Л.А. Бердюгина Английский язык. Контрольные работы для студентов заочной формы обучения

ple pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows greater as the taxpayer's income grows.

But countries with direct taxation nearly always have indirect taxation, too. 4. Many things being imported into the country, customers have to pay taxes or "duties".Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties, in the form of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops.

If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained, but the tax is fairer, as the rich pay it.

5. Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement Tax system is a two-way street. The more taxes we pay, the more profitable our nation becomes.

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What is the best arrangement of taxation?

Контрольное задание №5

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание №5, необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.

2. Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.

4.Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both…and, either…or, neither…nor.

Oбразец выполнения (к упр.I)
Грамматические функции глаголов should, would
1. It would be interesting to make	Было бы интересно сделать
this experiment.	этот опыт.
2. I should like to take part in this	Мне бы хотелось принять
research work.	участие в этой	ис-
3. It is necessary that the computer	следовательской работе.
	Необходимо, чтобы компьютер
should be repaired by tomorrow.	был отремонтирован к
	завтрашнему дню.
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4.The engineer would have finished the experiment if he had had time yesterday.

5.If I came earlier, I should speak to him.

Инженер закончил бы экперимент, если бы вчера у него было время.

Если бы я пришел пораньше, я бы поговорил с ним.

Oбразец выполнения (к упр.III)

AS (так как, что касается)

1. As we had a lot of free time, we	Так как у нас было много сво-
decided to go to the park.	бодного времени, мы решили
	пойти в парк.

2.As to (as for) the computer it can handle enormous quantity of data per seconds.

3.This book is interesting as well as useful.

4.I have done the work as it was required.

Что касается компьютера, то он может в секунду обрабатывать огромное число данных.

Эта книга и интересна и полезна.

Я сделал работу, как это требовалось.

Because (потому что), because of (из-за, вследствие, благодаря)

1.We use these films because	Мы используем эти пленки,
they possess superior properties.	так как они обладают превос-
	ходными свойствами.
2. They didn’t go to the country	Они не поехали за город из-за
because of the rain.	дождя.
By means of (посредством)
1.All the calculations were made	Все расчеты были сделаны
by means of an electronic compu-	с помощью электронновычис-
ter.	лительной машины.
Both … and (и … и)
1.Both the Bridge and the dam	И мост, и дамба будут завер-
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will be completed before the navi-	шены до начала навигационного
gation season.	сезона.
Due to (благодаря, из-за)
1.The train did not arrive in time	Поезд не прибыл вовремя из-
due to the snow storm.	-за снежной бури.
For (так как; для; в течение)
1.For a long time wood was being	В течение долгого времени де-
applied for housing construction.	рево использовалось для строи-
	тельства домов.

2.We could not translate this text for it contained unknown terms.

Мы не смогли перевести этот текст, так как он содержал неизвестные термины.

Since (с тех пор как; так как)

1.I have been interested in comp Я интересуюсь компьютераputers since I entered the university. ми, с тех пор как поступил в

университет.

2.Since the experiment was	Так как эксперимент был за-
finished the students left the lab.	кончен, студенты ушли из ла-
	боратории.
Either … or (или …, или; либо …, либо)
1.You can get to that part of the	Вы можете добраться в ту
city either by bus or by the under-	часть города либо на автобусе,
ground.	либо на метро.
Neither … nor (ни …, ни)
1.I like neither the cinema nor	Я не люблю ни кино, ни
television. I am fond of reading.	телевидение. Я люблю читать.

ВАРИАНТ I

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

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1. Engineers should deal with the evolution of the existing systems as well as the design of new systems.

2.Without the computer space programs and the 21st century would be impossible.

3.If the Universe were finite, its expansion would eventually stop.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1.Polysilicon to be used meets all of the requirements addressed above. 2.The transistor is considered to be the basis for the second generation of

computers.

3.Being quite different from vacuum tubes and transistors, lasers operate entirely on quantum principles.

4.No mathematician could prove this number to exist.

Ш. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1.The method of processing data as well as peripheral devices define computer generations.

2.Today’s analogue computer is a device used for measuring such physical quantities as lengths and voltages.

3.The conductive properties of semiconductors are due to their impurities.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2 и 4-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
electric circuit	- электрическая цепь
general-purpose	- универсальный
special-purpose	- специализированный
inputoutput ports	- вход-выход
memory hierarchy	- иерархия памяти

central processing unit (CPU) - центральное процессорное устройство (ЦПУ)

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WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

1.The word “computer” comes from a Latin word which means to count. A computer is known to be a very specific kind of counting machine. To do different problems fast without using a computer is extremely difficult. By means of electric circuits it can find the answer to a very difficult and complicated problem in a few seconds.

2.Initially, the computer was designed as a tool to manipulate number and thus solve arithmetic problems. At present it is applicable for a great variety of tasks. Nowadays computers are considered to be complicated machines for doing arithmetic and logic. The computer proved to have become an important and powerful tool for collecting, recording, analysing and distributing tremendous masses of information.

3.There are different kinds of computers. They may be general-purpose computers as well as special-purpose ones. Special-purpose computers do only one job over again. Each specific application requires a specific computer. A special-purpose computer is built to solve one problem. General-purpose computers are able to do many different jobs.

4. Any computer is, architecturally, like any other computer. Regardless of their size or purpose most computer systems consist of three basic elements: the input-output ports, the memory hierarchy and the central processing unit. The memory hierarchy stores both the instructions (the program) and the data in the system. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on the responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

V. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What basic elements do most computer system consist of ?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. The word “computer” comes from a Greek word which means to count.

