- •Авторы:
- •Введение
- •Alan Dower Blumlein (1903-1942): the Edison of electronics
- •Telephone engineering
- •Audio recording
- •Television
- •Blumlein's reputation
- •A. А. Campbell Swinton: master prophet of electronic television
- •Scottish descent
- •W. H. Eccles (1875–1966): the first physicist of wireless
- •Radio research
- •Bending round the Earth
- •Shakespeare
- •E. H. Colpitts: telephones, oscillators and the push-pull amplifier
- •Oscillator
- •Grace m. Hopper: originator of the first compiler and computer language to use English statements.
- •Irving Langmuir (1881-1957): World's Foremost Scientist
- •John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945): The Birth of Electronics
- •Very happy thought
- •Nonagenarian
- •Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850-1918): Inventor of the oscilloscope
- •Rectification
- •Oscilloscope
- •Walter Schottky (1886-1976): Barriers, defects, emission, diodes and noise
- •Three-halves law
- •Schottky diode
- •Jack St Clair Kilby (born 1923): inventor of the integrated circuit
- •Pretty damn cumbersome.
- •A fireball
- •The pocket calculator
- •Russell and Sigurd Varian:
- •Childhood
- •Russell
- •The klystron
- •A hamburger celebration
- •Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937): father of radio
- •Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922): speech shaped current
- •Making sound visible
- •A little accident
- •Commercial success
- •Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954): Genius of radio
- •Positive feedback
- •The superhet
- •Super – regeneration
- •Frequency modulation
- •Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1889-1982): Catalyst of television
- •In Russia
- •Something more useful.
- •The storage principle
- •Later work
- •Joseph Henry (1797-1875): Actor turned engineer and scientist
- •Early days
- •Science and engineering
- •The first telegraph?
- •Princeton
- •Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954): the solitary genius who wanted to build a brain.
- •Childhood
- •Computable numbers
- •Bletchley park
- •Almon Brown Strowger (1839-1902):
- •Inventor of the automatic telephone exchange
- •No need for girls
- •Trunk dialling
- •An ardent booster
- •Sir Charles Tilston Bright (1832-1888): The great feat of the century
- •To cross the Atlantic
- •The druggist's son
- •Patents
- •A first attempt
- •Another try
- •Into Parliament
- •Заключение
- •Библиографический список использованный
- •Оглавление
Princeton
Henry's successes were, of course, recognized and in November 1832 he became the new Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of New Jersey, now better known as Princeton University. One of those who recommended him simply said. "He has no equal".
Ten years later Henry turned to examining the discharges from a Leyden Jar capacitor. By studying the way in which the discharge magnetized steel needles within wire coils, he correctly deduced them to be oscillatory. He then teetered on the brink of one of the greatest scientific discoveries.
He observed that a single spark, about an inch long, in an upper room, caused a needle to be magnetized inside a coiled circuit in the cellar, a perpendicular distance of 30 feet. He wrote that he was "disposed to adopt the hypothesis of an electrical plenum, and from the foregoing experiment it would appear that the transfer of a single spark is sufficient to disturb perceptibly the electricity of space throughout at least a cube of 400,000 feet of capacity".
The effect, he said, was almost comparable "with that of a flint and steel in the case of light". As Oliver Lodge later commented, "Comparable it is indeed, for we now know it to be the self same process".
By 1851 Henry could assert that the effects are "being propagated wave fashion" and "to a surprising distance". One of his students recorded in 1844 that sparks produced from "the Electrical Machine in the College Hall" affected the surrounding electricity "through the whole village".
Other experiments confirm that Henry was generating, propagating and detecting electromagnetic waves and was evolving a qualitative theory of the ether. Maxwell's later theory of electromagnetism began with Faraday's ideas, but it could equally have begun with Henry's.
Recognition of Henry's achievements suffered because he was initially slow to publish his work. Later in his career when he published more quickly he used a journal respected in America but then less well known in Europe. Consequently Europeans were slow to learn of his discoveries. However, when the Henry was suggested as the unit of inductance at the International Congress of Electricians in 1893, it was proposed by a Frenchman and seconded by a Briton.
Electromagnetism, in its widest sense, was not Henry's only interest. At various time he studied astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, anthropology and ethnology. And at the Smithsonian he proved to be an able administrator.
Joseph Henry: he teetered on the brink of one of the greatest discoveries...
His marriage, to his cousin Harriet, was long and happy and their declining years were enhanced by the care of their three daughters, the only survivors of six children.
After almost 50 years of near-perfect health, Henry's final illness made itself known in December 1877. His doctor gave him six months and he died on May 13, 1878. Friends raised and invested $40 000, the income going first to Henry and then his surviving dependants with the capital eventually passing to the National Academy. With such terms, even Henry could not reject it.
When Henry had tried to settle his account with his doctor he was told, "There are no debts for the dean of American science". The old man was moved. "I have always found the world full of kindness to me", he said, "and now here it is again."