- •LEXICAL
- •Lexical substitution
- •Deliberate substitution as a translation technique can be of
- •Generalization
- •Another reason for generalization in translating can be that the particular meaning expressed
- •Differentiation
- •Modulation
- ••Compensation is a deliberate introduction of some additional element in the target text
- •Compensation
- •Metaphoric
- •Metaphoric transformations
- •COMPLEX
- ••This type of transformations concerns both the lexical (semantic) and grammatical level, i.e.
- •Explicatory translation,
- ••The reason for which this transformation is made is that the target text
- ••This transformation is often accompanied by the extension of the structure, the addition
- •Reduction (omission,
- •Reduction (omission, implicitation)
- •Integral transformation
- •ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION
- •There are three major types of antonymic transformations:
- •Antonymic translation
- •Metonymical translation
- •Metonymy is transference of meaning from one object to another one based on
- ••Newspapers often name location meaning officials: Pentagon – американские военные круги; the Kremlin
- •If the translator is not sure that the metonymic realia are well known
- •Lexical metonymic transformations are often applied in translating predicates. This is due to
- •These interlingual metonymic relations are typical of translating predicates expressed by
- •There are structures with abstract nouns:
- ••As compared with Russian, it is much easier in English to derive an
- •English is also different from Russian in having close links between a predicative
- •In English, the modifier refers to the noun predicative and is expressed by
- •The Russian adverb also corresponds to the English adjective after linking verbs
- •SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
- ••In the Russian sentence, the subject denotes primarily an active doer of the
- ••the subject denotes a reason: The fog stopped the traffic. – Из-за
- ••the subject denotes time: The
- ••the subject denotes a source of information: The article says … - В
- ••the subject denotes a place:
- •Complex compensation
- •Complex compensation
- •Complex compensation
Metaphoric transformations
The source language metaphor can be destroyed if there is no similar idiom in the target language:
•Весна уже на пороге. – Spring is coming very soon.
Or, on the contrary, the target text is metaphorized either to compensate a stylistically marked word or phrase whose coloring was lost for some reason, or merely to express a source language lacuna:
•Он решил начать жить по-новому. – He decided to turn over a new life.
COMPLEX
TRANSFORMATIONS
•This type of transformations concerns both the lexical (semantic) and grammatical level, i.e. it touches upon structure and meaning.
Explicatory translation,
•Explicatory translation is rewording the meaning into another structure so that the receptor will have a better understanding of the phrase.
•The reason for which this transformation is made is that the target text receptor has different background knowledge. Sometimes this transformation is required because of the dissimilarity between the language structures, with the source language structure being incomplete for the target language, like gun licence is удостоверение на
право ношения оружия.
•This transformation is often accompanied by the extension of the structure, the addition of new elements
•I have a nine-to-five job. –Я работаю с 9 утра до 5 вечера.
•Leslie Mill’s play, which was also included in the FORUM, was taken up with children from grades 1-5. – Пьеса Лесли Милла, которая также была опубликована в журнале «Форум», была поставлена детьми 1-5 классов.
Reduction (omission,
implicitation)
•Reduction (omission, implicitation) is giving up redundant and communicatively irrelevant words:
•Elvis Presley denied being lewd and obscene. – Элвис Пресли отрицал
свою непристойность.
Reduction (omission, implicitation)
The reduction is a must if a source language expresses the notion by a phrase and the target language compresses the idea in one word:
• сторонники охраны окружающей среды – conservationists.
There is a general tendency of the English language to laconic and compressed expressions as compared with Russian:
•внебюджетные источники финансирования – nonbudget sources;
•контроль за ходом проекта – the Project control.
Integral transformation
•Integral transformation is the replacement of a set phrase with another clichéd structure that has the same speech function:
•How do you do! – Здравствуйте!
•Wet paint. – Осторожно, окрашено.
•Help yourself. – Угощайтесь.
ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION
Antonymic translation is a complex transformation when a source language construction is shifted to a target language construction, whose components are of opposite meanings.
Antonymic translation is describing the situation by the target language from the contrary angle.