PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS						4.35
density maps and with a large base of data, new efforts to establish tables of ionic radii have been
made, the most successful being those of Shannon and Prewitt. Pertinent references: R. D. Shannon
and C. T. Prewitt,	Acta Crystallographica	B25:	925 (1969);		B26:	1046 (1970) and R. D. Shannon,
Acta Crystallographica	A32: 751 (1976).
Shannon and Prewitt base their		effective ionic radii		on the assumption that the ionic radius of
O 2 (CN 6) is 140 pm and that of F		(CN 6) is 133		pm. Also taken into consideration is the
coordination number (CN) and electronic spin state (HS and LS, high spin and low spin) of first-
row transition metal	ions. These radii are	empirical and include	effects	of covalence in specific
metal-oxygen or metal-fluorine bonds. Older “crystal ionic radii” were based on the radius of F
(CN 6) equal to 119 pm; these radii are 14– 18 percent larger than the effective ionic radii.
4.5.3 Covalent Radii
Covalent radii (Table 4.7) are the distance between two kinds of atoms				connected	by a	covalent
bond of a given type (single, double, etc.).

TABLE 4.7 Covalent Radii for Atoms

	Single-bond	Double-bond	Triple-bond
Element	radius, pm*	radius, pm	radius, pm
Aluminum	126
Antimony	141	131
Arsenic	121	111
Beryllium	106
Boron	88
Bromine	114	104
Cadmium	148
Carbon	77.2	66.7	60.3
Chlorine	99	89
Copper	135
Fluorine	64	54
Gallium	126
Germanium	122	112
Hydrogen	30
Indium	144
Iodine	133	123
Magnesium	140
Mercury	148
Nitrogen	70	60	55
Oxygen	66	55
Phosphorus	110	100	93
Silicon	117	107	100
Selenium	117	107
Silver	152
Sulfur	104	94	87
Tellurium	137	127
Tin	140	130
Zinc	131

* Single-bond radii are for a tetrahedral

structure(CN. 4)

4.36			SECTION 4
TABLE 4.8	Octahedral Covalent Radii for CN				6
		Octahedral				Octahedral
		covalent				covalent
Atom		radius, pm		Atom		radius, pm
Cobalt(II)		132		Nickel(III)		130
Cobalt(III)		122		Nickel(IV)		121
Gold(IV)		140		Osmium(II)		133
Iridium(III)		132		Palladium(IV)		131
Iron(II)		123		Platinum(IV)		131
Iron(IV)		120		Rhodium(III)		132
Nickel(II)		139		Ruthenium(II)		133

TABLE 4.9		Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements
					Bond type					Bond length, pm
					Carbon-carbon
Single bond
Paraffinic: 9C 9C			9								154.1(3)
In presence of		9C	"C 9 or of aromatic ring							153(1)
In presence of		9C	"O bond								151.6(5)
In presence of two carbon-oxygen bonds								149(1)
In presence of two carbon-carbon double bonds								142.6(5)
Aryl-C	"O										147(2)
In presence of one carbon-carbon triple bond:						9C 9C #C 9					146.0(3)
In presence of one carbon-nitrogen triple bond:						9C 9C #N					146.6(5)
In compounds with tendency to dipole formation, e.g., C							"C 9C "O				144(1)
In aromatic compounds										139.5(3)
In presence of carbon-carbon double and triple bonds:							9C "C 9C #C 9				142.6(5)
In presence of two carbon-carbon triple bonds:						9C #C 9C #C 9					137.3(4)
Double bond
Single:	9C	"C 9									133.7(6)
Conjugated with a carbon-carbon double bond:						9C "C 9C "C 9					133.6(5)
Conjugated with a carbon-oxygen double bond:						9C "C 9C "O					136(1)
Cumulative:		9C "C "C 9 or			9C "C "O						130.9(5)
Triple bond
Simple: 9C #C 9											120.4(2)
Conjugated:		9C #C 9C "C			9, 9C #C 9C "O, or 9C #C			9aryl			120.6(4)
Bond type							Bond length, pm
					Carbon-halogen
					Fluorine		Chlorine		Bromine		Iodine
Paraffinic: R	9X				137.9(5)		176.7(2)		193.8(5)		213.9(1)
Olenfinic:	9C	"C 9X			133.3(5)		171.9(5)		189(1)		209.2(5)
Aromatic: Ar-X					132.8(5)		170(1)		185(1)		205(1)
Acetylenic:	9C #C 9X				(127)		163.5(5)		179.5(10)		199(2)

				PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS					4.37
TABLE 4.9		Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements (						Continued	)
					Bond type					Bond length, pm
							Carbon-hydrogen
Paraffinic
In methane (in CD			4 , 109.2)							109.4
In monosubstituted carbon: H				9C 9Y						109.6(5)
				X
In disubstituted carbon:				H 9C						107.3(5)
					9
				Y
				X
In trisubstituted carbon:				H 9C		9Y				107.0(7)
Olefinic				Z
Simple: H 9C "C			9							108.3(5)
Cumulative carbon-carbon double bonds: H							9C "C "C 9			107(1)
Cumulative carbon-carbon-oxygen double bonds: H							9C 9C "C "O			108(1)
Aromatic										108.4(5)
Acetylenic (in C		2H 2 , 105.9)								105.5(5)
In small rings										108.1(5)
In presence of a carbon triple bond: H						9C #C 9				111.5(4)
							Carbon-nitrogen
Single bond
Paraffinic:
3-covalent nitrogen: RNH				2, R		2NH, R	3N			147.2(5)
4-covalent nitrogen:				RNHR , 3		3N-BX	3			147.9(5)
In 9C 9N "										147.5(10)
In aromatic compounds										143(1)
In conjugated heterocyclic systems (partial double bond)									135.3(5)
In 9N 9C		"O (partial double bond)								132.2(5)
Double bond:		9C "N		9						132
Triple bond (in CN radical, 117.74):						9C	#N			115.7(5)
							Carbon-oxygen
Single bond
Paraffinic and saturated heterocyclic:						9C 9O 9				142.6(5)
Strained, as in epoxides:				9C	9C 9					143.5(5)
						O
In aromatic compounds, as Ar-OH									136(1)
Longer bond in carboxylic acids and esters (HCOOH, 131.2)									135.8(5)
In conjugated heterocyclics, as furan									137.1(16)
Double bond
In CO									111.5
In CO									112.8
In CO									117.7
	2
In HCO									119.8(8)
In carbonyls									114.5(10)
In aldehydes and ketones									121.5(5)

