БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЖИЗНЕДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ лекции

) =, @ ) * A <* ) =, (* ) *E= + ?- ? * + ( ( * *.

/ * AC ( )A ( > ) A ( ) ( * *B C )

(*A C ?* *@ ) ? B(A *B ) ( A ) A@ ( > ) A. = * * C ( ) FBE

B(A ( ( ) A@ A ) C, ) ) (A ( ).

" ? L C * AC ( A? ( )A, )) + = ( + (* @ + ( A?BE ( ? *B ?, ? L (A B *B - <* = ( C ) = C * ) ) F ( ( ? * EF A-

. ) *E= ) ( > * > )), ( * >

? *, C ( = * ) ( B > ? * ) * )), ) * + ).

" C (*A C * AC ) A@ 120 ? L (A ? ( A A ) A@ A ( ) FBE ( ( ? * EF A * <* = ( C ) = C, * AC ) A@ 240 — *B <*- = ( C ) = C. >, < C * AC ) ( E ) >, *- * = ( C L C ) C, C *, A? *B )-

<* = ( C > * L. *E= > * C * ) - C * + ? ) F (A. % @ ) *B? B(A ) C ( C - )AC, (* ) ( * ?> * ? ? * EF > *. / (

+ (, @ ( A? ( ) ( +, > * +

@ ) (*A C ) + ) A@ 120 240 , )- L C C ) C ( ) 340 L, ? L (A ) ? B ? ( A A ) A@ A ( ) (* C, ) (*, = () * @ L )-

) A@ 120 ; 240 = 1 ( * C =1,7 ( = C * AC.

/ C (*A C * AC ) A@ ( L 240 @ ) ? B(A *B ) * = ) (B > ? L A ) ( A ) A@-

. = * C B(A ) ) F * L > ( + * ) + ( ( ) A@ A *, ? ? * B ?-

B ) ( C ( ( . ? *A B ? = B ) - C <* = ( C ) = C, ) = ? ? *AEF + ) = *

) ( A (A ? ? * *E, ? ) + ). B * ( ) * + I * (( @ (* ) ( A ) A@.

(* ) -* ) = *B?A B *B E * E ) ? E - *B E, ( = E * ) C, ) ( (A ( ( A ) ( ) -

II * (( <* ( ) A@ 380/220 F C ) C. < C (* = AC ) <* ( *@ () * > B(A ) C )

, (( A @ @ ) <* ( C )-

*@ B 1,5 , ( ) * < (( A-

*@ B 1 . " C ? (( A @ ) <* ( ) > ? * *@ B 1,5 . - *B () * @ ) C ? ) ( = ? ) F (A.

51

/ * AC ( ( + ) ( ) C ( ? ? * () ( *@-

) ? B(A ( ( A ) A@ A ( * <* ( * ? >,

<* = ( C ) = C > * L C * ( ) A + * (, -

L.

" ) C ( *B C ? L C * + <* ) = ) ( (A ) (-

*B + + ) I * (( (= ) A@ 960 L), ) < BL (( A ) @ @ ) <* ) =

C ) *@ B 1, 2 . < C (* = AC -

A )B *@ ) ( A B(A ) ( *B ?„ *A,

( * E ) + ) ) (* = ( ( ( + ) (. / = + ) ( *B > ?„ *A *@ B ( * +

(, = ?„ * ? @ ? ) „ ). *E= B - *E= B ?„ *B C <* = ( C ) = C. ) F (A ) ? B C )AC A > ? ) ) * @. #-

, ( * ) C, *@ B ? ) ( + * ), ) )A ( EF ) ( ( ) ( E A @ *-.

* *B ) A@ ? L C * AC !#!, .#!, -

(*A C ( C C 2 * (( ) ) ( A C

) C *@ ) L B 6, @ * ? C ) C ** = ( C ( +- C — 36; C * AC I * (( — 250 .

