Л.А. Бердюгина Английский язык. Контрольные работы для студентов заочной формы обучения

VI. Прочтите и переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
wafer	– облатка
panel	– панель, щит
quartz chips	– кварцевая стружка

pilot bateries of solar cells – опытные проводниковые батареи из

	солнечных элементов
carbon dioxide	– углекислый газ
heliostat	– гелиостат

CLEAN ENERGY FROM SILICON

1. The challenge facing a modern man is giving the mankind enough energy to go on producing and consuming from clean sources. The Russian scientists have developed a new way to produce wafers of extra-pure crystalline silicon for converting sun rays to electric power.

2.Silicon is present in rocks but you will find it only in compounds with oxygen. Crystalline quartz, or rock crystals perhaps the purest thing we can take from nature for use in many industries. Panels assembled from quartz chips can easily turn sunlight into power. Pilot batteries of solar cells delivering a high efficiency have been manufactured to supply not isolated houses, but full-size blocks and even small towns and some industrial plants.

3.To meet the needs of solar power consumers solar cells are to be produced on a large enough scale. There are some difficulties to overcome, for example: the lower manufacturing techniques, and relatively high costs of the thin cuts of extra-pure silicon. What is more, one has to use a terribly complex chemical process to obtain the material needed for solar panels. Besides the process pollutes the environment.

4.0ur scientists have thought up an entirely new technique to produce silicon in a process releasing oxygen which is important to every form of life on earth, in place of carbon dioxide. The new technique requires a new approach to be taken to power supply to maintain the manufacturing process. It is to be derived from solar energy converted by heliostat. The resultant crystals grown in magnetic fields and purified through zonal melting can be sliced into thin sheets.

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VII. Прочтите 4-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

Why does the new technique of producing elite silicon clean the Earth’ s atmosphere?

1. ... because of using solar cells.

2. ... became it can easily convert sunlight to power.

2. ... because it stabilizes the proportions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. An office block is being built near our school.

2.No decision have been taken yet.

3.Some people were injured in the traffic accident.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is the growth of industrialisation that is changing the climate of the planet.

2.The simpliest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms.

3.That elecricity is clean and easily regulated is its great advantage.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. We have many various electric devices in our houses.

2.This student is at a language school, where she is studying for her certificate in English.

3.Do they often use these devices in their work?

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. Participants of the conference stayed at the hotel we recommended them.

2.This morning I met my colleague somebody I hadn't seen for ages.

3.He thinks we were to check the prices of these goods.

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V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. I think his decision to give up the job was stupid.

2.Our task is to prevent space trom becoming another source of conflict.

3.To protect environment several laws were passed in our country.

4.It is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution.

VI. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
preclude	- предотвращать
in an emergency	- в случае аварии
ferroconcrete protector containment - железобетонный защитный
	резервуар
neutron bias lighting	- нейтронное смещение освещения
aggravate	- усугублять

NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY

1. One can improve nuclear safety in a variety of ways. First, through natural barriers capable of containing an accident. Accordingly, an atomic power station with its reactors can be built underground so as to preclude a release of radioactive substances into the atmosphere in an emergency.

2.Second, via man-built barriers and engineering structures. Today all the newly built water-cooled nuclear reactors are put under ferroconcrete protector containrnents. In an emergency such containments should prevent radioactive discharges from escaping into the atmosphere.

3.Third, maximum safeguards may be achieved by applying physical ideas that could preclude failures in one of the elements responsible for the operation of a nuclear generator. One such idea has been materialized in a nuclear reactor fitted out with neutron bias lighting.

4.Yet human factors come first. This implies such things as qualities con- struction-and-assembly works, and quality power equipment and fixings; professional competence of the duty personnel and its fitness for the job; job experience; a perfect command of the control language; and prestige of the job. Given all these conditions, the duty personnel will be able to keep an accident under control once it occurs not aggravate it by inadequate responses.

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VII. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

Which things come first in achieving nuclear safety? 1. … natural barriers capable of containing an accident.

2.… quality power equipment and professional competence.

3.… applying of physical ideas that could preclude failures in one of the elements responsible.

ВАРИАНТ III

I. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глаголa-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used in all spheres of technology, science and everyday life.

2.Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realiazed that it offers improved service and reduced cost.

3.Great changes in people's lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.

4.The problems had already been settled when we decided to place our orders.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It has become evident that ecological problems can be solved only on the global scale.

2.One must realize that increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air.

3.That the earth is round was unknown for a long time.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. With some airlines, female flight attendants have to be young, very attractive and single.

2.You are to wear a seat belt if you sit in the front seat of a car.

3.He took another week's holiday because he didn't have to go back to work.

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IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The food people eat is associated with certain colors.

2.We know Robert Burns is the most famous Scottish poet.

3.The knowledge you acquire is very useful.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. There remains one more test to be carried out before using this device.

2.Don’t forget to air the laboratory after the experiment.

3.To automate these operations we are to produce more systems working to pre-programmed plan.

4.It is interesting to teach and to be taught.