4.38

SECTION 4

TABLE 4.9 Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements (

Continued

)

Bond type

Bond length, pm

Carbon-oxygen (

continued

)

In acyl halides: R

9CO

9X

117.1(4)

Shorter bond in carboxylic acids and esters

123.3(5)

In zwitterion forms

126(1)

In O

"C

"

116.0(1)

In isocyanates: RN

"C

"O

117(1)

In conjugated systems, as in partial triple bond: O

"C 9C "C

121.5(5)

In 1,4-quinones

115(2)

In metal acetylacetonates

128(2)

In calcite: CaCO

3

129(1)

Carbon-selenium

Single bond

Paraffinic:

9C

9Se

9

198(2)

In presence of fluorine, as in perfluorocompounds:

9CF

9Se

9

195(2)

Double bond

In Se

"C

", as SeCS and SeCO

170.9(3)

In CSe radical

167

Carbon-silicon

Alkyl substituent: H

3C

9Si or H

2C

9Si

187.0(5)

Aryl substituent: aryl

9Si

184.3(5)

Electronegative substituent: R

9Si

9X

185.4(5)

Carbon-sulfur

Single bond

Paraffinic:

9C

9S

9

181.7(5)

In presence of fluorine, as in perfluoro compounds:

9CF

9S

9

183.5(1)

In heterocyclic systems: partial double bonds

171.8(5)

Double bonds

In S

"C; thiophene, S

"CR

2

171(1)

In sulfoxides and sulfones

180(1)

In presence of second carbon-carbon double bond: S

"C 9C "C 9

155.5(1)

In SC radical [in

153.49(2)

CS155,2 .4(5)]

Bond

Bond

Bond type

length, pm

Bond type

length, pm

Other elements and carbon

C-Al

224(4)

C-Cr

192(4)

C-As

198(1)

C-Fe

184(2)

C-B

156(1)

C-Ge

C-Be

193

Alkyl

193(3)

C-Bi

230

Aryl

194.5(5)

C-Co

183(2)

	PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS			4.39
TABLE 4.9	Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements (		Continued	)
	Bond			Bond
Bond type	length, pm		Bond type	length, pm
	Other elements and carbon (		continued	)

C-Hg	207(1)
in Hg(CN) 2	199(2)
C-In	216(4)
C-Mo	208(4)
C-Ni	210.7(5)
C-Pb (alkyl)	230(1)
C-Pd	227(4)
C-Sb (paraffinic)	220.2(16)

C-Sn
Alkyl	214.3(5)
Electronegative	218(2)
substituent
C-Te	190.4
C-Tl	270.5(5)
C-W	206

TABLE 4.10

Bond Lengths between Elements Other than Carbon

Elements

Bond type

Bond length, pm

Elements

Bond type

Bond length, pm

Boron

Nitrogen

B-B

B 2H 6

177(1)

N-Cl

NO

2Cl

179(2)

B-Br

BBr

3

187(2)

N-F

NF

3

136(2)

B-Cl

BCl

3

172(1)

N-H

NH

4

103.4(3)

B-F

BF

3 , R 2BF

129(1)

NH

3 , RNH 2

101.2

B-H

Boranes

121(2)

H 2NNH

2

103.8

Bridge

139(2)

R

9CO

9NH 2

99(3)

B-N

Borazoles

142(1)

HN "C "S

101.3(5)

B-O

B(OH)

3 , (RO)

3B

136(5)

N-D

ND (N

2H)

104.1

N-N

HN

3

102(1)

Hydrogen

R

2NNH

2

145.1(5)

N

2O

112.6(2)

H-Al

AlH

164.6

N-O

N

2

2Cl

111.6

H-As

AsH

3

151.9

NO

124(1)

RO

9NO

136(2)

H-Be

BeH

134.3

2

H-Br

HBr

140.8

NO

2

118.8(5)

H-Ca

CaH

200.2

N "O

N

2O

118.6(2)

H-Cl

HCl

127.4

RNO

2

122(1)

H-F

HF

91.7

NO

106.19

N-Si

SiN

157.2

H-Ge

GeH

4

153

H-I

HI

160.9

Oxygen

H-K

KH

224.4

H-Li

LiH

159.5

H-Mg

MgH

173.1

O-H

H

2O

95.8

H-Na

NaH

188.7

ROH

97(1)

H-Sb

H

3Sb

170.7

OH

102.89

H-Se

H

2Se

146.0

HOOH

96.0(5)

H-Sn

SnH

4

170.1

D

2O ( 2H 2O)

95.75

D-Br

DBr (

2HBr)

141.44

OD

96.99

D-Cl

DCl

127.46

O-O

HO

9OH

148(1)

D-I

DI

161.65

O

2

122.7

T-Br

TBr (

3HBr)

141.44

O

2

126(2)

T-Cl

TCl

127.40

O

22

149(2)

4.40

SECTION

4

TABLE 4.10

Bond Lengths between Elements Other than Carbon (

Continued

)

Elements

Bond type

Bond length, pm

Elements

Bond type

Bond length, pm

Oxygen (

continued

)

Silicon

O

3

127.8(5)

Si-Br

SiBr

4 , R

3SiBr

216(1)

O-Al

AlO

161.8

Si-Cl

SiCl

4 , R

3SiCl

201.9(5)

O-As

As

2O 6 bridges

179

Si-F

SiF

4 , R

3SiF

156.1(3)

O-Ba

BaO

190.0

SiF

6

158

O-Cl

ClO

2

148.4

Si-H

SiH

4

148.0(5)

OCl

2

168

R

3SiH

147.6(5)

O-Mg

MgO

174.9

Si-I

SiI

4

234

O-Os

OsO

4

166

R

3SiI

246(2)

