Active Vocabulary to Text b

profile	- зд. профиль(полёта), схема
vicinity	-соседство, близость
ground controller	- диспетчер наземного движения
tug	-буксировочное приспособление
designated landing/takeoff	- намеченная посадка/взлёт
clearance	-диспетчерское разрешение
strip	- (лётная) полоса
to deem	- считать, полагать
to align	-выводить на курс, ставить по курсу
to accelerate	-ускорять, разгонять

Questions to Text b

1. What must every flight follow?

2. What is takeoff?

3. Shall the aircraft land and takeoff only instructed by air traffic control?

4. Are only takeoffs prohibited over building area?

5. What must be granted by air traffic control?

6. What is the ground controller responsible for?

7. What is especially useful in bad weather?

8. The ground controller talks with the pilot by radio and gives him instructions, doesn't he(she)?

9. What does the local controller do?

10. Does the local controller give the pilot final clearance or not?

The work of air traffic controller Active Vocabulary to Text a

collision	-столкновение
adequate facilities	-соответствующие средства (возможности)
orderly flow	- организованный поток
vital requirement	-жизненная потребность
to undergo	-преобладающий
to expedite	- ускорять, продвигать
to possess	-владеть, обладать
efficient	-действенный, эффективный
proficient	-опытный
mental	-умственный

11. Text a Air Traffic Control

The ATC’s first concern is safety, that is the prevention of collision between aircraft in the air and orderly flow of traffic.

Air traffic controllers typically do the following:

• Issue landing and takeoff instructions to pilots

• Monitor and direct the movement of aircraft on the ground and in the air, using radar, computers, or visual references

• Control all ground traffic at airports, including baggage vehicles and airport workers

• Manage communications by transferring control of departing flights to traffic control centers and accepting control of arriving flights

• Provide information to pilots, such as weather updates, runway closures, and other critical information

• Alert airport response staff, in the event of an aircraft emergency

To perform their exacting duties air traffic controllers need adequate facilities. Computers are also a powerful tool. They give assistance by taking over routine tasks but they must not dominate the system. The human controller is much more efficient than any current system because it is he who takes responsibility for controlling aircraft and it is he who takes final decisions in all situations including conflicting and emergency.

During periods of heavy traffic controllers work under high stress. They may control several aircraft simultaneously, their number sometimes exceeding 15 and even more. Controllers’ slightest error may cause loss of human lives and property.

Top physical and mental condition is a vital requirement for atc controllers. Therefore they undergo strict medical examination which are repeated at periodic intervals.

The problem of the selection and training of ATC personnel is extremely important. The controllers should possess a number of qualities which are absolutely necessary for them: a high degree of morality, a very good nervous and emotional balance, a sound critical judgment, a readiness for decisions and an instinct for team work. To become a highly professional controller one must be proficient not only in specialized aviation English but also in plain language because aviation safety depends on accurate pilot – controller communications.

The training of ATC personnel is carried out by different methods using various teaching aids, systems and simulators. Modern simulators can reproduce the whole ATC task from take-off to landing including all manoeuvers even the dangerous ones.