Understanding the Human Machine - A Primer for Bioengineering - Max E. Valentinuzzi

378	Understanding the Human Machine

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Index

A

ABC of science, 12 acetylcholine, 206, 208 acromegaly, 176 ACTH, 168, 178 Action potential, 61 active ionic pump, 59 Addison’s disease, 169 adenohypophysis, 164 adequate stimulus, 62 Adrenal Cortex, 167 afferent arterioles, 127 Aldini,Giovanni, 7

Amplifier loading effect, 312 Amplifier’s noise, 341 Amplitude linearity, 298 anemic, 55

ANP, 189

anterior cerebrum, 203 antidiuretic hormone, 139, 143,

176 arachnoid, 209 arrhythmias, 99

Arrhythmic arrhythmias, 99 Arterial impedance, 48 Arteries, 29

augmented leads, 92 Auscultation, 258 Autocrine secretion, 161 automaticity, 82

Autonomic System, 205 AV node, 83 Avogadro, Amadeo, 138

Avogadro’s number, 68, 137 axon, 199, 208

B

back diffusion, 61 Banting, Frederik G., 185 Bardeen, John, 308 barefoot doctors, 6 baroreceptors, 207 basal ganglia, 201, 204 Bazett, HC, 95 Beaumont, William, 161

Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, 243

Bell, Charles, 202 Bernard, Claude, 125, 153 Best, Charles, 186 Bioelectric signals, 226

Bioengineering, 2 Biohydraulic signals, 252 Bioimpedancimetric Signals,

247

Biological Clock, 163

Biological Engineering, 2 biological impedance, 250 biological purposes, 14 Biomagnetic Signals, 242

Biomagnetism, 242

383

384

Biomaterials, 268 Biomechanical Systems, 262

Biomedical Engineering, 2 Biosensors, 279, 300

Biot’s respiration, 121 block, 82

block diagram, 4 Blood flow, 20, 255 Blood pressure, 21, 252 Blood volume, 19 Body fluids, 53

Body weight, 53 Bohr, Christian, 108 Brattain, Walter, 308 Breuer, Josef, 120 brightness, 275 Burger, HC, 94 Byron, 6

C

calcitonin, 180 Cannon, Walter B., 125 Cardiac output, 30

Cardiac rhythm, derangements of the, 94

Cardiovascular System, 16

Mechanical Activity, 16 The circuit, 17 Variables of the, 19

Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi, 42

Cathecholamine System, 163 caudate nucleus, 204

Cell, 220

cell engineering, 368 Cell nucleus, 221

Understanding the Human Machine

Central Nervous System, 198 cerebellum, 201, 204 Cerebral

aqueduct, 204 cortex, 203 flow, 30 injury, 21 lesions, 121 mass, 39 peduncles, 203

Cerebrospinal Fluid, 209 charge transference resistance,

286 Charlatanism, 5

Cheyne–Stokes, 121 cholecystokinin-pancreozymin,

151 chromosomes, 221

circadian rhythm, 191 clearance, 132, 144 Clements, John A, 113

Clinical Engineering, 2 collecting duct, 128 common mode gain, 313 Common Mode Performance,

319

Common Mode Rejection, 314, 324

Compliance, 29

Computed Tomography, 276 conduction system, 81 conductivity, 249

Conn’s syndrome, 169 Conservation of Mass Principle,

34

Continuity Principle, 34

Index

contractility, 82, 263 Coronary flow, 30 corpora quadrigemina, 203 corpus luteum., 172

Countercurrent exchanger, 142 creative act, 8

CRH, 168

Curie, Pierre, 243 Curtis, HJ, 66

Cushing’s syndrome, 169 cytoplasm, 221 cytoskeleton, 223

D

De Forest, Lee, 308

Decimal System, 4

Defecation, 159

Definitions, 1

Deglutition, 157 Delambre, Jean Baptiste, 4 dendrites, 199, 208 depolarization, 65, 88 DHC, 180

diabetes insipidus, 177 diabetes mellitus, 177 diaphragm, 103 dielectric constant, 249 diencephalon, 193, 203 differential gain, 313 diffusion capacity, 117 diffusion current, 66 diffusion impedance, 287 Digital Subtraction