O-Pb

PbO

193.4

Si-O

R

3SiOR

153.3(5)

Si-Si

H

3SiSiH

3

230(2)

Phosphorus

Sulfur

P-Br

PBr

3

223(1)

S-Br

SOBr

227(2)

P-Cl

PCl

3

200(2)

2

P-F

PFCl

2

155(3)

S-Cl

S 2Cl

2

158.5(5)

P-H

PH

3 , PH 4

142.4(5)

S-F

SOF

2

158.5(5)

P-I

PI

3

252(1)

S-H

H 2S

133.3

P-N

Single bond

149.1

RSH

132.9(5)

P-O

Single bond

144.7

D

2S

134.5

p

3 bonding

167

S-O

SO

2

143.21

sp

3 bonding

154(4)

SOCl

2

145(2)

P-S

p

3 bonding

212(5)

S-S

RSSR

205(1)

sp

3 bonding

208(2)

In rings

220(3)

P-C

Single bond

156.2

p

3 bonding

187(2)

PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS

4.41

TABLE 4.11 Bond Dissociation

Energies

The

bond dissociation energy (enthalpy change) for

a bond

A

9B which is broken through the reaction

AB

: A

B

is defined as the standard-state enthalpy

change

for the reaction

at a specified temperature,

here

at 298 K.

That

is,

Hf 298

Hf

298 (A)

Hf 298 (B)

Hf 298 (AB)

All values refer to the gaseous state and are

given

at 298 K. Values of 0

K are

obtained by

subtracting

3⁄2RT

from the value at 298 K.

To convert the tabulated values to kcal/mol, divide by 4.184.

Bond

Hf

298 ,

Hf 298 ,

kJ/mol

Bond

kJ/mol

Aluminum

Antimony (

continued

)

Al

9Al

186(9)

Sb

9O

372(84)

Al

9As

180

Sb

9P

357

Al

9Au

326(6)

Sb

9S

379

Al

9Br

439(8)

Sb

9Te

277.4(38)

Al

9C

255

Arsenic

Al

9Cl

494(13)

AlCl

9Cl

402(8)

As

9As

382(11)

AlCl

2 9Cl

372(8)

AlO

9Cl

515(84)

As

9Cl

448

Al

9Cu

216(10)

As

9Ga

209.6(12)

Al

9D

291

As

9H

272(12)

Al

9F

664(6)

As

9N

582(126)

AlF

9F

546(42)

As

9O

481(8)

AlF

2 9F

544(46)

As

9P

534(13)

AlO

9F

761(42)

As

9S

(478)

Al

9H

285(6)

As

9Se

96

Al

9I

368(4)

As

9Tl

198(15)

Al

9Li

176(15)

Astatine

Al

9N

297(96)

Al

9O

512(4)

At

9At

(115.9)

AlCl

9O

540(41)

AlF

9O

582

Barium

Al

9P

213(13)

Al

9Pd

259(12)

Ba

9Br

370(8)

Al

9S

374(8)

Ba

9Cl

444(13)

Al

9Se

334(10)

Ba

9F

487(7)

Al

9Si

251(3)

Ba

9I

431(4)

Al

9Te

268(10)

Ba

9O

563(42)

Al

9U

326(29)

Ba

9OH

477(42)

Antimony

Ba

9S

400(19)

Beryllium

Sb

9Sb

299(6)

Sb

9Br

314(59)

Be

9Be

59

Sb

9Cl

360(50)

Be

9Br

381(84)

Sb

9F

439(96)

Be

9Cl

388(9)

Sb

9N

301(50)

4.42			SECTION	4
TABLE 4.11 Bond Dissociation Energies (			Continued	)
			Hf 298 ,							Hf 298 ,
		Bond	kJ/mol					Bond		kJ/mol
		Beryllium ( continued	)							Bromine
BeCl		9Cl	540(63)		Br	9Br				193.870(4)
Be	9F		577(42)		Br	9C				280(21)
Be	9H		226(21)		Br	9CH	3			284(8)
Be	9O		448(21)		Br	9CH	2Br			255(13)
Be	9S		372(59)		Br	9CHBr		2		259(17)
					Br	9CBr	3			209(13)
		Bismuth
					Br	9CCl	3			218(13)
					Br	9CF	3			285(13)
Bi	9Bi		197(4)
					Br	9CF	2CF	3		287.4(63)
Bi	9Br		267(4)		Br	9CF	2CF	2CF	3	278.2(63)
Bi	9Cl		305(8)		Br	9CHF	2			289
Bi	9D		284		Br	9Cl				218.84(4)
Bi	9F		259(29)		Br	9CN				381
Bi	9Ga		159(17)		Br	9CO	9C 6H		5	268
Bi	9H		279		Br	9F				233.8(2)
Bi	9O		343(6)		Br	9N				276(21)
Bi	9P		280(13)		Br	9NF	2			222
Bi	9Pb		142(15)		Br	9NO				120.1(63)
Bi	9S		316(5)		Br	9O				235.1(4)
Bi	9Sb		251(4)
Bi	9Se		280(6)							Cadmium
Bi	9Te		232(11)
Bi	9Tl		121(13)		Cd	9Cd				11.3(8)
					Cd	9Br				159(96)
		Boron
					Cd	9Cl				206.7(34)
					Cd	9F				305(21)
B	9B		297(21)
					Cd	9H				69.0(4)
H	3B	9BH 3	146		Cd	9I				138(21)
OB		9BO	506(84)		Cd	9In				138
B	9Br		435(21)		Cd	9O				142(42)
B	9C		448(29)		Cd	9S				196
B	9Cl		536(29)		Cd	9Se				310
BO		9Cl	460(42)
B	9D		341(6)							Calcium
B	9F		766(13)
BF	9F		523(63)		Ca	9Ca				14.98(46)
BF	2 9F		557(84)		Ca	9Br				321(23)
B	9H		330(4)		Ca	9Cl				398(13)
B	9I		384(21)		Ca	9F				527(21)
B	9N		389(21)		Ca	9H				167.8
B	9O		806(5)		Ca	9I				285(63)
BCl		9O	715(41)		Ca	9O				464(84)
B	9P		347(17)		Ca	9S				314(19)
B	9S		581(9)
										Carbon
B	9Se		462(15)
B	9Si		289(29)
					C	9C				607(21)
B	9Te		354(20)
					H	3C 9CH		3		368

PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS

4.43

TABLE 4.11

Bond Dissociation Energies (

Continued

)

Hf 298 ,

Hf 298 ,

Bond

kJ/mol

Bond

kJ/mol

Carbon (

continued

)

Carbon (

continued

)

(CH

3 )2C

9CH

3

335

CF

3 9(N

"NCF

3 )

231.0

(CH

3 )2C

9C(CH

3 )2

282.4

H 2C "NH

644(21)

CH

3 9C

6H

5

389

HC

#N

937

CH

3 9CH

2C 6H 5

301

CH

3 9NO

174.9(38)

(CH

3 )3C

9C(C

6H

5 )3

63

C

2H

5 9NO

175.7(54)

CH

3 9allyl

301

C

3H

7 9NO

167.8(75)

CH

3 9vinyl

121

(CH

3 )2CH

9NO

171.5(54)

CH

3 9C #CH

490

n -C

4H

9 9NO

215.5(42)

CH

2 "CH

9CH

"CH

2

418

C

6H

5 9NO

215.5(42)

HC

#C 9C #CH

628

Cl

3C 9NO

134

H

2C

"CH

2

682

F 3C

9NO

130

HC

#CH

962

C 6F 5 9NO

211.3(42)

CH

3 9CN

506(21)

NC

9NO

121(13)

CH

3 9CH

2CN

305(8)

CH

3 9NO

2

247(13)

CH

3 9CH(CH

3 )CN

331(8)

C

2H

5 9NO

2

259

CH

3 9C(C

6H

5 )CN(CH

3 )

251

C

9O

1076.5(4)

CH

3CH

2 9CH

2CN

321.8(71)

CH

3 9OCH

3

335

NC

9CN

603(21)

CH

3 9OC

6H 5

381

C

6H

5 9C 6H 5

418

CH

3 9OCH

2C 6H 5

280

CH

3 9CF

3

423.4(46)

C

2H

5 9OC

6H

5

213

CH

2F

9CH

2F

368(8)

C

6H

5CH

2 9OCOCH

3

285

CF

3 9CF

3

406(13)

C

6H

5CH

2 9OCOC

6H

5

289

CF

2 "CF

2

318(13)

CH

3CO

9OCH

3

406

CF

3 9CN

501

CH

3 9OSOCH

3

280

CH

3 9CHO

314

CH

2 "CHCH

2 9OSOCH

3

209

CH

3 9CO

342.7

C

6H

5CH

2 9OSOCH

3

222

CH

3CO

9CF

3

308.8

C

"O

749

CH

3CO

9COCH

3

280(8)

H 2C "O

732

C

6H

5CO

9COC

6H 5

277.8

OC

"O

532.2(4)

Aryl

9CH

2COCH

2 9aryl

273.6

SC

"O

628

C

6H

5CH

2 9COOH

284.9

C

#O

1075

(C

6H

5CH

2)2CH

9COOH

248.5

C

9P

513(8)

C

9Cl

397(29)

C

9S

699(8)

C

9F

536(21)

CH

3 9SH

305(13)

C

9H

337.2(8)

CH

3 9SC

6H 5

285(8)

C

9I

209(21)

CH

3 9SCH

2C

6H 5

247(8)

C

9N

770(4)

OC

9S

310.4

CF

3 9NF

2

272(13)

C

9Se

582(96)

CH

3 9NH

2

331(13)

Cerium

C

6H

5CH

2 9NH

2

301(4)

CH

3 9NHC

6H

5

285

Ce

9Ce

243(21)

CH

3 9N(CH

3 )C 6H 5

272

C

6H

5CH

2 9NHCH

3

289(4)

Ce

9F

582(42)

C

6H

5CH

2 9N(CH

3 )2

255(4)

Ce

9N

519(21)

CH

3 9(N

"NCH

3 )

219.7

Ce

9O

795(13)

C

2H

5 9(N

"NC

2H 5)

209.2

Ce

9S

573(13)

(CH

3 )3C

9N

"NC(CH

3 )3

182.0

Ce

9Se

495(15)

Aryl

9CH

2N

"NCH

2 9aryl

157

Ce

9Te

389(42)

4.44

SECTION

4

TABLE 4.11

Bond Dissociation Energies (

Continued

)

Hf 298 ,

Hf 298 ,

Bond

kJ/mol

Bond

kJ/mol

Cesium

Chromium (

continued

)

Cs

9Cs

41.75(93)

Cr

9Cu

155(21)

Cs

9Br

397.5(42)

Cr

9F

437(20)

Cs

9Cl

439(21)

Cr

9Ge

170(29)

Cs

9F

514(8)

Cr

9H

280(50)

Cs

9H

178.1(38)

Cr

9I

287(24)

Cs

9I

339(4)

Cr

9N

378(19)

Cs

9O

297(25)

Cr

9O

427(29)

Cs

9OH

385(13)

OCr

9O

531(63)

O 2Cr 9O

477(84)

Chlorine

Cr

9S

339(21)

Cl

9Cl

242.580(16)

Cobalt

Cl

9C

338(42)

Cl

9CH

3

339(21)

Co

9Co

167(25)

Cl

9CH

3

213

Co

9Br

331(42)

Cl

9C(CH

3 )3

328.4

Co

9Cl

398(8)

Cl

9CH

2Cl

310(13)

Co

9Cu

162(17)

Cl

9CCl

3

293(21)

Co

9F

435(63)

Cl

9CF

3

360(33)

Co

9Ge

239(25)

Cl

9CCl

2F

305(8)

Co

9I

235(81)

Cl

9CClF

2

318(8)

Co

9O

368(21)

Cl

9CF

2CF

2

346.0(71)

Co

9S

343(21)

