- •Foreword
- •Contents
- •Morphology the noun
- •The Category of Number
- •Invariable Nouns
- •The Genitive Case
- •Types of the Genitive Case
- •The article
- •Functions of the Article
- •The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
- •The Use of Articles with Material Nouns
- •The Use of Articles with Predicative Nouns and Nouns in Apposition
- •The Use of Articles in Some Set Expressions Nouns in set expressions used with the indefinite article
- •Nouns in set expressions used with the definite article
- •Nouns in set expressions used without an article
- •The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
- •Articles with Names of Meals
- •Articles with the Nouns school, college, prison, jail, church, hospital
- •Articles with Names of Parts of the Body
- •Articles with Names of Specific Periods
- •The Use of Articles with Proper Names
- •Names of Persons
- •Geographical Names
- •Calendar Items
- •Miscellaneous Proper Names
- •The adjective
- •Morphological Composition
- •Semantic Characteristics
- •Descriptive adjective Limiting adjective
- •The Position of Adjectives
- •Degrees of Comparison
- •Patterns of Comparison
- •Intensifiers of Adjectives
- •Substantivized Adjectives
- •Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Oblique moods
- •Temporal Relations within the Oblique Moods
- •Subjunctive II
- •A. Simple Sentence
- •B. Complex Sentence
- •The Conditional Mood
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I
- •Syntax the sentence
- •Sentence
- •The Simple Sentence. Structural Types
- •Communicative Types of Sentences
- •Interrogative sentences
- •Imperative sentences
- •The subject
- •Ways of expressing the Subject
- •Structural Types of the Subject
- •“It” and “there” as Subjects notional “it”
- •Formal subjects ‘’it” and “there”
- •The predicate
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject Grammatical Agreement
- •Pronouns as Subjects
- •Agreement with Homogeneous Subjects
- •Notional Agreement
- •The object
- •Types of Objects
- •Structure and Ways of Expressing
- •Predicative Constructions that Function as Objects
- •The attribute
- •The apposition
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Structural Types of the Adverbial Modifier
- •Semantic Characteristics of the Adverbial Modifier
- •Absolute nominative constructions
- •Non-prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •The composite sentence
- •The Compound Sentence
- •The Complex Sentence
- •Nominal Clauses
- •Attributive Clauses
- •Adverbial Clauses
- •2. Adverbial clauses of place
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •List of Books
Adjectives and Adverbs
Some adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: happy ― happily, etc. When an adjective already ends in –ly (cowardly, daily, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely) we don’t add –ly to it to make an adverb. Instead we can use a prepositional phrase with the words fashion, manner, or way:
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
She waved her hands around in a lively fashion.
N + -ly = Adj in a [Adj] manner/way = Adv |
Adj = Adv (in form) | ||
N |
Adj |
Adv (phrase) |
|
man woman friend coward life love mother father brother sister king soldier sick |
manly womanly friendly cowardly lively lovely motherly fatherly brotherly sisterly kingly soldierly sickly silly |
in a manly way in a womanly way in a friendly way in a cowardly way in a lively way in a lovely way in a motherly way in a fatherly way in a brotherly way in a sisterly way in a kingly way in a soldierly way in a sickly way in a silly way |
better best daily early fast hourly monthly weekly worse worst yearly
|
Most participle adjectives ending in –ed don’t have an adverb form and we can use a similar prepositional phrase:
They rose to greet me in a subdued manner.
She walked around the room in an agitated way. (or in agitation.)
However, some do have an adverb form with –ly, including the following common ones: allegedly, belatedly, contentedly, dejectedly, deservedly, excitedly, hurriedly, markedly, pointedly, repeatedly, reportedly, reputedly, supposedly, unexpectedly, wholeheartedly, wickedly:
The weather had turned unexpectedly stormy.
Some adverbs have two forms, one ending in –ly and the other ― without it: cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), fine(ly), slow(ly), thin(ly). These pairs of adverbs usually have different meanings. Compare:
We live close to the church (=near). |
The prisoners were guarded closely (= very attentively). |
The rain stopped dead (suddenly and completely). I am dead certain (= completely) / dead tired / dead asleep / dead drunk / dead calm / dead sure / dead right. |
He is deadly serious (= very). She is deadly pale today (= like death). (adj) deadly poison / deadly struggle (adj) a deadly sin (= mortal) |
He pushed his stick deep into the sand (= to a great depth). |
He was deeply offended (= very). I am deeply privileged. |
‘Do I have to change trains in Leeds?’ ‘No, you can go direct (= without stopping)’. |
I’ll be with you directly (= very soon). He saw Susan directly (= straight) ahead. |
Just take it easy (= remain calm) and tell us exactly what happened. Easy does it = тише едешь, дальше будешь |
I can easily finish it today (= without difficulty). She is easily the best student in the class. (= undoubtfully) |
You must play fair. (= in a just or honest manner, or according to the rules) |
Cut the meat fairly small, but not too small. (= to some degree, rather, quite) |
She worked really hard and passed her exams. |
The telephone line was so bad, I could hardly (= only just) hear what he was saying. |
He kicked the ball high over the goal. |
Everyone thinks highly of her teaching. (= they praise her for it). |
She was sitting just here (= exactly) |
As you justly observed (= rightly, correctly) |
They stayed up late to watch the election results on television. (= after the usual, arranged, or expected time) |
I’ve been feeling very well lately (= in the recent past and up until now). |
They live quite near (her) (= not far from, close to). |
He was nearly as tall as his friend (= not exactly, approximately). |
It’s pretty cold today. (= quite, rather) |
She smiled prettily. The room was prettily decorated. |
The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp (= exactly). Turn sharp right at the crossroads (= suddenly and quickly). |
|
They cut short their holiday when John became ill. (= went home early) |
The speaker will be arriving shortly (= soon). Please take your seats. |
The windows were shut tight against the rain (= shut very firmly). |
I wouldn’t like to live in a society, which is very tightly controlled (= closely, firmly). |
The door was wide (= completely) open so I just went straight in. |
It won’t be difficult to get the book. It’s widely available. (= in many places) |
Remember that good is an adjective and well is an adverb:
I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did a good job. / and he did the job well.
However, well is also an adjective meaning healthy:
You’re not looking too well. Are you okay?
I don’t feel very well today.
Note that after the link verbs look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem we use adjectives, not adverbs:
She looks nice / bad / pale / awful / strange.
It smells sweet / horrible / bad / wonderful.