I. In the position of np2 (object).

E.g. We admired the girl's reciting that poem.

I was afraid of his seeing us.

I love smoked fish.

We were disgusted with their cruel treatment of the children.

I heard of his six more years of study.

J. In the NP position after BE.

E.g. They are lovers of books.

This was their love for children that made them take the risk.

This was the killed bear.

* * *

VIII. The study of the mechanism of nominalising transformations shows that the main procedures applied on the syntactic level are:

(1) deletion of BE and HAVE and of the verbs of the same groups such as 'contain', 'consist', 'lie', 'stretch'; (2) the introduction of prepositions (mostly 'of) between the two NP; (3) permutation of NP₁ and NP₂;

on the morphemic level:

1. the derivation of the corresponding N from V (N/V):

'compose - composition', 'remove - removal', govern government', etc.; the derivation of N-er (manage - the one who manages - manager) denoting 'ac­tion - actor'; the derivation of the corresponding N from A;

(2) transforma­tion of V-finite into V-ing with a possessive subject, or embedding it between the determiner and N;

(3) transforming V-finite into V-to preceded by 'for N' as subject

Passive transforms of sentences with VT can also produce nominal trans­forms, the operations applied are: (1) deletion of BE, (2) embedding V-en be­tween the determiner and the N.

* * *

IX. The study of nominalisation also shows that nominalised transforms may be classed into three groups: (I) NP fully (perfectly, wholly) nominalised, that is consisting of two N, without any V; (2) those containing a V as V-ing, V-to or V-en; the third type must be added here, it is a clause with a finite V capable of standing in an NP positions in some other sentences. "What he brought is here," but more appropriately this transformation is included into ,sentence-sequence' T-grammar.

Thus we may also distinguish three degrees of nominalisation.

(1) The slightest degree when the only trait of nominalisation is the ca­pability of standing in the NP position (N-clauses).

2. The lower degree when the transform capable of standing in the NP position still have a V, but it is non-finite (semiclauses).

2. The higher degree of nominalisation, N structures without V.

X. The grammar of nominalising transformations has not only got a practical significance, it is of considerable theoretical value as it solves the problem of the concept of' word-group' which could hardly be solved by non-transformational grammar, because the grammars of' word-groups' and that of 'parts of the sentence' are neither differentiated, nor anyhow connected into one system.

Transformational grammar approaches with the same criterion all types of sentences, stating whether they are kernel sentences or transforms and then sets out transformational rules which are essentially the same in all the parts of syntax (deletion, permutation, substitution, function words).

II. Practical tasks

1. Answer the following questions.

What is the nominalising transformation?

What is the product of the nominalising transformation?

What positions can the N-transform fill?

What relations are mirrored in the N-transform?

Is Harris's definition of the N-transform complete or not and what should be added to it?

What makes theS NP transformation necessary?

What structures does theS NP transformation apply to?

Are the relations of the underlying structures retained in the N-transform?

Could you recall into what subgroups the kernel sentences are divided?

On what level is the N-transformation performed?

Is there word-for-word correspondence between a kernel sentence and N-transform?

If not, with what classes of words can the positions of N-transform fill?

How many N-transformations of sentences with BE do you know?

How does the uniqueness of BE manifest itself in the domain of N-transformations?

What kernel sentences with BE do you know?

How do you transform the 'NP is A' into (T) A N?

What becomes of the nominalised constructions when they function as regular names of all the objects of the same class?

Are these N-transforms easily generalised?

How is generalisation signalled?

What are the operations applied in this transformation?

* * *

How are the 'N is A' sentence structures differentiated?

Can sentences which state A undergo N-transformations?

Is the ability/inability of' N is A' structure to undergo the N transformation a signal of discriminating the two A subgroups?

Could non-transformational grammar find a solution for the discrimination of state A and quality A?

How do you nominalise the structure NP is NP?

What is the operation applied?

Is this operation on the morphological or syntactical level?

What does the choice of the determiner in NP₂ signal?

How do you nominalise the structure NP is of NP?

What operation is applied?

What level transformation is it?

Is the N-transform easily generalised?

Which is oftener used: the kernel sentence or the N-transform?

How do you nominalise ' N is D ' kernel structure?

What operation do you apply?

What N-transform do you produce nominalising NP is like NP?

What are the operations applied?

How do you know that 'like' is a preposition?

Has this N-transform any stylistic value?

Are these N-transforms used in emotional speech?

Have they got any portraying value?

Could you give the positional characteristics of the NP derived from BE-sentences?

Could you enumerate all the procedures applied to BE-sentences when they are nominalised?

* * *

What do you know about the uniqueness of the verb HAVE?

How is this uniqueness displayed in nominalising?

How are sentences with HAVE divided?

How is the sentence NP₁ HAVE (HAS) NP₂, nominalised?

What are the procedures to produce the transform NP₁'s NP₂ ?

What are the procedures producing NP₂ of NP₂?

What is the grammatical meaning of this transform?

Do the two N-transforms retain this meaning?

How are these transformations restricted?

What is the transform produced by nominalising NP₂ HAVE (HAS) NP₂ D?

What intermediate structure lies between the kernel sentence and the nominal transform?

What preposition is used in the N-transform in this case?

What preposition is used if the sentence is negative?

What procedures are used in nominalising these sentences?

What do you get nominalising the kernel sentence NP₁ HAVE (HAS) NP₂ with the context restricted D (' in it', 'in them')?

What verb can substitute HAVE in these sentences?

How do you nominalise these sentences?

What procedures are applied?

Do the transforms retain the relations of the kernel sentences?

Are these transforms easily generalised?

If the preposition in the N-transform is 'for' (not 'of), how' does it change the structural meaning of the N-transform?

* * *

How is the NP with 'for' further transformed?

What are the underlying constructions of' a cup of tea'?

What are the underlying constructions of' a tea-cup'?

What N-transforms may seem to be ambiguous?

What different constructions express different relations?

What other nominalising transformations may be applied to sentences with HAVE?

What is the N-transform with HAVE-ing?

How is NP₁ transformed?

What is the function of NP₁'s in the N-transform?

What operations are used in this transformation?

Does the N-transform mirror the relations of the kernel sentence from which it is derived?

What is the other transformation which can be applied to V-Have sentences?

How is V-Have transformed on the morphological level?

What is the NP₁ preceded by 'for' in this transform?

What is the N-transform derived from NP VI (D)?

How is N/V derived from a V on the morphological level?

What procedures are applied on the syntactic level?

What relations characterise the N-transform?

* * *

Can the N-transform be generalised or not?

What is the transformation with V-ing of these sentences?

Are the 'actor—action' relations preserved in this transform?

What other transforms may be derived from the same sentences?

What restrictions are there for these nominalising transformations?

How are these sentences transformed into NP with V-to?

When is 'for—NP' not used before the infinitive?

What positions can these transforms fill in?

How do you produce the N-transforms of the following type: TN/V(er)of NP₂?

What relations are expressed in this transform?

Can the same kernel sentences be nominalised with V-ing?

What are the operations used in this transformation?

Can the same sentences be nominalised with V-to?

Can the same sentences and some others be nominalised into TN/V of NP₂?

What procedures are applied here?

What is the intermediary transformation or 'smoked fish', 'the killed bear' and the like?

How do you nominalise sentences with the verbs 'to form' and 'to make' ?

What are the intermediary constructions?

Can adverb relations of time and place be rendered in N-transforms?