Cl

9CH

"CH

2

351

Copper

Cl

9CN

439

Cl

9COCl

328

Cu

9Cu

202(4)

Cl

9COCH

3

349.4

Cl

9COC

6H

5

310(13)

Cu

9Br

331(25)

Cl

9Cl

393

Cu

9Cl

383(21)

Cl

9ClO

143.3(42)

Cu

9F

431(13)

O

3Cl

9ClO

4

243

Cu

9Ga

216(15)

Cl

9F

250.54(8)

Cu

9Ge

209(21)

O

3Cl

9F

255

Cu

9H

280(8)

Cl

9N

389(50)

Cu

9I

197(21)

Cl

9NCl

280

Cu

9Ni

206(17)

Cl

9NCl

2

381

Cu

9O

343(63)

Cl

9NF

2

ca. 134

Cu

9S

285(17)

Cl

9NH

2

251(25)

Cu

9Se

293(38)

Cl

9NO

159(6)

Cu

9Sn

177(17)

Cl

9NO

2

142(4)

Cu

9Te

176(38)

Cl

9O

272(4)

Curium

OCl

9O

243(13)

O

2Cl

9O

201(4)

Cm

9O

736

Cl

9P

289(42)

Cl

9SiCl

3

464

Dysprosium

Chromium

Dy

9F

527(21)

Cr

9Cr

155(21)

Dy

9O

611(42)

Cr

9Br

328(24)

Dy

9Se

322(42)

Cr

9Cl

366(24)

Dy

9Te

234(42)

				PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS					4.45
TABLE 4.11				Bond Dissociation Energies (	Continued	)
					Hf 298 ,				Hf 298 ,
			Bond		kJ/mol			Bond	kJ/mol
				Erbium				Gallium ( continued	)
Er		9F			565(17)	Ga	9O		285(63)
Er		9O			611(13)	Ga	9P		230(13)
Er		9S			418(42)	Ga	9Sb		209(13)
Er		9Se			326(42)	Ga	9Te		251(25)
Er		9Te			239(42)
								Germanium
				Europium
						Ge	9Ge		274(21)
Eu 9Eu					33.5(165)
						Ge 9Br			255(29)
Eu 9Cl					ca. 326	Ge	9Cl		431.8(4)
Eu 9F					528(18)	Ge	9F		485(21)
Eu 9O					557(13)	Ge	9H		321.3(8)
Eu 9S					364(15)	Ge 9O			662(13)
Eu 9Se					301(15)	Ge 9S			551.0(25)
Eu 9Te					243(15)	Ge 9Se			490(21)
						Ge	9Si		301(21)
				Fluorine
						Ge	9Te		402(8)
F 9F					156.9(96)
								Gold
F 9F					251
F 9CH			3		452(21)	Au 9Au			221.3(21)
F 9C(CH			3 )3		439	Au 9B			368(11)
F	9C 6H 5				485	Au 9Be			285(8)
F 9CCl			3		444(21)	Au 9Bi			293(84)
F 9CCl			2F		460(25)	Au 9Cl			343(10)
F 9CClF			2		490(25)	Au 9Co			215(13)
F 9CF			3		523(17)	Au 9Cr			215(6)
F 9COCH			3		498	Au 9Cu			232(9)
F	9FO				272(13)	Au 9Fe			187(17)
F 9FO					81.0
			2			Au 9Ga			294(15)
F 9N					301(42)	Au 9Ge			277(15)
F	9NF				318(25)
						Au 9H			314(10)
F	9NF				243(8)
			2			Au 9La			80(5)
F 9NO					235.6(42)	Au 9Li			68.0(16)
F 9NO					197(25)
			2			Au 9Mg			243(42)
				Gadolinium		Au 9Mn			185(13)
						Au 9Ni			274(21)
Gd		9F			590(27)	Au 9Pb			130(42)
						Au 9Pd			143(21)
Gd		9O			716(17)
						Au 9Rh			231(29)
Gd		9S			525(15)
						Au 9S			418(25)
Gd		9Se			431(15)
						Au 9Si			312(12)
				Gallium		Au 9Sn			244(17)
						Au 9Te			247(67)
Ga 9Ga					138(21)
						Au 9U			318(29)
Ga		9Br			444(17)
(CH		3 )3Ga 9CH		3	253			Hafnium
Ga		9Cl			481(13)
						Hf 9C			548(63)
Ga		9F			577(15)
Ga		9H			274	Hf 9N			534(29)
Ga		9I			339(10)	Hf 9O			791(8)

4.46

SECTION

4

TABLE 4.11

Bond Dissociation Energies (

Continued

)

Hf 298 ,

Hf 298 ,

Bond

kJ/mol

Bond

kJ/mol

Hydrogen

Hydrogen (

continued

)

H

9H

436.002(4)

H

9CHCl

2

414.2

H

92H or H

9D

439.446(4)

H

9CCl

3

377(8)

2H

92H or D

9D

443.546(4)

H

9CBr

3

377(8)

H

9Br

365.7(21)

H

9CCl

2CHCl

2

393(8)

H

9C

337.2(8)

H

9CH

2F

423(8)

H

9CH

452(33)

H

9CHF

2

423(8)

H

9CH

2

473(4)

H

9CF

3

444(13)

H

9CH

3

431(8)

H

9CF

2Cl

435(4)

2H

9C

2H 3 or D

9CD

3

442.75(25)

H

9CH

2CF

3

446(45)

H 9C #CH

523(4)

H

9CF

2CH

3

416(4)

H

9CH

"CH

2

427

H

9CF

2CF

3

431(63)

H

9CH

2CH

3

410(4)

H

9CH

2I

431(8)

H

9CH

2C #CH

392.9(50)

H

9CHI

2

431(8)

H

9CH

2CH

"CH

2

356

H

9CN

540(25)

H

9cyclopropyl

423(13)

H

9CH

2CN

ca.

