Exercise 2. Agree or disagree with the following statements

1. Lviv, the historical capital of Galicia and Western Ukraine, and after Kyiv, the second cultural, political, and religious center of Ukraine.

2. By population it is the first largest city in Ukraine.

3. Today Lviv has an area of 200 sq.km.

4. Lviv is the only city in Ukraine that still has some original Renaissance architecture.

5. The main monuments in the city are to Ushakov, T.Shevchenko, B.Khmelnitsky.

Exercise 3. Ask questions to get these answers.

1.In the mid-13th c.

2. St. Nickolas's Church.

4. 4. Vysoky Zamok.

5. Renaissance architecture.

6. To A.Mickiewicz, I.Franko, V.Stefanyk, I.Fedorovych.

Exercise 4 . Put the sentences of the text into the logical order. Retell the text.

1. Lviv was founded in the mid-13th century by Prince Danylo Romanovych

2. The most imposing part of Lviv includes Shevchenko prospect, Mickiewicz square, and Horodetska street.

3. Today Lviv has an area of 155 sq km.

4. The oldest monument in Lviv consists of the foundation and walls of St. Nickolas's Church.

5. There are a lot of picturesque parks in the city.

6. Lviv is the only city in Ukraine that still has some original Renaissance architecture.

7. Lviv is the leading scientific and cultural center of western Ukraine

8. The main monuments in the city ore to A.Mickiewicz, I.Franko, V.Stefanyk, I.Fedorovych.

Exercise 5. Tell about any Ukrainian city which you have ever visited.

IX . Supplementary

Text D The Constitution of Ukraine

The adoption of a new constitution of Ukraine on the 28th of June, 1996, became an important event in the life of the people of Ukraine. Our country has long-standing constitu­tional traditions. The first Constitution of Ukraine was written by hetman Pylyp Orlyk in 1710. Being the first constitution in Europe, it was notable for its profound democracy. The expe­rience of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1918) played a sig­nificant role in the constitutional process. The constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic approved by the Centralna Rada is the embodiment of the statehood principles of Ukraine.

On the 24th of October, 1990, the constitutional commis­sion was appointed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The draft constitution was written during the first stage of its preparation (1990—1993). It was logically and juridically com­pleted during the second stage (1994—1996). The draft consti­tution was published and went through nation-wide discussion. On the 28th of June, 1996, the Constitution was confirmed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Common to all mankind prin­ciples of democracy are embodied in the Constitution. The ba­sic economic, social, cultural, public and political rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. According to the Constitution, Ukraine is a sovereign, independent, democratic, social and ju­ridical state. Territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine are proclaimed in the Constitution.

The power in Ukraine belongs to people. It is exercised through democratic elections and referendums and by state gov­ernment bodies and self-government institutions. The form of state government is a republic. The head of the state is the president. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the highest legis­lative body in the country. The principles of economic, political and ideological multiformity are proclaimed in the Constitution. All citizens have equal rights. People are proclaimed to be the greatest social value in Ukraine. These and other regulations are successively developed in the chapters of the Constitution. The best national traditions are embodied in the Constitution, which creates the legal bases of regulation of social relations.

Text E Ukrainian Music

The real development of musical education in Ukraine be­gan in the 19th century with the opening of a music school in Kyiv in 1868. In 1883, it became a music high school. Such schools were opened in other towns as Odesa, Poltava, Kharkiv. Conservatories were opened in Kyiv and Odesa in 1913. The music and drama school was founded in Kyiv in 1904 by M Lysenko. In a year the M. Lysenko Music Institute was opened in Lviv. They played an important part in the training of national musicians.

The best representatives of the Ukrainian musical culture were well-known artists as the conductor 0. Koshyts, the sing­ers S. Krushelnytska, M. Sadovska, the composers K Stetsenko and L. Revutsky. The first permanent opera theatre in Ukraine was opened in Odesa in 1809. The Kyiv and Kharkiv opera companies were organized later.

The Drama Theatre (1882) greatly influenced the develop­ment of Ukrainian music. From the beginning of the 19th cen­tury the Ukrainian theatre was associated with folk song and dance culture. Folk music became an important dramatic com­ponent in the plays of this period ("Natalka Poltavka", "Nazar Stodolya", etc.) National opera developed under the influence of the Ukrainian music-drama theatre.

The choir activities of M Lysenko, which continued during almost his entire musical career, played an important part in the history of Ukrainian choral culture. He conducted the stu­dents' choir of Kyiv University.

The most consistent followers of the traditions set by M. Lysenko were the composers Stetsenko, Stepovy and Leontovych.

Many famous Russian composers, such as M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Musorgsky, wrote music on Ukrainian themes.

Text F Ukrainian literature

The great body of Ukrainian oral literature attained its ze­nith in the 16th century with the Cossack epic songs, the "dumy". The first books printed in Ukrainian were translations of the Gospels (16th century). Early books were usually relig­ious, but a grammar appeared in 1596 and a dictionary in 1627. Ukrainian cultural life of the 17th century centered around the Kyivan academy, established in 1633. The out­standing poet and philosopher of the 18th century was Hryhory Skovoroda (1722- 1794). A leading figure in the Ukrain­ian literary revival of the early 19th century was Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769-1838), whose travesty of the 'Aeneid" and operetta "Natalka Poltavka" are major works of Ukrainian classical literature. Classicism predominates also in the writ­ings of the novelist Hrytsko Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (1778-1843) and in the plays of Vasyi Gogol.