" ) C ( *B C ? L C * + ( A? ('!) (* ( C ( *- @ A * ) ( = A ( * A <* C @ * ? C > )- > ) ( A * E (A ) A@ A ) L E

? *. / '! ) A (A *B ) (* ? ? * A ) ( ) FBE ( ( ? * EF A. ( ? A *@ ) ? B(A

<* = ( C ) = C > * L C, ? *B ) *@ ) *E- = B(A ) ( ) FBE ? * EF C L >.

/ # " '$"17 '%"%&7 ! & % % / % N% 0%%

/ *B C * AC ( A? > ) B *B *, ( >L ( L * A = ? ) ( > A .

) ? C ( C ( +( C (*B *, , **,

*-( ), C = ( ) ) *BA) *@ ) B(A > +

= ? C = * ( ( + ( @ ( BE, C > ( )*-

B(A ? ) ( A > ? ( , (B >*, >* (* + > ?, (-

). () ( *E + ( ( +( C B(A

( ( C ) ( C > ? ( ) FBE ), *@ B

@ A >. " * = ? ) ( > > ? — ) *A (A > ? * ?-

, >* (* > > ? — .

= * C ) * B *B *B + *,

*@ ) ? B(A , ( ( ( , ) ( @ + (. " A *A *, > ) ( B, *@ B

52

= ) * ( @ + (, ( ( C *@ B @ *, *B ) * *,

) ( ( . = * A * ( * *@ B ( ? ). A *A *A ) * = *A *@ > B * ? C.

" =, () ( EF (A *, *@ B () ( *B + ) A( ( )-

)* + () ( *B + +, @ + = +, C AF +(A * - *, *@ (* B ? ( ( A () ( L > (A. ) C ) ? C )* C- > ( = ( A () ( L > (A @ + *@ ? * =B > ? *, (

(* > ? B ) () (( A 10 * (, )-

) * @ E ) * E , ? B ) E ) FB. (* ) ( L + - C (A (( ? *B ( ( A, @ ? B ( E ( E )- FB.

*A ( F A ) ? C ( C ( +( *@ ) A B(A ) ( * ) ) A@ ( L 12 * = <* = ( . *A-

, (, *E= * L )( *B ( A *@ C B- (A ) C ( ? *.

*, ) ) (A , ( C ( +( C E () *B E

.

* C ) 30 ( > *A (A ( + ( + * , C

C C ? * ) (, @ E ( ) (BE «) (

— ( ) A@». ** C ) 30 ( > *A L E (- + ( + = ? @ 100—150 * ? ). ) @- (( *B C ?@ > B ) A*B E * ) (* ) C ( ? *,

(( A 2 *. ( > ? + > * + ( B > ?-

** * ? ) F (A.

( )* ( (( C * = *A *@ B () = ( + ( (

*AEF C(A C F ( ) ( ( ( (. / *E + * (A ) 30 ( 15—20- ) *A ) *B +

*A *. " * = *, > (A , C - C, ( @ C ( , C * B @ + ( A . () *B? *A ( * + ( )* ( (( + * = + ( = > ) ( * > ) *@ ( F ( *A B(A <* = ( + ( ) A@ 36 , )- ( A (A ) ( * ) @ EF ( L* > ) ( L )( *B + * +, ) ( ( *@ B ? ? *. " ) A

( = > ) ( * *@ ) L B > = (. C* @ ) ( * ( = * (* *E= <* ), ? ) = (@ > ?- C. C* @ + ) ( * ( > * + ? ) F (A.

( F )* ( (( C * = * + * AF ( ( = - ( *@ () * > B(A ? C. A *B?A ) ( B ) ) A ? C A * @ * AF C ( (, *A ? F C-

) *B? B(A ) = * ( ? B ? F + ) ( +. ( <) ( ( * ) ( E (A *B * ) L L ( (-

53

*B(. ) A * @ C ? @ +, )* C ( = ( A

* ) (* , ) A * = ( C ( ? B(A =. ! A A? *B ) @ @ *A, ) ) @- + * ? ) ) ? + *A, ( ) @ ( B ) L ( *BE = A ( *A, ( ()- * @ A , ? A ) *, = ( * * + * ?. ( *, ( A? ( <* = ( ? A *A ) (-), *@ ) ? B(A A *. ( (-