389

H

9CH

2CH

2CH

3

410(8)

H

9CH(CH

3 )CN

377(8)

H

9CH(CH

3 )2

395.4

H

9C(CH

3 )2CN

364(8)

H

9cyclobutyl

397(13)

H

9CH

2NH

2

397(8)

H

9CH

2CH(CH

3 )2

360

H

9CH

2Si(CH

3 )3

414(4)

H

9CH(CH

3 )CH

2CH

3

397(4)

H

9CH

2COCH

3

393(75)

H

9C(CH

3 )3

381

H

9Cl

431.8(4)

339(4)

H

9CO

126(8)

H

9

H

9CHO

364(4)

H

9COOH

377

CH

"CH

2

H

9COCH

3

364(4)

H

9CH

335(4)

H

9COCH

2CH

3

364(4)

CH

"CH

2

H

9

385

H

9

343(4)

O

H

9COC

6 H

5

364(4)

H

9CH

CH

H

9COCF

3

381(8)

2

3

H

9F

568.6(13)

C

414(4)

H

9I

298.7(8)

CH

3

CH

3

H

9N

314(17)

H

9NH

377(8)

H

9C(CH

3 )2CH

"CH

2

331

H

9NH

2

435(8)

H

9cyclopentyl

395(42)

H

9NHCH

3

431(8)

H

9CH

2C(CH

3 )3

418(4)

H

9N(CH

3 )2

397(8)

H

9C

6H

5

431

H

9NHC

6 H

5

335(13)

H

9CH

2C 6H 5

356(4)

H

9N(CH

3 )C 6H

5

310(13)

H

9C(C

6H 5)3

314

HNF

2

318(13)

H

9N 3

356

H

9

310

H

9NO

205

H

9O

428.0(21)

H

9cyclohexyl

399.6(42)

H

9OH

498.7(8)

H

9cycloheptyl

387.0(42)

H

9OCH

3

436.8(42)

H

9norbornyl

406(13)

H

9OCH

2CH

3

436.0

H

9CH

2Br

410(25)

H

9OC(CH

3 )3

439(4)

H

9CHBr

2

435

H

9OC

6H

5

368(25)

H

9CH

2Cl

423

H

9ONO

327.6(25)

						PROPERTIES	OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS				4.47
TABLE 4.11					Bond Dissociation Energies (		Continued	)
							Hf 298 ,				Hf 298 ,
				Bond			kJ/mol			Bond	kJ/mol
				Hydrogen (		continued	)				Iridium
H	9ONO			2			423.4(25)	Ir 9O			352(21)
H	9OOH						374(8)	Ir 9Si			463(21)
H	9OOCCH			3			469(17)
											Iron
H	9OOCCH			2CH	3		460(17)
H	9OOCC			3H 7			431(17)
								Fe	9Fe		100(21)
H	9P						343(29)
H	9S						344(12)	Fe	9Br		247(96)
H	9SH						381(4)	Fe	9Cl		ca. 352
H	9SCH			3			ca. 368	Fe	9O		409(13)
H	9Se						305(2)	Fe	9S		339(21)
H	9Si						298.49(46)	Fe	9Si		297(25)
H	9SiH		3				393(13)
											Krypton
H	9Si(CH			3 )3			377(13)
H	9Te						268(2)
								Kr	9Kr		5.4(8)
						Indium		Kr	9F		54
											Lanthanum
In	9In						100(8)
In	9Br						418(21)
								La	9La		247(21)
In	9Cl						439(8)
In	9F						506(15)	La	9C		506(63)
In	9O						360(21)	La	9F		598(42)
In	9P						197.9(85)	La	9N		519(42)
In	9S						289(17)	La	9O		799(13)
In	9Sb						152(11)	La	9S		577(25)
In	9Se						247(17)
											Lead
In	9Te						218(17)
								Pb	9Pb		339(25)
						Iodine
								Pb	9Br		247(38)
I 9I							152.549(8)	Pb(CH		3 )3 9CH 3	207(42)
I 9Br							179.1(4)	Pb	9Cl		301(29)
I 9CH			3				232(13)	Pb	9F		356(8)
I 9C		2H	5				223.8	Pb	9H		176(21)
I 9CH(CH				3 )2			222	Pb	9I		197(38)
I 9C(CH				3 )3			207.1	Pb	9O		378(4)
I 9CH			2CF	3			234(4)	Pb	9S		346.0(17)
I 9CF		2CH		3			216(4)	Pb	9Se		303(4)
I 9C 3F 7							209(4)	Pb	9Te		251(13)
I 9CH			"CHCH		3		172
											Lithium
I 9C		6H	5				268(4)
I 9C		6F 5					276	Li	9Li		106(4)
I 9Cl							213.3(4)
								Li	9Br		423(21)
I 9COCH				3			219.7
								Li	9Cl		469(13)
I 9CN							305(4)
								Li	9F		577(21)
I 9F							280(4)
								Li	9H		247
I 9N							159(17)
								Li	9I		352(13)
I 9NO							71(4)
								Li	9Na		88
I 9NO			2				75(4)
								Li	9O		341(6)
I 9O							184(21)
								Li	9OH		427(21)

4.48

SECTION

4

TABLE 4.11

Bond Dissociation Energies (

Continued

)

Hf 298 ,

Hf 298 ,

Bond

kJ/mol

Bond

kJ/mol

Lutetium

Molybdenum

Lu 9Lu

142(34)

Mo

9I

372

Lu 9F

569(42)

Mo

9O

607(34)

Lu 9O

695(13)

MoO

9O

678(84)

Lu 9S

507(15)

MoO

2 9O

565(84)

Lu 9Te

326(17)

Neodymium

Magnesium

Nd

9F

545(13)

Mg

9Mg

8.522(4)

Nd

9O

703(34)

Mg

9Br

297(63)

Nd

9S

474(15)

Mg

9Cl

318(13)

Nd

9Se

385(17)

Mg

9F

462(21)

Nd

9Te

305(17)

MgF

9F

569(42)

Neon

Mg

9H

197(50)

Mg

9I

ca.

