“It” and “there” as Subjects notional “it”

PERSONAL	DEMONSTRATIVE
It stands for a thing mentioned in the previous context: a) The door opened. It was opened by a young girl of ten. b) The postman brought the letter. It is on the table.	It points out some person or thing expressed by a predicative noun, or it may refer to the thought contained in a preceding statement, thus having a demonstrative meaning: a) It is John. b) It was a large room with a great window. It = This c) Mary returned home late. It irritated his mother.

Formal subjects ‘’it” and “there”

IMPERSONAL	EMPHATIC	INTRODUCTORY
IT	IT	IT	THERE
a) Natural phenomena, characteristics of the environment. It was October, drizzling and dark. b) Time It was nine o’clock. c) Distance It is a long way to Ireland. d) State of things in general “It is all over, Mrs. Thingummy!” said the surgeon. Note: 1) Here belong sentences with the predicate expressed by the noun time followed by the Infinitive: It was high time to take the departure. 2) Sentences with the predicate expressed by the verbs: to seem, to appear, to turn out, followed by a clause: It seemed that he didn’t know the place (state of affairs). 3) Sentences with predicative adjectives preceded by too and followed by an Infinitive: It was too late to start (time).	Structures with emphatic it are used to give any part of the sentence more importance. The structure of such sentences is as follows: It + is/was + emphasized part of the sentence + who/that + the rest of the sentence: It is they who give wisdom and understanding. It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. Note: The predicate agrees with the emphasized part not with who: It is I who am laughed at. It is they who are losing a game. It is you who are wrong.	It is difficult to translate this article. To translate this article is difficult It is strange that he didn’t come. That he didn’t come is strange. It is awfully hard work doing nothing. It is no good going there so early. It is no use crying over spilt milk. Doing nothing is awfully hard work.	There introduces the notional subject expressed by: a) noun: There was silence for a moment. There is a time for all things. b) pronouns (some, any, somebody, no one, anything): There was nobody in the room. There is nothing new under the sun. c) gerund, gerundial phrase: There is no smoking here. d) clause: First, there is what we might call a pattern. Note: 1) There is used with the verb to be to talk about something that exists. It also precedes the following group of verbs: to remain, to exist, to live, to come, to go, to appear, etc. 2) There can be found in the following idiomatic expressions: There’s no point / There’s no sense + in + Gerund/ Gerundial Complex: There's no sense in your doing this There’s no need + Infinitive/ For-to-Infinitive Construction: There is no need to phone him.

A number of common expressions include It is no... or There is no.... Study the following examples:

It is no secret that the President wants to have a second term. It is no surprise that his latest production was a success. It is no wonder Dad felt angry. It is no use telling me this. It is no good getting so annoyed. It was no coincidence that they left the party at the same time. It is no longer necessary to have a visa to visit this country.

There is no alternative but to ask her to leave. There is no denying that he is a a very good footballer. There is no hope of getting money for the research. There is no need to explain how it works. There is no point in buying an expensive computer. There is no question of agreeing to his demands. There is no reason to be pessimistic. There is no chance of meeting him.

It ... patterns are used with the following verbs: amaze, annoy, bother, frighten, please, surprise, appear, follow, happen, seem. Such sentences have the following structure: It+Verb+(Object) + that-clause:

It surprised me that they didn’t come to any agreement.

It worried me that he drove so fast.

Some verbs are commonly used with an it ...pattern when they are in the passive: accept, agree, believe, decide, expect, intend, plan, think, understand:

It is believed that a horseshoe brings good luck.

It is planned that they will come tomorrow.