), EF C ? <* = ( C ) +, C AF C(A ) ) A- @, *@ ) ? B(A ) ) * ( A ) A@ A. (

( ), EF C ? ) = + <* = ( + ) (*B, ( ) A@ A .), ) ( (A ) ? B ) ) A@ ) (* ) A () *B C = ( ? * EF

A ) ( ) L ( ) * ? *A. / ( (-

) A@ A (* ) (A = C, <* = ( C ) = C, > * L C * ( A <* = ( , ) < ) *E= (-

*@ ( F ( *A B(A *B ) (* ( (C ) ?L ) A@ E.) <* = ( C ? + * +, ) @ C ) ( * A- E ' * <* C @ * ? C >, A? *B () *B? <* = ( C ) =, > * L * . A ? + ** = (

) ( ) @ C ( *@ B ? ? *. B

<* = ( ? A A > ? ? ) F (A.

4.2 , /1 !" !#%

/% ! '8 # 0%% # ' N ""17 % # ' ./ N"17 !# "0%4

) < ()* * C * > C ( + ) ( E (A *, ) L L ( ( *B( ( ( ( () + -, = ) ? + ? ) ( C .

C ( ) F A *@ B L * = ( ? C - > ) ( ) ) ( ( ) @ A <* = ( * = *,

( > ? ( ( A #. @ C * + * * > + (-

*@ B ) = ) + ) F, )* A ( ( ( +- ( EF .

F A * C * > C ( + *@ ( ( B - A +( EF C ( *B C, ( C > C ) * ( +( <* (, C = ( + < ()* . . ? > ) F- AC *@ ) ? B(A () A ? A ( ) * A ? *A )-

* + ( *B + ( (( ) * ? *A *@ B

0,5 ,), () ( B ( ( + > ( F A *@ ) A B(A @

> ? *. L L ? ( A *E ( * ) > ( =-

(, ( @ F B, *@ C B(A > = ( ) - *B ) F ) = ( = @ B(A ) ) A A,

() *B C ( C.

54

<* > * + F EF (A = ( L, , *A-, = ( * *@ B ? @ C, (A (A

( *, ? EF ) * F A. (* ) F ( F ( ?- @ ( B > ) ( A ) ( * ** = ( ) (

A ) )* A, ), * ? ) (* *@ B > @ ) AF L. , ** = ( (

( C <* ( () *B? C <* ? *B C ) *@ B ? ? *. ) * = ( C C -

A ( + *@ ( F ( *A B(A ) ( A ) A@. ? ( A A - ) A@ A F C = ( AC @ B *B ) ) (B ? L- E ( A? *B ) ( ( ? * EF A - <* = ( C ( ( ? F, * = * C A (

? = *B + ( (?* = *B) ) ) C

) *B C ? A B.

! B ) ( *A B @ )AC ( > ) A C - <* = ( C ) = C, ( A <* = ( * <* = ( C > * L C. *A ? F @ > ) ( * ) )) (* @ EF + )- ( * *@ ) *B? B(A C* )= @ ) =, () *B *E- = ) () ( * A. " * = ) A@ A F C = ( AC A

) C ) A B *B * ) A@ A. ? ) ( ( B < ()* -> ( ), . . (( > -

A, -C ( +( (8), F * + C ) *E=- * + (O' ) *A ) + ) *B(-+ *A (% ,), C, - () *B C -*B C ( (!) *B C ? L C * + ( A?, ( > (A ), ) > C , ) * *B C - ) A +. ( >* ( (( ? @ L ) ? (* @- EF > ) ( * *@ B ? > *B. / ((( *A "2 ) +, O' *A 2 ) + % , > > A), () E (A ? = ( ( = ( ) *A ( , *@ B L (

C ( ( + ( +. * @ (

(A= + ((, O' ) ? A (A * ( , *@ B ) * @ <* = ( . ) * (( C ) *B- ? B(A ( ( ? * EF A. ! *B - ( *, @ ) ) ( B ) ( ) A@, C (-

B ( > A ( ) FBE ?„ * + (C )- * * * ? ? *A > *). # = ( L ((

8, @ ) C * ? AE (A *B ) (* ( A ( F A )-

* + * ( ) <* (.

