,

? > *@ B(A ) =, )* A ) A- ? = ( (.

4.1 / # " '%"%&7 ! & % % / % N% 0%%

/ * AC ( A? ( A? ( ) * ( A, )- <, *, ) AF C *@ B = ? ) ( >

A . ', ( >L 18-* > ? (, > ) ( B(A (- ( A *B ) (* @ E * +, ? ( *E= ) (*- @ E + ) (*A + ( ( C

( .

( , (* @ EF ? L ( * * ( L ( * ( = * ( A? ) ) ( )* *B +L

? >, *@ ) C B ( ( *B(.

49

" ? L C * AC ( A? ? ) F (A ) ? (

A > ? ) * @, ) 15—18 /(, ( @ C C )-

C, @ ) *B C *A > > > = ( > +.

" ( ) ( C = ( C *B *@ ) ( ( B * =. ' (, ) A *A C , *@ B ) = @, C ( ) *@ @ B > ? 120 >. / (( A @ (- ) A *@ ) L B 0,4 , * * ( *A ) F AC *@ B * 5 .

( *B( ( * C ? L C * + B, *

) ( * ( ) ( E (A = * @ 18 *. / = A ) > ? ) (

A C ( * ? L (A ) * — 50 > > = >. -

( B ( * @ ( ) FBE () *B C * F +.

/ B A ) ) * + ( A? C ( ) ? (A ( ) FBE () *B C L, *A @ + ? C ( * C

? ) ( ( ) ) . B = () ( = +

*@ B C, ( C * ( C > C? C ( ) > C. % @ + ( + ( BE *@ ) ? B(A *B + ( A C

). ) F (A: ) C ? > + ) C *B C ) A( )-

B = E A@ * E ); @ ? , * ( B ( ( ) L B C ) C. " *B C C,

*B C ) C ) C, C () * @ ? A (?- ? *AEF () (), EF ?, *@ B ? ) ( + * ) A + + +, = , A ), > ( B(A -

> A. ? C ( C ? *A ( B C ( E

L + C C.

? ) *B * ) C ) ( + *@ B * ?- (*, ( B, L EF ) ( (, ) ) C = ?

>, *, ) ?, )* F ) *@ B ) A (, (- ) = EF E @, ) L C () *@ B ) ) @ ) ( ( ( @ ) (. *E + * ? A> > ) ? ) F (A. ) ( ) C + ( * )

( C E > ) *A ) * + ( A?, EF C ? L ) ( = A ( * A <* ) =, ) L ) C ? ? *A B. ( -) ( +( ) ( = + ( C AF +(A ) ) A@ + ( BE *@ ) * A B(A <* = ( C ) = C, > * L C ( ) (-

( ? * EF A.

@ ( B ? * * ) C, ) < ( F *@ C-

B(A (( A 0,5 ( > ) B ()- *B C ? F C = C.

) ? * ) ( ) (* ( B ) (* *B, = *

@. / ? A? B ) C * ( @ C ) C,

@ ? B ( ) ) ( + ( ? ) F (A. ! B )-, ) L ) * ) ( = A ( A * A <*-

50

Соседние файлы в предмете Безопасность жизнедеятельности