Л.А. Бердюгина Английский язык. Контрольные работы для студентов заочной формы обучения

4.Computers designed to serve one limited, specific purpose are called spe- cial-purpose computers.

5.In order to shorten the time required to perform instructions, it is desirable to perform as many operations as possible.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Both speed and memory depend mostly on word length.

2.Most digital computers applied in CAM are either minicomputers or microcomputers.

3.Because of the large energy gap the semiconductor has a high resistivity.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

alterable	- изменяемый
Sequence-Controlled Calculator	- счетная машина с управляющей
	последовательностью
spring	- пружина
failure	- повреждение, поломка
digital	- цифровой
to evolve	- развиваться
in terms of	- с точки зрения

SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTIRY OF COMPUTERS

1. A relay computer is known to have been built in 1941 in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realizations of the Babbage’s dream. The logical operations of the computer were alterable by changing the interconnections among the relays. At the same time, in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harward University under the direction of prof. Aiken during the years from 1939 to 1944. The computer, called the Mark I Sequence – Controlled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan project, which led toward the development of the atomic bomb.

2. The relay computer proved to have its problems. Since relays are electro mechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electro mag-

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nets and springs. They are slow as well as very noisy. They also consume a lot of power, if their contacts become dirty or corroded, they are unreliable.

3.The vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century, is considered to be the basis for the first computer revolution. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had neither moving parts nor at least mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, lasting hundreds of hours before failure.

4.Previously, computer designers could think only in terms of hundreds of calculations in a program to be run on a mechanical computer. Now they could easily conceive of programs with thousands of related computations using a vacuum-tube computer. The first vacuum-tube computer was built at Iowa State University at about the same time as the Mark I. It was called ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). From the ABC a number of vacuum tube digital computers evolved.

V. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Where was the first vacuum-tube computer built?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. A relay computer is known to have been built in 1941 in Germany by Babbage.

2.The relay computer proved to have its problems.

3.The vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twenty first century is considered to be the basis for the first computer revolution.

4.Computer designers could think only in terms of hundreds of calculations in a program to be run on a mechanical computer.

5.The first relay computer was built at Iowa State University at about the same time as the Mark I.

ВАРИАНТ V

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. It would be impossible to fabricate circuits with features less than one micron without using electron beams.

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2.If this device were of a better quality, no errors would appear on the screen.

3.You should increase the capacity of the computer.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. They worked hard to eliminate the mistakes in the program.

2.Having employed alloys instead of steel the designers reduced the cost of the device.

3.Using the most advanced methods, equipment and techniques for producing computers the firm has won high prestige in the world.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Since the devices are smaller, the number of devices is much greater.

2.Processors for workstations are neither 20-bit nor 40-bit. They are either 16-bit, as used in personal computer, or 32-bit, as used in workstations.

3.Because of extraordinary technological development during the past decades, the term “computer” is becoming a household word.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

random access memory (RAM) - оперативное запоминающее

	устройство
vacuum tube	- электронная лампа
integrated circuit	- интегральная схема
inductor	- индуктор
capacitor	- конденсатор
acronym	- акроним

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

1. A splendid example of the first generation electronic computers is ENIAC (an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). ENIAC was over 90 tons and bulging into 3000 cubic feet and costing millions. Its 18 thousand vacuum tubes demanded 140 kilowatts of electrical power, enough

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to supply a block of buildings of respectable size. With its 16,000 bytes of random access memory and its 100-kilohertz clock, it was not quite up to the basic computer capability of modern computers. The programs operating the computers were established by physically changing the patterns of the wires interconnecting the vacuum tubes.

2.From the university laboratories the computer finally entered the wider world in 1951 with the delivery of the first UNIVACI (Universal Automatic Computer).

3.The next key element, the transistor, is known to have come into existence in 1948. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power, and they are considerably smaller. If the transistor hadn’t been invented in the late 1940s, developments in electronics would have taken place at a comparatively slow pace. With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed.

4.The integrated circuit proved to be another major step in the growth of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work.

Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination and integration of most of the components on the same chip of semiconductor containing the transistor. The chip is considered to be a crucial development in the accelerating pace of computer technology.

V.Прочтите 1-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What does ENIAC mean?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. A splendid example of the second generation electronic computers is ENIAC.

2.The computer finally entered the wider world in 1951.

3.The integrated circuit is known to have come into existence in 1948.

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4.The transistors use much less power.

5.A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers.

6.Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of analogue computers were the individual electrical switches.

Контрольная работа №6

ВАРИАНТ I

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
retrieve	– обыскивать
justify	– подтверждать
schedule	– составлять график
setting	– окружение
rule of thumb	– практическое правило

ARTIFICLAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Expert systems are a class of computer programs that can advise, analyse, design, diagnose, explain, explore, forecast, form concepts, identify, interpret, justify, learn, manage, monitor, plan, present, retrieve, schedule, test and tutor. They address problems normally thought to require human specialists for their solution. Some of these programs have achieved expert levels of performance on the problems for which they were designed.

2.Expert systems are usually developed with the help of human experts who solve specific problems and reveal their thought processes as they proceed. If this process of protocol analysis is successful, the computer program based on this analysis will be able to solve the narrowly defined problems as well as an expert.

3.Experts tyrically solve problems that are unstructured and ill-defined, usually in a setting that involves diagnosis or planning. They cope with the lack of structure by employing heuristics, which are the rules of thumb that people use to solve problems when a lask of time or understanding prevents an analysis of all the parameters involved. Likewise, expert systems employ programmed heuristics to solve problems.