> * = C ( ( C = ( * *@ B ) )* ( (* *) B >* ) C (. ? ( ) ((,

, ) + L (-( ) C )), ) ? @- A, ) ( L ) C ? = ( + )), *@ ( F ( *A B(A

A@ C ( +( C. A B < * + ? *A = ( ) ? ) F (A.

55

8= (, > ) ? (A ) + ? * + ()*, ( @ F (, C-

*A B *B ) F A, * C *@ ) ( B C =- ( ) * ) = ( . !, , ) *B

), ? C *@ B ) (*A + ( + ( * C . / (C ()* *E( *@ ) F B(A , ( *E= EF E ? > A?-

= C ) C ( +, AF *A C A ( *@ ) B(A * > EF (A *, EE ) C ( B AF (* L-

B (*A + ( +. / = ( C B ( A@

( +( (( ( B @ A ? C ) ( ( ( ) + *@

B 0,6 /( ? ( ( ? C )), )

*A ? C ) F, > (A ) +, ) ( (A.

LB ( *, ) A ) = ( ) + ), ,

= C (, *@ ( B(A () *B ( *A ) (* F > (@ > A, C ) ) ? L (A. /, ) * AEF )- = , *@ B () @, C * = + @ F +

) F AC, * C *A ) = C , @ ( ( C >-

C = + * = + @ ? ) F (A. >, ? ) F (A: )-

B C B ) F, ) B E , B ) F, > ) ? (A ) +; C B = + @ *A ) ) F, ( *, . ).;

( B = E @ + ( B . ! ? @ = +

@ * ? A C ) + + ()*, ( @ F (, *@ ) ?-

B(A () * ? C ) = = C *B ( *B + = + @

> C ) (( +.

) ) F A? *B B ) * ( ) * ( .

* *B ) ( A *@ B *, F, = ( 1%- (-

( ( + (* * ( = + ) ( +, ( = * = ( ( * ? > ) * A.

= ( = ) C ( ( *, @ ) C ( AF *A ( *@ = F B(A B(A > A= *B (-

. ! C () ( ) F + = ( ) + ? L E (A, B

) * *@ ) ? B(A @, F A * @ A ( > = >

) F A *@ ) * A B(A @ 1 ? *.

= (* *B C C, ) * = ( *@ )-

B(A = A (. ( ) ( L L C ( +( , *@ B ? ? *, ( ( EF C(A + L ) A

* () * *B > F *@ B ) * @ <* = ( .

A , ? ) F (A:

B L ( B @ C;

B , ? A B A= + * ? ) * > ( A A ) A- @ A;

= ( B ( ? B *;

= ( B *- ) = EF ( +( ( 8); ? A B > ) = EF ( +( ( 8);

56

* +-)) C C C ( * *B C ) C ,#! ) -

, ( +, ( C ) (A ) A@ , ( + = ( C > *A ) A@ A ) * = C ? +(-

C C > *A, () * *B ( + *@ B )- * @ <* = ( . *A )AC ) A *@ )-

A B(A @ ( ? *A ) = (, ? E (A , *

C) * ? * EF ) (. O , C AF (A ) ) A- @ , *@ B ? *E= ? *A , > ? *@ B

? ? F ? * EF L. " L C , @ = C- * C @ C C A, ) (A ) A@ , *@ B

( ? <* = ( > ) A@ A *A ) ) @ A (* @ EF > ) ( * ) ( ( ) @ A <* = ( .

C C = ( + ) * = ( + ( A? ) ( + ) A *@ B ) * @ <* = ( . ( A )*, *E=

C * (* ) ? B, = A ( C +, *E- = — ) A. / ( („ ) *@ ) ?-

B(A () *B = (.

( + A C ? * C .#! !#!, ( ) A@ 220 *@ B ) * @ <* = ( . " ( C = ( AC A, ? EF C ( ) A@ 220 , *@ B ( ? <* =- ( > ) A@ A *A ) ) @ A ) ( * ) ( (. *A = ( +(- EF > A C ) *B? B(A (), ) *B? B ? - > = ( ? ) F (A.