285

Ne

9Ne

3.93

Mg

9O

394(35)

Mg

9OH

238(21)

Neptunium

Mg

9S

310(75)

Np

9O

720(29)

Manganese

Nickel

Mn

9Mn

42(29)

Mn

9Br

314(10)

Ni

9Ni

261.9(25)

Mn

9Cl

361(10)

Mn

9F

423(15)

Ni

9Br

360(13)

Mn

9I

283(10)

Ni

9Cl

372(21)

Mn

9Cu

159(17)

Ni

9F

435

Mn

9O

402(34)

Ni

9H

289(13)

Mn

9S

301(17)

Ni

9I

293(21)

Mn

9Se

201(13)

Ni

9O

391.6(38)

Ni

9S

360(21)

Mercury

Ni

9Si

318(17)

Niobium

Hg

9Hg

17.2(21)

Hg

9Br

72.8(42)

Nb

9O

753(13)

CH

3 9HgCH

3

240.6

C

2H

5 9HgC

2H

5

182.8(42)

Nitrogen

C

3H

7 9HgC

3H

7

197.1

Isopropyl

9Hgisopropyl

170.3

N

9N

945.33(59)

C

6H

5 9HgC

6H

5

285

N

9Br

276(21)

Hg

9Cl

100(8)

ON

9Br

28.7(15)

Hg

9F

130(38)

N

9Cl

389(50)

Hg

9H

39.8

ON

9Cl

159(6)

Hg

9I

38

O

2N

9Cl

142(4)

Hg

9K

8.24(21)

N

9F

301(42)

Hg

9Na

6.7

FN

9F

318(21)

Hg

9S

213

F 2F

9N

243(8)

Hg

9Se

(167)

ON

9F

236(4)

Hg

9Te

(142)

O

2N

9F

188(21)

PROPERTIES

OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS

4.49

TABLE 4.11

Bond Dissociation Energies (

Continued

)

Hf 298 ,

Hf 298 ,

Bond

kJ/mol

Bond

kJ/mol

Nitrogen (

continued

)

Oxygen (

continued

)

N

9I

159(17)

C

2H

5O

9OC

2H

5

159

F 2N

9NF

2

88(4)

C

3H

7 O

9OC

3H

7

155

H

2N

9NH

2

297(8)

Palladium

H

2N

9NHCH

3

271

H

2N

9N(CH

3 )2

264

Pd

9O

234(29)

H

2N

9NHC

6H

5

213

HN

9N

2

38

Phosphorus

ON

9N

480.7(42)

ON

9NO

2

39.8(8)

P 9P

490(11)

O

2N

9NO

2

57.3(21)

HN

"NH

456(42)

P 9Br

266.5

N

#N

946

P 9C

513(8)

N

9O

630.57(13)

P 9Cl

289(42)

HN

"O

481

P 9F

439(96)

NN

9O

167

P 9H

343(29)

ON

9O

305

P 9N

617(21)

N

9P

617(21)

P 9O

596.6

N

9S

464(21)

Br 3P "O

498(21)

Cl 3P "O

510(21)

Osmium

F 3P "O

544(21)

P 9S

346.0(17)

O

3Os

9O

301(21)

P

"S

347

P 9Se

363(10)

Oxygen

P

9Te

298(10)

O

9O

498.34(20)

Platinum

O

9Br

235.1(4)

Pt

9B

478(17)

HO

9CH

3

377(13)

HO

9CH

"CH

2

364

Pt

9H

352(38)

HO

9CH

2CH

"CH 2

456

Pt

9O

347(34)

HO

9C

6H

5

431

Pt

9P

417(17)

HO

9CH

2C

6H

5

322

Pt

9Si

501(18)

HO

9CHO

402(13)

Potassium

HO

9COCH

3

452(21)

HO

9COC

2H

5

180

K

9K

57.3(42)

O

9Cl

272(4)

HO

9Cl

251(13)

K

9Br

383(8)

O

9F

222(17)

K

9Cl

427(8)

O

9FO

467

K

9F

497.5(25)

FO

9OF

261(84)

K

9H

183(15)

O

9I

184(21)

K

9I

331(13)

HO

9I

234(13)

K

9Na

63.6(29)

O

9N

630.57(13)

K

9O

239(34)

HO

9NCH

3

209

K

9OH

343(8)

HO

9OC(CH

3 )3

192(8)

Praseodymium

HO

9OH

213.8(21)

O

9OH

268(4)

Pr

9F

582(46)

CF

3O

9OCF

3

192

Pr

9O

753(17)

CH

3O

9OCH

3

157.3(8)

Pr

9S

492.5(46)

4.50			SECTION	4
TABLE 4.11 Bond Dissociation Energies (			Continued	)
			Hf 298 ,							Hf 298 ,
	Bond		kJ/mol					Bond		kJ/mol
	Praseodymium (	continued	)						Scandium
Pr	9Se		446(23)		Sc	9Sc				163(21)
Pr	9Te		326(42)		Sc	9Br				444(63)
					Sc	9C				393(63)
	Promethium
					Sc	9Cl				318
					Sc	9F				589(13)
Pm	9F		540(42)
					Sc	9N				469(84)
Pm	9O		674(63)		Sc	9O				674(13)
Pm	9S		423(63)		Sc	9S				478(13)
Pm	9Se		339(63)		Sc	9Se				385(17)
Pm	9Te		255(63)		Sc	9Te				289(17)
	Radium
									Selenium
Ra	9Cl		343(75)
					Se	9Se				332.6(4)
					Se	9Br				297(84)
	Rhodium
					Se	9C				582(96)
					Se	9Cl				322
Rh	9Rh		285(21)
					Se	9F				339(42)
Rh	9B		476(21)		Se	9H				305(2)
Rh	9C		583.7(63)		Se	9N				381(63)
Rh	9O		377(63)		Se	9O				423(13)
Rh	9Si		395(18)		Se	9P				364(10)
Rh	9Ti		391(15)		Se	9S				381(21)
					Se	9Si				531(25)
	Rubidium
					Se	9Te				268(8)
Rb	9Rb		45.6(21)
									Silicon
Rb	9Br		389(13)
Rb	9Cl		448(21)		Si	9Si				327(10)
Rb	9F		494(21)		Si	9Br				343(50)
Rb	9H		167(21)		Si	9C				435(21)
Rb	9I		335(13)		Si	9Cl				456(42)
Rb	9O		255(84)		Si	9F				540(13)
Rb	9OH		351(8)		Si	9H				298.49(46)
					Si	9I				339(84)
	Ruthenium
					Si	9N				439(38)
Ru 9O			481(63)		Si	9O				798(8)
					Si	9S				619(13)
O 3Ru 9O			439
					Si	9Se				531(25)
Ru 9Si			397(21)
					H	3Si	9SiH 3			339(17)
Ru 9Th			592(42)
					(CH		3 )3Si	9Si(CH	3 )3	339
	Samarium				(Aryl)		3Si	9Si(aryl)	3	368(31)
					Si	9Te				506(38)
Sm	9Cl		423(13)
									Silver
Sm	9F		531(18)
Sm	9O		619(13)		Ag	9Ag				163(8)
Sm	9S		389
					Ag	9Au				203(9)
Sm	9Se		331(15)
					Ag	9Bi				193(42)
Sm	9Te		272(15)

