- •LEXICAL
- •Lexical substitution
- •Deliberate substitution as a translation technique can be of
- •Generalization
- •Another reason for generalization in translating can be that the particular meaning expressed
- •Differentiation
- •Modulation
- ••Compensation is a deliberate introduction of some additional element in the target text
- •Compensation
- •Metaphoric
- •Metaphoric transformations
- •COMPLEX
- ••This type of transformations concerns both the lexical (semantic) and grammatical level, i.e.
- •Explicatory translation,
- ••The reason for which this transformation is made is that the target text
- ••This transformation is often accompanied by the extension of the structure, the addition
- •Reduction (omission,
- •Reduction (omission, implicitation)
- •Integral transformation
- •ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION
- •There are three major types of antonymic transformations:
- •Antonymic translation
- •Metonymical translation
- •Metonymy is transference of meaning from one object to another one based on
- ••Newspapers often name location meaning officials: Pentagon – американские военные круги; the Kremlin
- •If the translator is not sure that the metonymic realia are well known
- •Lexical metonymic transformations are often applied in translating predicates. This is due to
- •These interlingual metonymic relations are typical of translating predicates expressed by
- •There are structures with abstract nouns:
- ••As compared with Russian, it is much easier in English to derive an
- •English is also different from Russian in having close links between a predicative
- •In English, the modifier refers to the noun predicative and is expressed by
- •The Russian adverb also corresponds to the English adjective after linking verbs
- •SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
- ••In the Russian sentence, the subject denotes primarily an active doer of the
- ••the subject denotes a reason: The fog stopped the traffic. – Из-за
- ••the subject denotes time: The
- ••the subject denotes a source of information: The article says … - В
- ••the subject denotes a place:
- •Complex compensation
- •Complex compensation
- •Complex compensation
There are structures with abstract nouns:
•I am a bad influence on you. – Я плохо на вас влияю.
•It was some consolation that Harry was to be there. – Несколько утешало то, что там должен был быть Гарри.
•These nouns mostly indicate a temporary state, whereas class nouns denote characteristic, typical features of the subject.
•As compared with Russian, it is much easier in English to derive an affixed noun, especially from a verb stem:
•Always a mouth-breather, he was biting his tongue now and panting slightly. – Поскольку он всегда дышал ртом, сейчас он кусал язык и тяжело дышал.
•These nouns are mostly new words, not yet fixed by a dictionary. Nevertheless their meanings are easily guessed from the context and given an explicatory translation:
•He is a muster. – Он любит командовать.
English is also different from Russian in having close links between a predicative (nominal part of the predicate) and its modifiers that normally are introduced between the linking verb and the predicative, that is, the nominal part of a predicate:
•Vladivostok is 7 hours ahead of Moscow time. – Владивостокское время опережает московское на семь часов.
•The wall is six feet high. – Стена высотой в два метра.
•He was mountain born. – Он родился в горах.
•She was house-proud. – Она гордилась своим домом
In English, the modifier refers to the noun predicative and is expressed by an adjective. In Russian it corresponds to the adverb modifying the verb:
•The children are taken good care of.
– О детях хорошо заботятся.
The Russian adverb also corresponds to the English adjective after linking verbs
(to be, seem, become, smell, taste, feel, sound).
•The lunch smells delicious. – Обед пахнет превосходно.
•She looks good. – Она хорошо выглядит.
SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
•In the Russian sentence, the subject denotes primarily an active doer of the action expressed by the active verb.
•The English sentence subject is often marked by personification, since it can express an adverbial meaning, which in Russian is typically verbalized by an adverbial modifier. This difference causes syntactic shifts:
•the subject denotes a reason: The fog stopped the traffic. – Из-за
тумана остановилось движение
транспорта. The word order change accompanies this metonymic transformation.
•The sentence may be partitioned:
The broken leg puts him out of cups.
– Он не участвует в играх на
кубок, так как у него сломана
нога.
•the subject denotes time: The
Second World War introduced new experiences to the mission people. –
В годы второй мировой войны миссионеры приобрели новый опыт. The next twenty-three years saw the consolidation of the company. – В течение следующих
23 лет компания укрепилась.
There is a limited number of these constructions in Russian:
•the subject denotes a source of information: The article says … - В статье говорится
…The letter runs as follows
…- Письмо гласит следующее … In Russian, constructions of this type are stylistically marked and also limited.