C C ( (, ) = C <* = ( *@ () *- @ ) - , ( * ? ) A@ A,

= ) @ = ( +, ? A (A * ( . *A ) ) @ A ) ( ( L C , ? A (A * ( , *- @ B ( ? <* = ( > ) A@. + *E- = *@ ) ? B(A = A *, B

@ <* = ( C > * L C * ( <* = ( , ) *B? A(B ( ( ? * EF =.

O * > C )) * > C *@ B ? C L* > C.

F <* > *A * > *A )), * + * )- *, * ) ) ( = A @ + * ( > *B + * ) (= = ? (* ) ? B ) *E= ) A@. N C = ( A

* > *@ ) ? B(A *B ) F,

) =-A@ + *A +. ) > ? ) * > ? ) - = + ) A = + ( (/ 8) EF ( *@ ) ?-

B(A ) *E= + ( ( () *. > * -

EF C (, ? *, (* B = ) A = + ( ?- L (A ) ? B *B () @, > * , ? F C = C ?-

C ) = C. ? L, ? ( ) ( ( C C C = ( C

) * *B C () *B? B () ) «* ) (».

57

) F, > C A (A C ) ? A (A ) C = ( + -

, ? ) F (A @ B ) B E ) F ).

"# ""1 ! /8 "%&

( ( A *B ) (* @ E -= C ( @ +, -

C ( +(, -* C , ) ( E (A ) (( *B ) > * * * @ 18 *, ) L L ( ( *B(-

.

/ B C ( @ AC (= C, C, C . ).) @ *B-) ) (B A *A + > )). ? A, ( ? ) (BE

< ()* @ * @ (* @ B - ( +( ) C ) = ( + + ) *E= ) =-. ) * @ A > ?, ( *B @ ( > ) ) B(A ( @ A ? ) F (A. ) = C, C, C

* AC C ) *B C C ( A B ) EF ) A@ A. -

C, C +( ( *B ) =, B

) C, C C @ *B ) *E= C ) =

C (C); ( *@ B ( * ) ( ? ?- * A, () = EF *B ! = (.

*E= > * C = ( > ?- A ( L + ) ( *@ *E= B *B ( > *B > ( F A =

( B )*: «" *E= B! " E». " , () * @ ) *, *B L * > = +

) ) *B + )*, ? ? *A C = ( ?

* ( , ) A () ( B ) „ > ( +(, (, ? F C ) C *B C ( (, *E= <* ) ( > >- @ A L *B )*: «" *E= B! " - E».

" C ) C ) * C ( ( *B , ? C C A

C (A ) ) A@, *@ B () A) = *. - ? ) = ( ) EF + , + (A , *@ B ? = @ ( + ( C ( ? ? *. (* +

) * ) * ( *B C * + ) EF C ) C A * = A (, > C ? ) F E (A, (* @ + C (A ) ) A@.

*E C C *E + (C ) ) *E= -

@ ) *B *E= B ) A@ ) =. (- * ) *, C ) *B * C = ( C ? + *@ ) *E= B * ( ( ( ( +, = EF + (-

( (. " = ( C > ) *A, > ) A@ ( B <* = ( > ) *A ) L ( * , *@ B ( * ) ) @ E- F )*.

58

) + ( ( ? C ( + () + ( A?, ) ( A A ) A@ A ( ) EF > A, *@ B *E=

* ) -) > ( +(, ( * A >* C ) F + ) ? *B > > >, ) ( EF > (- +(, ( > *B ( F L ) ) *B )*: «" *E= B! / E *E». + ( ( A? *B )-

) C *B C ) A( (( C = + ) ? F C (. =- ( ? * ( > > ) B(A ) * ) * @ ( -

, ( C > C (* = AC <* = ( A (B *@ B ) *

*B.

, ? ) ( ( ) ) * = C L AC * + C *- + (//') > E (A () *B ( A, = EF (- ( C ( +. *E (* = = *@ B ( ( *B?AF + ) L +, )* ) > + @, (, ( ( ) A(.