VI. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
good will	- добрая воля
standpoint	-точка зрения
community	-общество

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION MUST BE GLOBAL

1. That the problem of pollution and ecology has become the most important one for mankind is evident to all. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming . Air and water pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions. In our era it is changing from a national to an international problem.

2.However, our scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate pollution, if people use good will and make considerable investments for that purpose. The development of natural resources on a global scale is already possible from a scientific and technical standpoint. Large-scale experimental work in this area is successfully being carried out.

3.At present scientists in industrially developed countries are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate and weather of the world. Increasing growth of popula-

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tion, industrialization and the use of resources are slowly but surely changing the global climate and water balance.

4. The essential feature in the environment protection is that many problems can be solved only on the level of world community. Therefore the planning of protection against pollution by human society as a whole is imperative today and in the nearest future. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources.

VII. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What must be done to deal successfully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world ?

1. Planning and developing international programs to study ecological data.

2.Reducing the number of cars and lorries.

3.Studying the theory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global processes.

ВАРИАНТ IV

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. A new concept is based on our understanding that Earth is an integral system.

2.The air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic and industry.

3.In the First and Second World Wars London was mined considerably.

4.Our power stations have been connected by high-voltage transmission lines into several networks.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is well-known that technological progress is impossible without electronics, computers, robots and new materials.

2.That ecological problems have become the most important ones at present is evident to all.

3.It is difficult for mankind to predict changes in the environment accurately.

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III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work on such a scale.

2.Electricity has many important applications in industry as well as in our houses.

3.Within a few coming years a quantity production of various materials is to begin in space.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The experimental computing machine the scientist demonstrated had been developed for five years.

2. A new method of cooling the laboratory tests can generate cryogenic temperatures of 200°C below zero.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The radar detects the stationary objects ahead of the car to warn the driver about them and slow down the speed.

2.Copernics was the first to explain properly our solar system.

3.To work with computer was not new to many of us.

4.It was pleasant to be helping him again.

VI. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
urban climate	- городской климат
sulphur dioxide (S02)	– диоксид серы
mention	– упоминать

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF BIG CITIES

1. There are over 150 supercities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become supercities.

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2.People in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.

3.Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years. It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (S02) in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

4.In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable level of S02 in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago and Sao Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating of houses. One can also mention Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.

VII. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

Why do some cities with clean air become worse in winter ? 1. ......... because of smog.

2. ......... because of the heating of houses

3. ......... because of bad water.

ВАРИАНТ V

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1.He was caught driving over the speed limit and fined.

2.The ventilator engine will be mounted in the experimental passenger plane.

3.Research is being carried out for developing new composite materials to lighten aircraft structure.

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II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The aim of today’s foreign policy is that peace in the world should be permanent.

2. Last summer I read many English articles, and my friend read some German ones.

3.It is important to understand the fundamentals of this science.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.Car drivers have to obey traffic rules.

2.We didn’t have a microwave earlier but we do now. 3.“Aborigines” are the first or original inhabitants of a country.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1.The scientist I know went to India on business last year. 2.It is the most exciting holiday she has ever had.

3.The problem they wanted to discuss was very difficult.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.Another passenger on board helped to save passengers.

2.One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer.

3. To understand why light from the laser is so concentrated you must know that light travels in waves.

4.The optical disks were and are used to record video-films, but in a continuous spiral rather than digitally.

VI. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
heap	– куча, груда(мусора)
nondegradable	– нерасщепляемый, нерастворимый
detergents	– моющие средства
handicaps	– проблемы, помехи, препятствия

affections of respiratory ducts – заболевания дыхательных путей

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WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENT

1.Women are increasingly being addressed as the main responsible actors in environmental contexts. Technological rationalization has produced environmental problems such as heaps of packaging waste, nondegradable plastics, poisoned grounds and water, allergies through use of chemicals in cosmetics, food, detergents. The “ecologically responsible house wife”, thus, is a good economical manager. She economizes energy. She is to be an expert in waste reduction, in cultivating her own vegetables and fruits, of course without using pesticides.

2.Women in their roles as child caretakers, nurses, shoppers and purchasers, waste managers, houseworkers, are especially confronted with environmental problems and communal politics. They have to overcome a lot of difficulties: bad connections with public transport services, no buses in evening and night hours. Too short crossing phases for pedestrians, long shopping routes, bad air, allergies and affections of respiratory ducts, badly designed flats. Women want to be involved in planning processes and be taken seriously as experts with practical experience, not only at home and at their places of work but also in politics, administration, science and in the economy.

3.Men also consume. And men produce waste too, - frequently toxic waste such as paint, photo chemicals, car maintenance waste. Thus, men have to become addresses of environmental education classes as well. They must also consider their environmental responsibility, for example when buying electronic gauges, to act out their do-it-yourself ambitions or to mountain bike in the woods.

VII. Прочтите 1-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What is the role of women in environmental contexts? 1.Women are considered to play the main role.

2.Women aren’t confronted with environmental problems. 3.It is not so important as men’s one.

Контрольное задание № 4

Для успешного выполнения задания необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

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