9. Structural types of the sentences in English and Ukrainian

According to the way in which the expressed content correlates with reality, there are distinguished in the contrasted languages the following common structural types of sentences: 1) two-member sentences; 2) one member sentences. As a result, English two-member sentences are represented by a large variety of extended and expanded models, than Ukrainian two-member sentences. Consequently, English two-member sentences are represented by a large variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Ukrainian. Two-member sentences in the contrasted languages may be of two subkinds: 1) conventionally complete; 2) properly complete. The former are elliptical sentences in which some parts of the sentence are deleted: And when are you going? On Monday. – The same in Ukrainian: І коли ви від’їжджаєте? – В понеділок. Many English sentences, traditionally qualified as elliptical, are structurally close to Ukrainian definite personal sentences. But whatever the nature of these sentences, they can be easily replenished completed which is a convincing testimony to the existence of typologically common sentence structures in the system of simple utterances of the contrasted languages. The only two-member sentences, which are non-existent in Ukrainian, are the following: 1) Impersonal sent. which are introduced by the impersonal pronoun/subject it: It is thundering. It is drizzles; 2) Indefinite personal, in which the subject is expressed by the indefinite personal pronouns one, they, you. E.g One says. They say etc; 3) Sentences with the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition like He was sent for; 4) Sentences with the above-mentioned introductory ‘it’ or ‘there’ like It is time to start. There is nothing to say; 5) Sentences with the above-mentioned secondary predication constructions as following: I thought him to be a teacher. We saw her to cross the street. Common in the contrasted languages are two-member sentences with the simple nominal predicate expressed by a noun, an adjective, a numeral, a participle, an infinitive or a phrase. Such a predicate may follow the subject or proceed it. Hence, there may be a) the S – P model sentences E. g the Future, how, how uncharted! – Майбутнє, як, як невизначене!; b) the P –S model sentences E.g Poor little thing! – Бідна вона.

Unlike two-member sentences, which have a large quantitative representation of structural types in English, one-member sentences, on the contrary, have a larger number of paradigmatic classes in Ukrainian. Common in English and Ukrainian are the following paradigmatic types of one-member sentences: Nominal sentences which characterized in English and Ukrainian by some isomorphic and allomorphic features. Isomorphic is the structural form of nominal sentences which can be either extended or expanded. Expanded Nom. Sentences consist of two or more nominal components connected by means of co-ordinate conjunctions. The components in extended English nominal sentences may be connected both syndetically or asyndetically whereas in Ukrainian the synthetic or analytico-synthetic connection prevails; Imperative sentences containing a verb and having a V or VP pattern structures: Keep aside, keep aside! Не підходь, не підходь!; Exclamatory sentences may structurally often coincide in Eng. and Uk. with nominal and infinitival sentences: Thieves! Fire! Злодії! Вогонь!;Infinitival sentences in both contrasted languages have practically identical structural forms. They may be extended or unextended E.g to be or not to be? - бути чи не бути? The definite personal sentences which are widely used in literary and colloquial Uk. Speech. The doer(виконавець) of the action in these sentences is indicated by the finite verb and its personal ending correlating with the main part of the sentence. E.g Люблю(я) пісні мойого краю; а)Impersonal sentences with the main finite verb expressing th state of the agent used in the dative case form. E.g Остапові не спалося.b) Impersonal sent. with the principal part expressed by the verbs in –но, -то. Роботу покинуто. с) Impersonal sent. with modal predicative phrases functioning as a part of the modal verbal predicate. E.g Йому не слід було дивитисьetc.