() *B? *E*B ) B ) ( B F-= C-

*B ) > . / ( *@, ) * A B(A =

A =, ? C =, > + *E ? -

EF, = ) C ( ? B * E ) FB. >

= L ) ( + (= (A ?, > + ( ( A ) 1/3 (. " (* @ C //! ) ( A ? ? = (A )- ) *B ?, ) C C = ( ? E, C AF (A < + ?-, *@ B ? F F (. ) ) ( + ? ?- L (A C B(A, *B *, ) ( ( ( A? ( < .

( ? L C <* = ( C * +, * + ( > * ?, ( A? (- A = L ? ) F.

/ % / /%%&

( ( A *B (* @ E C = ( > A ) ) A +

) ( E (A ) (( *B ) > * * * @ 18 * ) L L

( ( *B(.

? ( ) F A ) ) A +, C ( * C- = ( , *@ ( ( B A ( *B C (-

C B + ( F, () = EF (A <* < > +

C ? ( C > > ( = ( ( +( = ( > )- *E= A.

F = ( <* (, ( ) (* = + ) (-

E ) ( *, *@ B ? * > @, > ) A@ )- F AC ( ) L + ) ( ( BE ) L 36, ( ) ( C ) F- AC—12 . * ) EF C, ) C, ( * *B C ) A *B C (- +(, () * *B C F . ). ( * + ? + (, @ )- C C @ L ) * = C F C = ( + A

*@ B(A <* = ( * @, L + 0,5 * +, ( ( EF + * )).

59

( ) F A, C ( * ) = <* = ( L, *@ B () = * + ( A?BE @ ( + ) F, > - C (A ( L + ) (. F A, > ( * <* (, ( <* (, < ()* A C ( A? ( ) ) *E= ) ( + * ( ) (* @ EF > ) ( * F

= ( A () =, ) A *, ( * * . ).), *@ B *:, ) ? *AEF E B * ? C B ? > @ A ? ) * > * = (- = > *E= A A, @ *E= B ( ) C * )* ? C AC. L > @ + C ( *@

B ( @ A ? (» ( ( * — <* = ( + - C = ( +. * *@ *E= B , <, ( = ) A@ A

? A@ B ( *B.

() *B? C = ( + * (A> +, @ ?* +) B B

@ *B *E= ) A@ *B * ?„ * ( = ). B ? > *E= * -* ( ? @-. ( A *- <* = ( + * () = )- L E @ ( B. * ) * *@ ( F ( *A B(A (- ( A *B > ( = * = ? *B + ?„ *B + (-

, ? ) F (A ) *E= B > ) * , *A ) A - ) + * *B?A () *B? B ) A@ L 220 .

8( +( ) A@ 1 ) F ( ) A ( 0,5

, EF ( > ) * A, > B *B <* = ( E *, ? EF E )B ) = + > (. (- * *B <* = ( ) <* ( > B ( = ( ) FBE * () * * ) C, > ? ? A C ) A- * + ) =, ? @ ) A@ 110—220 ), C -

F = (, ( ) (* = + ) ( E, *@ B ? * > @. > @ A ? ) AF C * (* ? ? *A B. " C AF (A ) ) A@ = ( <* (, C AF ? ) * ?- * C ) F + L (?„ *, ,

) *E= *) *@ C B(A ( 2,75 ) * ) ) A- @ 35 *E= *B. " C AF (A ) ) A@ *, *

) *@ ) C B ? = ? ? * ) F A.

*B + , > ? F + ( *@ B ?- * ?, = ( *E= ( ( ) * * ) *B ) * A ) = * ? @. / ?„ * - C = ( + * (/,) (* ( * B , = ) * @ @ + ?„ * + * (* @ EF ) ( *. " @ * B

> (, ) + , > *E=

= E , < C (* = AC + ( *E= (A *B = E. * = ) = C = ( + @ ?* + *

B > ( *@ B ? *-

< > (, . . B(A *E= /, ) =.

60