- •LEXICAL
- •Lexical substitution
- •Deliberate substitution as a translation technique can be of
- •Generalization
- •Another reason for generalization in translating can be that the particular meaning expressed
- •Differentiation
- •Modulation
- ••Compensation is a deliberate introduction of some additional element in the target text
- •Compensation
- •Metaphoric
- •Metaphoric transformations
- •COMPLEX
- ••This type of transformations concerns both the lexical (semantic) and grammatical level, i.e.
- •Explicatory translation,
- ••The reason for which this transformation is made is that the target text
- ••This transformation is often accompanied by the extension of the structure, the addition
- •Reduction (omission,
- •Reduction (omission, implicitation)
- •Integral transformation
- •ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION
- •There are three major types of antonymic transformations:
- •Antonymic translation
- •Metonymical translation
- •Metonymy is transference of meaning from one object to another one based on
- ••Newspapers often name location meaning officials: Pentagon – американские военные круги; the Kremlin
- •If the translator is not sure that the metonymic realia are well known
- •Lexical metonymic transformations are often applied in translating predicates. This is due to
- •These interlingual metonymic relations are typical of translating predicates expressed by
- •There are structures with abstract nouns:
- ••As compared with Russian, it is much easier in English to derive an
- •English is also different from Russian in having close links between a predicative
- •In English, the modifier refers to the noun predicative and is expressed by
- •The Russian adverb also corresponds to the English adjective after linking verbs
- •SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
- ••In the Russian sentence, the subject denotes primarily an active doer of the
- ••the subject denotes a reason: The fog stopped the traffic. – Из-за
- ••the subject denotes time: The
- ••the subject denotes a source of information: The article says … - В
- ••the subject denotes a place:
- •Complex compensation
- •Complex compensation
- •Complex compensation
•the subject denotes a place:
Vladivostok is very humid in summer. – Во Владивостоке летом очень влажно.
•It should be kept in mind that these English constructions are stylistically unmarked, i.e. they are used in neutral speech.
Complex compensation
•Complex compensation is a deliberate change of the word or structure by another one because the exact equivalent of the target language word or phrase is unable to produce the same impact upon the receptor as does the source language word or phrase.
Complex compensation
•For example, we often have to compensate on the lexical level the meaning of the Past Perfect in the Russian text translation, since there is no similar tense category in Russian:
•Their food, clothing and wages were less bad than they had been. – Теперь их еда, одежда и зарплата были не такими уж плохими, как когда-то.
Complex compensation
Puns, riddles, tongue-twisters are often compensated:
•Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. – Во дворе трава на траве дрова.