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4. Experts engage in several different problems-solving activities: identify the problem, process data, generate questions, collect information, establish hypothesis space, group and differentiate, pursue and test hypothesis, explore and refine, ask general questions, amd make a decision. Experts system, like human experts can have both deep and surface representations of knowledge. Deep representations are causal models, categories abstractions and analogies. In such cases, we try to represent an understanding of structure and function. Surface representations

II. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письмено ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What problems do export systems usually solve?

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
manage	- управлять
employ	- нанимать
foreman	- бригадир
supervisor	- лицо среднего руководящего персонала
first-line manager	- руководитель высшего звена
be engaged	- быть вовлеченным
	MANAGEMENT

1. Management is the art or practice of managing a business, money, products and all the people by a company. In other words, to manage is to direct a set of activities on financial, technical, information resourses with the aim to achieve organizational goals in an effective manner. The word “management” is also used to determine people, who are in charge of a company, or an organization.

2. Successful management is likely to get things done through others, that is through the manager’s subbordinates. The main role of successful management can be summed up in the following words :“The system should work well, if we don’t have any exceptions.”

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Businessmen are those beople who start a company and should take business risks. This decision making group is delegating responsibilities to subbordinates.

3.Such organizations as General Electric and Proctor & Gamble typically have a number of levels of management. The most common view is taking into account three basic levels: top, middle and first-line managers.

4.Top managers: president, vice-president, chief executive officer, managing director make up a small group executives, who controls the organization. Middle managers (plant manager, operating managers, head of a department ) form a larger group of managers in most organizations. The company”s usual requirement is the following: the middle manager should conduct the policies and plans developed by top management.

5.First-line managers (foreman, supervisor, office manager) typically spend a large portion of their time supervising the work of operating employees. Managers of different levels may be engaged in various areas within a company In any given firm there may be a marketing, finance, product, personnel, administrative and other kinnds of management at all three levels.

II. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее субъектный инфинитивный оборот и переведите его.

III. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на вопрос: What areas of management do you know?

ВАРИАНТ Ш

I. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту host computer – главная ЭВМ

encode – (за)кодировать

THE INTERNET

1. The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. 2. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States,

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while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.

3.E-mail is cosidered to be most popular Internet service. Most of the people,who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet.

4.Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase.

5.However, there are some problems. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding. But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful.

II. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца предложение, содержащее причастие II в функции определения, и переведите его.

III. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What are encoding programs used for?

ВАРИАНТ IV

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1,2 и 4-й абзацы.

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	Пояснения к тексту
dioxin	– двуокись
formidable	– страшный
persistent	– стойкий
longevity	– долгожительство
to scatter	– разбрасывать
to scrap	– закрывать за ненадобностью
to dump into shafts	– сбрасывать в шахты
to slash	– снижать
living cells	– живые клетки
bleached paper	– отбеленная бумага

FIFTY MILLION RUSSIANS LIVE ON POISONED LAND

1.Nearly a third of the people in Russia, or 50 million, live on lands affected by dioxins, formidable poisons. This was announced at the international conference on the protection from persistent organic pollutants. 132 countries took part at this conference. Nearly all the speakers maintain that dioxins are not simply a subject of debate among a narrow circle of specialists, but quite a real threat to the longevity of humanity.

2.Dioxin-generating factories are scattered all over Russia, and they are unlikely to be scrapped in the coming few years. It is impossible to retool production overnight. In order to survive, it is necessary to discontinue the use of molecular chlorine in industry. The experience of industrialized countries shows that such reforms take at least 15 years. In addition, there should be laws prohibiting production of new dioxin-containing substances.

3.Part of the problem also lies, in building dioxins. Military people suggested at one time that dioxins be dumped into shafts and destroyed by plasma explosions, or better still, be packed in containers and rocketed into space.

4.Despite the fact that the government approved a special federal program called “Protection from Dioxins and Dioxin-like-Toxicants” in 1995, funds for it were immediately slashed and the program itself was soon forgotten. Like in the case of ozone-destroying freons, Russia once again is running a risk of posing a threat to its neighbors.

5.Dioxins are poisons that attack all types of living cells, even in small concentrations. In man, they cause sterility, congenital pathologies, cancer and diseases ranging from allergies to scleroses. Industrial enterprises of

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practically all types, especially chemical and paper plants, produce dioxins. The biggest emission of dioxins in the environment occurred during the 1960 s and 1970 s as a result of an expanded production of bleached paper and some other products involving the use of chlorine.

II. Перепишите из 2-го абзаца предложение, содержащее субъектный инфинитивный оборот, и переведите его.

III. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What caused the greatest emission of dioxins in the environment?

ВАРИАНТ V

I. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзац.

	Пояснения к тексту
multitasking	- делать одновременно много дел
cellular phones	- сотовый телефон
sheet	- таблица
message	- сообщение
	MULTITASKING

1. From the earliest time people have been trying to do several things simultaneously. They can read a book, cook dinner, talk on the phone, and do many other things at the same time. As car has become available, the time of multitasking has increased: people drive, listen to the radio, eat, and smoke in the cars at the same time.

2.Now an arsenal of new technogy (from notebook computers to cellular phones and portable televisions) makes possible for everyone to multitask all day.

3.The computer industry is considerd to introduce the word “multitasking” to the vocabulary. Mainframe computers that handled networks were the original multitaskers. The computer industry is concidered to have introduced the word “multitasking” to the vocabulary networks handled by computers were the original multitaskers. Today millions of people can set their per-

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