		PROPERTIES	OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS			4.51
TABLE 4.11 Bond Dissociation Energies (			Continued	)
			Hf 298 ,			Hf 298 ,
	Bond		kJ/mol		Bond	kJ/mol
	Silver ( continued	)				Tantalum
Ag	9Br		293(29)	Ta	9N	611(84)
Ag	9Cl		341.4	Ta	9O	805(13)
Ag	9Cu		176(8)
						Tellurium
Ag	9F		354(16)
Ag	9Ga		180(15)
				Te	9B	354(20)
Ag	9Ge		175(21)
Ag	9H		226(8)	Te	9H	268(2)
Ag	9I		234(29)	Te	9I	193(42)
Ag	9In		176(17)	Te	9O	391(8)
Ag	9O		213(84)	Te	9P	298(10)
Ag	9Sn		136(21)	Te	9S	339(21)
Ag	9Te		293(96)	Te	9Se	268(8)
						Terbium
	Sodium
				Tb	9F	561(42)
Na	9Na		77.0
Na	9Br		370(13)	Tb	9O	707(13)
Na	9Cl		410(8)	Tb	9S	515(42)
Na	9F		481(8)	Tb	9Te	339(42)
Na	9H		201(21)
						Thallium
Na	9I		301(8)
Na	9K		63.6(29)
				Tl	9Tl	63
Na	9O		257(17)
Na	9OH		381(13)	Tl	9Br	333.9(17)
Na	9Rb		59(4)	Tl	9Cl	372.8(21)
				Tl	9F	445(19)
	Strontium			Tl	9H	188(8)
				Tl	9I	272(8)
Sr	9Br		332(19)
						Thorium
Sr	9Cl		406(13)
Sr	9F		542(7)
				Th	9Th	289
Sr	9H		163(8)
Sr	9I		263(42)	Th	9C	484(25)
Sr	9O		454(15)	Th	9N	577.4(21)
Sr	9OH		381(42)	Th	9O	854(13)
Sr	9S		314(21)	Th	9P	377
						Thullium
	Sulfur
				Tm	9F	569(42)
S 9S			429(6)
S 9Cl			255	Tm	9O	557(13)
S 9F			343(5)	Tm	9S	368(42)
O	2S 9F		71	Tm	9Se	276(42)
S 9N			464(21)	Tm	9Te	276(42)
S 9O			521.70(13)
						Tin
OS	9O		551.4(84)
O	2S 9O		348.1(42)
				Sn	9Sn	195(17)
HS	9SH		272(21)
				Sn	9Br	339(4)

4.52					SECTION 4
TABLE 4.11			Bond Dissociation Energies (		Continued	)
					Hf 298 ,		Hf 298 ,
		Bond			kJ/mol	Bond	kJ/mol
			Tin ( continued )			Vanadium ( continued )
BrSn		9Br			326	V 9Cl	477(63)
Br	3Sn	9Br			272	V 9F	590(63)
(C	2H	5 )3Sn 9C	2H 5	ca.	238	V 9N	477(8)
Sn	9Cl				406(13)	V 9O	644(21)
Sn	9F				467(13)	V 9S	490(16)
Sn	9H				267(17)	V 9Se	347(21)
Sn	9I				234(42)
							Xenon
Sn	9O				548(21)
Sn	9S				464(3)
						Xe 9Xe	6.53(30)
Sn	9Se				401.3(59)
Sn	9Te				319.2(8)	Xe 9F	13.0(4)
						Xe 9O	36.4
			Titanium
							Ytterbium
Ti	9Ti				141(21)
						Yb 9Cl	322
Ti	9Br				439
Ti	9C				435(25)	Yb 9F	521(10)
Ti	9Cl				494	Yb 9H	159(38)
Ti	9F				569(34)	Yb 9O	397.9(63)
Ti	9H			ca.	159	Yb 9S	167
Ti	9I				310(42)
							Yttrium
Ti	9N				464
Ti	9O				662(16)
						Y 9Y	159(21)
Ti	9S				426(8)
Ti	9Se				381(42)	Y 9Br	485(84)
Ti	9Te				289(17)	Y 9C	418(63)
						Y 9Cl	527(42)
			Tungsten			Y 9F	605(21)
						Y 9N	481(63)
W 9Cl					423(42)	Y 9O	715.1(30)
W 9F					548(63)	Y 9S	528(11)
W 9O					653(25)	Y 9Se	435(13)
OW 9O					632(84)	Y 9Te	339(13)
O 2W 9O					598(42)
							Zinc
W 9P					305(4)
						Zn 9Zn	29
			Uranium
						Zn 9Br	142(29)
U 9O					761(17)	C 2H 5C 9C 2H 5	ca. 201
OU	9O				678(59)	Zn 9Cl	229(20)
O 2U 9O					644(88)	Zn 9F	368(63)
U 9S					523(10)	Zn 9H	85.8(21)
						Zn 9I	138(29)
			Vanadium			Zn 9O	284.1
						Zn 9S	205(13)
V 9V					242(21)	Zn 9Se	136(13)
V 9Br					439(42)	Zn 9Te	205
V 9C					469(63)