методичка 3 (1)
.pdfRussian and American troops have been taking part in “Peacekeeper-94” – the first Russian-American joint military exercise
(Euro News)
where the meaning of “Peacekeeper-94” becomes clear from the rest of the utterance.
с) exophoric or “outward” relationships, when the meaning of an element becomes clear through the reference to the macro context, i.e. to the background knowledge, cultural and subject field (professional) competence of the addressee and to the knowledge about “the world”, e.g.:
Veteran Nazi hunter Simon Weisenthal has been awarded one of Poland’s top decorations by President Walesa. The 85-year old Auschwitz death camp survivor is in Poland at Walesa’s invitation
(Euro News)
where general cultural competence will help to translate Auschwitz death camp as
табір смерті Освенцім.
Contextual relationships of meaningful elements in oral discourse play a key role in successful interpretation of messages. Thus, anaphoric and cataphoric relationships provide for lexical coherence of discourse, while exophoric relationships ensure links with the macro context.
Literature
Гальперин И.Р. Текст как объект лингвистического исследования / И.Р.
Гальперин. – М. : Наука, 1981. – 139 с.
ван Дейк Т.А. Язык. Познание. Коммуникация / Т.А. ван Дейк. – М. : Прогресс,
1989. – 312 с.
Kомиссаров В.Н. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты): Учеб. пос.
для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз. / В.Н. Kомиссаров. − М. : Высш. шк., 1990. − С. 158170, 189-192.
Комиссаров В.Н., Коралова А.Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский: Учеб. пос. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз. − М. : Высш. шк., 1990.
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− С. 30-32, 59-66.
Максимов С.Є., Радченко Т.О. Перекладацький аналіз тексту (англійська та українська мови). – Київ : Вид. центр КДЛУ, 2001. – 105 с.
Чернов Г.В. Основы синхронного перевода / Г.В. Чернов. – М. : Высш.школа,
1987. – 256 с.
Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice / Roger T. Bell.
− London, NY : Longman, 1991. − P. 43-75.
Halliday M.A.К. Categories of the theory of grammar // Word, 1961, Vol. 17, №3. – P. 241-292.
Hoey M. Patterns of Lexis in Text / M. Hoey. – Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press, 1991.
– 276 p.
Jacobson, R. On the Linguistic Aspect of Translation // Theories of Translation.
− Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1992. − P. 148.
Ortega-y-Gasset, J. The Misery and the Splendour of Translation // Theories of
Translation. − London, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1992. − P. 106107.
Schogt, H. Semantic Theory and Translation Theory // Theories of Translation. −
London, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1992. − P. 194.
ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION
Why is general theory of translation considered to be the core of translatology?
What are the branches of translatology?
Talk on bilingual theory of translation.
Give the definition of text and context.
Give the definition of discourse.
ВПРАВИ ДЛЯ САМОСТІЙНОГО ОПРАЦЮВАННЯ
Рекомендації щодо обраного способу перекладу.
Повний переклад застосовується для передачі вихідного тексту з метою ретельного ознайомлення з його змістом з урахуванням комунікативно вагомих
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деталей.
Повний семантичний переклад здійснюється при інтерпретації наукових текстів або текстів соціально-культурної значущості, що призначаються до вузького кола спеціалістів. Результатом такого перекладу має бути технічна інструкція, наукова публікація або юрідичний документ.
Повний комунікативно-прагматичний переклад застосовується для передачі такого вихідного тексту, що має високу культурну значущість. Результатом такого перекладу є ретельний опис емоціонального стану без скорочень, що є характерним для текстів літературного або публіцістичного стилю.
ВПРАВА 3: Перекладіть наданий текст за допомогою повного способу перекладу. Застосовуйте семантичний переклад для інтерпретації цитат,
комунікативно-прагматичний переклад – для всього тексту.
Молитва Господня "Отче наш" есть выше и драгоценнее всех написанных молитв, какие мы, христиане, имеем. Начало молитвы " Отче наш, иже ecu на Небесех" должно возводить ум на небо к небесному Отцу. Слова "да святится Имя Твое" есть прямое прошение о внутренней сердечной молитве. Слова "да приидет Царствие Твое" изъясняют так: да приидет в сердца наши внутренний мир, спокойствие и радость духовная. Под словами "хлеб наш насущный даждь нам днесь" должно разуметь прошение о потребностях телесной жизни, не из-
лишних, но токмо нужных и для помощи ближним достаточных.
ВПРАВА 4: Перекладіть текст за допомогою повного перекладу, зауважуючи національно-культурні традиції реціпієнта. Застосовуйте як семантичний, так і комунікативно-прагматичний переклад задля різних частин тексту.