Interest in folklore and ethnography is represented in the works of Levko Borovykovsky (1806—-1889) and Ambros Mellynsky (1814—1870), poets of the Kharkiv romantic school.

With the founding in the 1830s of a University in Kyiv, the capital became once again the cultural centre of Ukraine. The leading scholar of the period was the historian Mykola Kostomarov (1817- 1885).

The poet Taras Shevchenko was the great figure of Ukrain­ian romanticism, which predominates in the dramatic works of Mykhailo Starytsky (1840- 1904), Marko Kropyvnytsky (1840- 1910) and Ivan Tobilevych (1845-1907).

Realism in Ukrainian prose found expression in the works of Borys Hrinchenko (1863- 1910) and Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky (1838- 1918) and in the naturalistic tales of Marko Vovchok (1838-1907).

Modern Ukrainian literature is represented by the outstand­ing writer Ivan R-anko and the poetess Lesia Ukrainka. Mas­ters of impressionist prose were Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky (1864-1913) and Vasyi Stefanyk (1871 - 1936).

The novelist Olha Kobylyanska (1868- 1942) and the novelist and political writer Volodymyr Vynnychenko were among the major literary figures of the early 20th century.

Many Ukrainian writers were killed or deported by the Soviet regime during the 1930s, among them the dramatist Mykola Kulish (1892-1934), the humorist Ostap Vyshnya, and the theorist of neoclassicism Mykola Zerov.

One of the leading writers of the proletarian age, Mykola Khvylyovy (1893 - 1933) proposed the reorientation of Ukrain­ian literature toward the West. Important writers who survived the purges of the 1930s include the master of subjective verse Maksym Rylsky, the necromantic poet Mykola Bazhan, the lyric poet Pavlo Tychyna, the dramatist Oleksandr Komiychuk, and the novelist Oles Honchar.

Text G Science and technology in Ukraine

For a long time science in Ukraine developed as a part of the scientific efforts of the former Soviet Union. However, it had its own Academy of Sciences, founded in 1918 by Hetman Skoropadsky. Since 1994 it has been called the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Ukraine has contributed many outstanding scientists to the world. In the 15^th-17^th centuries they were the talented physician Yury of Drohobych and linguists and linguists L.Zyzaniy and P.Berynda. The beginning of the 17^th century was also marked by the creative activity of the prominent linguist M.Smotrytsky whose “Slavic Grammar” became the basis of grammars of many Slavic languages. In the 18^th century the main scientific centre of Ukraine was the Kyivo-Mohyla Academy whose most famous representatives of that time were N. Maksymovich and O.Shumlyansky. The 19^th and 20^th centuries produced such outstanding scientists as the mathematicians M.Ostrogradsky and A. Pohorelov, the linguists O. Bodynsky, A.Potebnya, the historians V.Antonovich, M.Hrushevsky and D.Bahaliy, the orientalist A.Krumsky, the geologist P.Tutkovsky, the physicians V.Obraztsov, M.Strazhesko, V.Filatov, the lawyer M.Vasylenko and many others.

Ukrainians are also proud ofthe fact that only several months after the nucleus of the atom was split by the English physicists G.Cockroft and E.Walton in 1932, the same result was achieved in one of the laboratories of Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology headed by I.Kurchatov and A. Ioffe. It was the first split of an atom in the USSR and a great success of Soviet scientists. Nobel Prize laureate Academician Lev Landau worked for many years, heading the Institute of Physics and Technology. Another Nobel Prize laureate Ilya Mechnicov was born in Kharkiv region, studied in Kharkiv National University and worked there for a long time. The first electronic computing machine in Europe was designed by our countryman S. Lebedev in 1951. The famous astronomer Academisian Mykola Barabashov worked in Kharkiv Observatory and made significant discoveries concerning Mars, Moon and Venis. Ukrainian scientists made their contribution into the development of space explorations. The Southern Machine Building plant and Kharkiv “Khartron” designed and launched hundreds of artificial Earth satellites ncluding the famous “Zenith”.

The world famous Ukrainian scientists are Volodymir Vernadsky and Yevhen Paton.

Volodymyr Vernadsky was the first President of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He was a prominent naturalist, mineralogist, the founder of geochemistry and biochemistry, the creator of the biosphere theory. Together with Oleksander Fersman he was the first to suggest the use of radioactivity in studying geological processes . He was also the first to estimate the age of the most ancient elements of the Earth surface as being 4,5 billion years old.

Yevhen Paton was an outstanding Ukrainian constructor, famous for his contribution in bridge-building and welding. He studied Engineering in Dresden (Germany) and St.Petersburg, and in 1904 became a professor of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute where he headed the bridge-testing laboratory. Evhen Paton designed over 35 bridges, including the famous bridge across the Dnipro River that was named after him. He is also considered to be the father of electronic welding. The Institute of Electronic Welding the director of which Evhen Paton had been till his very death, developed his theory and mastered the highly productive hidden welding technique which is used world –wide.

Unit 7

Topic: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Text: The United Kingdom . Geography and Climate.

The Government of Great Britain