3. Adjective and adverb in English and Ukrainian

Adjective is characterized in Eng. and Uk. by its common implicit lexico-grammatical nature and common functions in the sentence. It expresses the quality of things or substances( a nice flower, urgent measures). According to their typological characteristics, adjectives split into some isomorphic and allomorphic classes. Isomorphic classes of adjectives: Qualitative – cold, big, green - холодний, великий, зелений etc.; Relative(Відносні) – golden, English, wooden – золотий, деревяний, англійський etc.; Possessive and relative – Shakespearian, Lermontovian etc. – Шевченківський, Лермонтовський etc.; Suppletive(Суплетивні) – good, better, best; bad, worse, worst – добрий, гарний, кращий; поганий, гірший, найгірший.;Possessive( only in Uk.) – мамин/матери, батьків/татів/сестрин etc. As to the structure of adjectives they fall in Eng. and Uk. into 3 far from equal by their number groups: 1) Base(simple) adjectives which are regular root words( big, clean, high etc),and in Uk.( винен, певен, зелен etc.); 2) Derivative adjectives which are in Eng. regular stems:apable, grammatical, beautiful etc. In Uk. language these adjectives are non-stem. They are formed with the help of different suffixes E.g: н, езн, ськ, цьк, зьк( товариський, паризький); ан, ян, ов,ев( гречаний, березовий);езн, ач, яч, ущ, ющ etc.( величезний, добрячий, багатющий etc.). 3) Compound adjectives unlike basic and derivative are characterized by some structural or lexical allomorphism. They may sometimes not correlate in Eng. and Uk. semantically. E.g the Eng. compound adjective breast-high can have in Uk. only a phrase equivalent занурений до грудей/ що дістає до грудей; ice-cold is холодний як лід/крига etc. There exist also many equivalent compound adjectives like four-storied, all-national etc.and in Uk. чотириповерховий, всенародний etc.

The adverb in Eng. and Uk. is an indeclinable notional word expressing the quality or state of an action, the circumstances in which the action proceeds, or a degree of some other quality. Adverbs in Eng. and Uk. have some common and divergent features. Eng. adverbs are formed with the help of the suffixes ly( greatly, slowly); ward/wards( seaward,eastwards); a (aback, aside); be( before, besides). And in Uk. they may be formed by means of suffixes E.g о(гарно, надійно); а( дарма); ому( по-їхньому); якнай( якнайшвидше etc). Equally common in both languages is the formation of adverbs by way of reduplication, e.g: so-so, willy-nilly etc. – ось-ось, скоро-скоро etc. Qualifying adverbs in both languages may be qualitative. Qualitative adverbs in both languages include large groups of adverbs of manner, quantity or degree which have corresponding equivalent in Uk. E.g: aloud, by heart, aloof etc – вголос, напам’ять, скоса etc. the second large common group present adverbs denoting circumstances. They are: 1) adverbs of time: now, always, today etc. – зараз, завжди, сьогодні etc.; 2) adverbs of repetition of an action: daily, twice, usually – щоденно, двічі, звичайно.; 3) adverbs and adverbial phrases of place or direction of an action: here, there, inside etc. – тут, там, надворі etc. an isomorphic feature is the existence in both languages of a large group of pronominal adverbs some of which are not available in Eng. Among these are: 1) interrogative and relative adverbs: where, when, why etc. – де, куди, коли…; 2) demonstrative adverbs: there, here, then – там, тут, тоді; 3) complementing adverbs: everywhere, sometimes, otherwise – всюди, інколи, по-іншому etc.