Devonshire Splits
1/2 oz. fresh yeast
1 teaspoon caster sugar
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1/2 pint milk - warmed to blood heat 1 Ib strong white flour
1 oz. caster sugar
1 teaspoon salt
2 oz. butter
Mix together the yeast, the 1 teaspoon of sugar and the warm milk and leave in a warm place for 20-30 minutes until frothy. Rub the butter into the flour and stir in the 1 oz. of sugar and the salt. Add the yeast liquid to the flour and mix to a soft dough. Knead on a floured surface until smooth and elastic. Leave covered in a warm place for about 1 hour until doubled in size. Knock back, knead again and divide into 16 pieces. Mould into neat bun shapes and place on floured baking sheets. Leave once again in a warm place until well risen. Bake in a pre-heated oven at 425° F or
Mark 7 for approximately 15 minutes until pale golden in colour. Cool on a wire rack. These sweet dough buns are often served with a traditional Clotted Cream tea. They are split and filled with the cream and home-made jam.
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SEMINAR 1
GENERAL THEORY OF TRANSLATION
Theory of translation. Its subject and objectives.
The most practical definition of translation. Explain the reasons of your choice.
Translation as a process of interlingual and intercultural communication.
Levels of analysis in translation.
Translation universals. Branches of translatology. Bilingual theory of translation.
Text, context and discourse as a communicative phenomenon.
Practical part
1. Analyze the translation of the given passage “Хай! Бай!” by Alex Turobov from the point of view of:
translation models;
translation transformations;
lexical difficulties (the translation of proper names, bookish words, neologisms);
grammatical difficulties (indirect word order);
stylistic-pragmatic difficulties (the translation of stylistically colored words, contaminated speech, stylistic devices).
2. Translate the given passage «Оптимисты» into English taking into consideration different models of translation.
Literature
Комиссаров В.Н. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты): Учеб. пос.
для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз. / В.Н. Комиссаров. − М. : Высш. шк., 1990. − С. 6-50, C. 158-186.
Комиссаров В.Н., Коралова А.Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский: Учеб. пос. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз. − М. : Высш. шк., 1990. − С. 4-10, C. 30-38, C. 59-66.
Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу (аспектний переклад):
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Підручник / І.В. Корунець. − Вінниця : Нова книга, 2000. − С. 10-32.
Федоров А.В. Основы общей теории перевода (лингвистические проблемы): Учеб. пос. для ин-тов и ф-тов ин. яз. / А.В. Федоров. − М. : Высш.
шк., 1983. − С. 9-23.
Швейцер А.Д. Контрастивная лингвистика и теория перевода //
Сопоставительная лингвистика и обучение неродному языку. − М. : Наука,
1987. − С. 157-166.
1. Хай! Бай!
Пожалуй, к манере общения русскому труднее всего привыкнуть в Америке.
Никак не могу ухватить эту манеру. Внимание и в то же время безразличие. Я
или начинаю брататься, или остаюсь нелюбезно немногословен. Когда пытаюсь изобразить их любезность – тянет что-то вроде расшаркаться и раскланяться, в
стиле восемнадцатого века.
Уних чем ближе человек, тем меньше восклицаний при встрече-прощании.
Унас наоборот: чем ближе – громко, чужому – сдержанно. Такие восторженные интонации у меня просто голосовые связки не воспроизводят. “Oh!! Fine!! Good!! And you??” С приписком даже.
«Хай!» при приветствии я тоже еле из себя выдавливаю. Какое-то вялое гавканье. То ли дело наши «Привет!» и «Пока!». Крепкие, энергичные слова.
В рукопожатии есть свои отличия. Наши мужики часто здороваются за руку как-то сбоку, сприсядки, заговорщицки. В школе у нас называлось - «Держи краба». А эти прямо стоят, далеко тянут выпрямленную руку, прямо смотрят в глаза.
Hi! Bye!
For a Russian, getting accustomed to social interactions in America, is perhaps the most difficult thing. In no way can I grasp this interaction. Attention is at the same time indifference. I either begin blabbing or remain sullenly terse. When I attempt to imitate their courteousness – I am driven to bow and scrape like they did in the 18th
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century.
In America, the more intimate the person, the less is said at their meeting and parting. With Russians it is the opposite – the closer the person – the louder the exclamation, to strangers – more reservation. Such ecstatic tones and even shrieks involved in “Oh! Fine! Good! And you??” my vocal cords simply refuse to reproduce. Instead, a squeaky sound comes out.
At the greeting I can also barely squeeze out “Hi!” from myself. Instead, an apathetic bark comes out. You can’t compare our “Hello!” and “So long!” which are solid, forceful words.
Our handshakes also have their own distinguishing features. Our guys often greet each other with their hands somewhat sideways, curtsying and conspiring. At school they called it – “Hold the crab!”. But these guys stand upright, stretch their hand way out, and look you right in the eye.
2. Оптимисты
Передача была по ТВ в прямом эфире, как выпутываться из долгов. Звонит зритель, обращается к ведущему:
-Как Вы?
-Прекрасно! А как Вы?
-О, спасибо, просто прекрасно!
-В чём вопрос?