2.The computer was designed as a tool to manipulate number.

3.A special-purpose computer is buiet to solve many problems.

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4.Most computer systems consist of three basic elements.

5.The memory hierarchy stores both the instructions and the data in the system.

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. According to the theory of scaling, the smaller dimensions of a transistor should enhance its speed.

2.The development of the second generation of the computers would have been impossible in 1930s, because the invention of the transistor occurred in the late 1940s.

3.If the transistor hadn’t been invented in the late 1940s, developments in electronics would have taken place at a comparatively slow pace.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. In order to understand how transistors and other circuit elements can be made from silicon, it is necessary to consider the physical nature of semiconductor materials.

2.Having transferred an electron to the impurity atom the adjacent atom creates a new hole.

3.Computers having been developed, space programs became possible.

4.The films used were found to be mechanically strong.

5.To be more economically competitive, more and more systems will in corporate micros.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. The film composition changed with time due to the different chemical substances.

2.As soon as all calculations are completed, we shall begin the tests.

3.Because of frequent breakdowns of the computer the task wasn’t carried out in time.

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IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.

	Пояснения к тексту
a dazzling promise	- ослепительное обещание
an awful threat	– ужасающая угроза
space-maneuvering	- космическое маневрирование
re-rentry	- возвращение в атмосферу
computer simulation	– компьютерное моделирование
permutation	- перестановка

THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION

1.Without the computer space programs would be impossible and the 21st century would be impossible. More than any other single invention, perhaps even more than wheel, the computer offers a dazzling promise and an awful threat that it seems to change the direction and meaning of our lives.

2.Computers today are known to run our factories, to plan our cities, to teach our children, to predict tomorrow’s weather, and even to play chess, to write poetry or compose music.

3.In the new age of exploration the computer is solving in milliseconds the problems a generation of mathematicians would need years to solve without its help. The small, fifty-nine-pound computer is said to do one billion different space-maneuvering, navigation, and re-rentry problems. Translating the answer into simple numbers it tells the astronaut the attitude to which he must bring the spacecraft.

4.To simulate one or a million variants of the same theme is one of the computer’s greatest assets. The computer can do far more than simulate the mechanics of space flight; it can furnish accurate models of life itself.

5.With computer simulation you can have a series of problems in which you can figure out all the ramifications, all the permutations and combinations, and do it very quickly. You can get a computer model of a city and play out all the different effects, for example, the effects on industry locations, residential densities, and the like.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What can we do with computer simulation ?

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VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. Without the computer space programs would be impossible and the 21st centuru would be impossible.

2.Translating the answer into simple numbers it tells the astronaut the attitude to which he must bring the spacecraft.

3.To simulate one or a hundred variants of the same theme is one of the computer’s greatest assets.

4.With computer programs you can have a series of problems.

5.You can get a computer model of a city and play out all the different effects.

ВАРИАНТ III

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. In the new age of exploration the computer is solving in milliseconds the problems a generation of mathematicians would need years to solve without its help.

2.It is necessary that the measurement should be accurate.

3.Architectures should provide adequate flexibility to support the growing trend to distributed systems.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The microprocessor is known to be the heart of a microcomputer.

2. Because of the small dimensions required, it is no longer possible to use conventional optical method to define the surface of an integrated circuit.

3. Using the same programs and machines as for resistors, capacitors and interconnections.

4.A personal computer is known to be a small computer based on a microprocessor .

5.No mathematician could prove this number to exist.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

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1. The structure of this material is as great as that of steel.

2. The structure of an integrated circuit is sure to be complex both in the topology of its surface and in its internal composition.

3. Since the devices are smaller, the number of devices is much greater.

IV. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите переведите 3,4, и 5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

a warehouse-sized room	-помещение размером со склад
tide	-морской прилив и отлив
a device	-прибор, устройство
a punched card	-перфокарта
data input	-ввод данных
a loom	-станок
general-purpose	-универсальный

SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTIRY OF COMPUTERS

1. Modern computers are known to have an enormous variety of sizes and shapes, ranging from the smallest personal computers to huge machines filling warehouse-sized rooms. Nearly one hundred fifty years ago there were no such things as computers-at least in the sense we are using the term now. The computer really did not come into existence until the 1830.

2.Some years after the war of 1812, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.

3.Dozens, even hundreds of clerks could not do this job. Having built a new device Babbage called it an analytical engine. He designed the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input use as early as the 1700 s by Bouchon and in the 1800s by Jacquard to control automatic looms. Babbage adapted the idea for his computer, and if has been with us ever since.

4.Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, substraction, multiplication, or division,it had its own “memory” and, because of this “stored program”, the machine could use different combinations and se-

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quences of these to suit the purposes of the operator. It became an autonomous machine.

5. The machine of his dreams was never realized in his lifetime. Yet Babbage’s idea didn’t die with him. Others made attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century.

V. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

Whom was the first programmable computer invented by?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. Nearly two hundred fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.

2.The computer really did not come into existence until the 1830.

3.Having built a nen device Adison called it an analytical engine.

4.Karl Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations.

5.The machine of his dreams was realired in his tifetime.

ВАРИАНТ IV

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. If the size of a finite Universe were 10.23 kilometers in radius, our Universe would be said to be middle-aged.

2.One should be careful when working with chemical substances.

3.You should acquire certain skill before beginning the work you are so interested in.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. When developing computer technology we are facing a number of difficult problems.

2.The menu in conjunction with an electronic pen having been user, the user could enter the computer frequently.

3.In a conductor current is known to be carried by electrons.

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