Angiography, 276 digitalis, 6 Discretization, 348

385

distal convoluted tubule, 128 distortion, 322

disturbance, 326 DNA, 222 double layer, 284

double layer capacitance, 286 drift current, 67

du Bois–Raymond, Emil, 227 dynamic range, 325 dyskinesias, 210

E

ECG, 83

ECG as the second derivative, 88

Ectocrine secretion, 161 efferent arteriole, 127 Einthoven, W, 83 Einthoven’s First Law, 91 ejection, 43

ejection time, 49 electrocardiogram, 236 Electrode, 281, 337 electrode-electrolyte interface,

282, 326

electrodermal response, 231 electrodermogram, 231 electroencephalogram, 236 electrolytic medium resistance,

286

electromagnetic radiation, 331 electromyogram, 236 Electro-oculogram, 227

Electrophysiology

Action potential, 61

Ionic Theory

386

first postulate, 59 second postulate, 60 third postulate, 64

model, 56

Resting membrane potential, 57

Electrophysiology of the heart, 73

Electroretinogram, 229 encephalon, 199

end diastolic volume, 43 end systolic volume, 43 Endocrine secretion, 161 endoplasmic reticulum, 223 Enterogastric reflex, 157 enterogastrones, 157 epithalamus, 203

Erlanger, Joseph, 72, 308

Escherichia coli, 186 eukaryotes cells, 221 Exchanger, 14, 156 excitable tissues, 56 Exocrine secretion, 160 extracellular fluid, 54 extrapyramidal tract, 199

F

Faraday, Michael, 243 feedback, 357 Fibrillation, 99 Fick’s method, 30

First Kirchhoff’s Law, 91 first-degree block, 95 Fleming, John Ambrose, 308 flicker noise, 340

Flow, 30

Understanding the Human Machine

Fractal, 289 Frankenstein, 5, 6

Frank–Starling–Suga–Sagawa (or FSSS) line, 45

FRC, 105 Freezing point, 129

Frequency response, 298, 325 functional subsystems, 163 Furman, S, 7

G

gain equation, 321 gain trimming, 322 Galvani, Luigi, 6, 77

galvanic skin response, 231 gamma efferent fibers, 215 Gas Exchange, 117 Gasser, Herbert, 72, 308 gastrin, 150

Gastrocolic reflex, 158 Gastroileal reflex, 158 Gastrointestinal system

mechanics, 147 Perfusion, 152 Secretions, 150 Geddes, Leslie, 11

genome, 222 giantism, 176 Gibbs, Josiah, 70 GIH, 174

globus pallidus, 204 glomerular filtration rate, 132 glomerulus, 127

glucagon, 182 Goiter, 166 Goldberger, E, 92

Index

Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz or GHK equation, 69

Golgi apparatus, 223 Golgi Organ, 215 Gonads, 172

Graves' Disease, 167 Greatchbach, Wilson, 7 GRH, 174

Guillemin, Roger, 167

Gutenberg, Johannes, 9

H

Hales, Stephen, 9, 253

Harvey , William, 259 heart, 22

heart signal as a vector, 93

Heart sounds, 256 Helmholtz double layer, 284 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 72,

285 hematocrit, 55 hemiparesia, 200 Hemiplegia, 200

Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jacob, 140

hiccupping, 101

Hodgkin activation cycle, 65 Hodgkin, Alan, 58

Homeostasis, 125

Hooke's Law, 46

Hope, James, 9 hormones

cholecystokinin - pancreozymin, 151

gastrin, 150 secretin, 151

387

hue, 275

Human locomotion, 267

Huxley, HE, 66

Hyacinthe Laennec, René Théophile, 259

hydrogen electrode, 287 Hypothalamic-

Adenohypophyseal System, 164

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Axis, 163

HypothalamicNeurohypophyseal System, 176

hypothalamus, 164, 203

I

Identifiability, 364

IEEE/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 3

illumination, 274 image, 272, 273, 274

Impedance cardiography, 251

Implants, 368

Indicator dilution method, 32 inhibiting hormones, 165 Input Bias Current, 323 Input Impedance, 324

Input Offset Current, 324 instrumentation amplifier, 317

Insulin, 182 Insulin-Glucagon System, 163 intercostal muscles, 103 interface, 282

interface impedance, 288 Interference, 326, 339