-Да я тут потерпел банкротство… Тяжко. Такое чувство, что весь мир ополчился против меня.
У нас если кто отвечает на вопрос: «Как дела?» - «Прекрасно!» - значит,
нечестным трудом живёт или не работает. Значит, продавщица ворует, а
чиновник взятки берёт. А если «Потихонечку» - значит, работяга.
А для них «потихонечку» - значит, что-то задумал нехорошее, скрывает, что-
то на уме. Под других копает. А если “Fine!” – значит, на других не глядит,
своим доволен.
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LECTURE 3
TRANSLATION MODELS
Translation as a special type of communication. Translating process. The notion of a translation model.
The situational model of translation.
The transformation approach to translation.
The denotative model of translation.
The communicational model of translation.
The distributional model of translation.
Translation as a special type of communication. Translating process. The
notion of a translation model.
Translation is a special kind of communication called interlingual communication. The goal of translating is to transform the SL text into the TL text which will produce the same effect on the TL recepient as the original produces on the SL recepient.
Translating process includes two mental processes − understanding and verbalization. First of all the translator understands the contents of the ST, reduces the information it contains to his own mental program, then he develops this program into the TT. The problem is that these mental processes are not directly observable and we do not know much of what this program is and how the reduction and development operations are performed. Translation theory describes the process of translating by postulating a number of translation models.
A translation model is a conventional representation of the process of translating describing mental operations by which the ST or some parts of it may be translated, irrespective of whether these operations are actually performed by the translator. It may describe the translating process either in a general form or by listing a number of specific operations (transformations) through which the process can be realized.
The situational model of translation
The situational (or referential) model is based on the identity of the situations
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described in the original text and in the translation. This presumes that the translator actually makes a mental travel from the original to some interlingual level of equivalence and then further on to the text of translation. In the situational modal this intermediate level is extralinguistic. It is the described reality, the verbal representation of the facts of life. The process of translating presumably consists in the translator getting beyond the original text to the actual situation described in it. This is the first step of the process, i.e. the breakthrough to the situation.The second step for the translator is to describe the situation in the TL. Thus, the process goes from the text in one language through the extralinguistic situation to the text in another language. The translator first understands what the original is about and then reproduces the same things in the TL. This model includes both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. According to this scheme translating can be defined as a twostage process of interlingual and intercultural communication when on the basis of the analyzed and transformed text in the SL a translator creates another text in the TL which substitutes the ST in the TL and culture. So an act of translating appears to be an intercultural communicative event so far as cultures include corresponding languages, languages include texts and texts pertain to a specific subject-matter (politics, law, economics, teaching) or reflect imaginary, fictional world (fiction texts).
For example, a translator reads in Arthur Conan Doyl’s “The Lost World” the description of the main character blundering about the impenetrable forest full of prehistoric beasts and cruel ape-looking creatures hunting him: The path laid still behind him. The translator tries to understand what reality lies behind the words: the journalist is attempting to be very careful and quiet on the path evading the slightest noise which could attract undesirable attention. So, the translator describes the situation in Ukrainian in the following way: На дорозі нікого не було.
The transformational approach to translation
As Prof. Miram has stated, according to the transformational approach translating is viewed as the transformation of objects and structures of the SL into those of the
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TL. Transformation in translation is any replacement of a SL unit by its equivalent in the TL. Transformations may be observed at the phonological, orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, stylistic, pragmatic levels.
At the phonological level substitution of phonemes occurs. This is observed through such way of translation as transcribing. Transformations at the orthographic level are performed during transliteration. At the morphological level morphemes (both word-building and word-changing) of the SL are transformed into those of the TL. For instance, English word-building suffixes “-tion”, “-sion” may be transformed in the process of translation into Ukrainian “-ція”, “-ка”: revolution −
революція, preparation − підготовка. At the lexical level we observe transformations of word combinations, substitutions of idioms, like: in blue mood −
не в дусі. Syntactic transformations comprise a broad range of structural changes, from the reversal of the word order in a sentence to the division and integration of sentences in the process of translation.
According to the transformational approach translation is seen as a set of multilevel transformations of the ST into the TT governed by specific transformation rules.
Due to the approach suggested by Prof. Nida, the transformational model postulates that in any two languages there is a number of nuclear structures which are completely equivalent to each other, each language has an area of equivalence in respect to the other language. It is presumed that the translator performs his work at three transformational strokes. The first stage is the stage of analysis: here the SL structures are transformed into the nuclear structures of the SL. At the second stage − translation proper − the SL nuclear structures are replaced by the equivalent TL nuclear structures. At the third − the stage of synthesis − the TL nuclear structures are developed into the terminal structures of the TT.
A similar approach can be used to describe the translation of semantic units. The semantic transformational model postulates the existence of “deep” semantic categories common to the SL and the TL. It is presumed that the translator first reduces semantic units of the original to the basic semantic categories and then replaces these notions by the appropriate semantic units of the TT. Thus, when the
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