Сполучення модального дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом

Must Infinitive Perfect May + (have + V3) May	повинно бути можливо напевно	He may have read this article. Він напевно прочитав цю статтю.
Can + not + Infinitive Could Perfect	не може бути, не можливо	He cannot have done it. Не може бути, щоб він зробив це
Could Might + Infinitive Perfect Ought to + Infinitive Should Perfect	можливо міг би слід було б	They might have overlooked something very important. Вони можливо прогледіли щось важливе.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences:

1. You could have bought this book; it was on sale. 2. He may have forgotten about it. 3. We have done things we ought not to have done. 4. She must have caught cold. 5. He could have guessed it. 6. You could have gone to the library yesterday. 7. He cannot have said it. 8. You should have sent her to college. 9. You needn’t have done this exercise in written form. 10. Can he have said it? He may have lost your address. 11. They must have forgotten to send us a copy of the telegram with their letter.

Неособові форми дієслова (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb) - інфінітив (the Infinitive), герундій ( the Gerund) і дієприкметник (the Participle). Вони не вживаються в ролі присудка, але можуть входити до його складу. Неособові форми дієслова не мають граматичних ознак особи, числа і способу, не виражають часу дії (теперішнього, минулого чи майбутнього), а лише вказують на співвіднесеність у часі, тобто чи є виражена ними дія одночасною з дією присудка, чи передує їй.

Non – Finite Forms of the Verb

Неособові форми дієслова

The Participle

Дієприкметник

Дієприкметник (the participle ) – це не особова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова, прикметника і прислівника.

Форми дієприкметника

	Participle I	Participle II	Perfect Participle
Active	writing	-	having written
Passive	being written	written	having been written

Функції дієприкметника

Дієприкметник в реченні може бути 1) обставиною, 2) означенням,

3) частиною присудка.

I. Означення (Attribute )
1. They saw a smiling girl.	Вони бачили усміхаючу дівчинку. Вони бачили дівчинку, яка посміхається.
2. A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it.	Вчитель, бачачи помилку в диктанті студента, завжди виправляє її. Вчитель, який бачить помилку в диктанті студента, завжди виправляє її.
3. The building of the new cinema being built in our street just now is of modern design.	Будівля нового кінотеатру, яка будується зараз, сучасного дизайну.
4. The described method is very effective.	Описаний метод дуже ефективний.
5. The method used depends on the selected material.	Використаний метод залежить від обраного матеріалу.
II. Обставина (Adverbial Modifier )
1. He spent the whole day preparing for his exam.	Він провів весь день, готуючись до екзамену.
2. Listening to the tapes you will greatly improve your pronunciation.	Слухаючи записи, ви значно покращите свою вимову.
3. While (when) translating this article he came across many difficulties.	Перекладаючи (коли він перекладав) цю статтю, він зустрівся з багатьма труднощами.
4. Being invited he said he would not come to our evening party.	Коли його запросили, він сказав, що не прийде на наш вечір.
5. Having done the job, we decided to rest a little.	Зробивши роботу, ми вирішили трохи відпочити.
6. Having been restored the building looked very fine.	Після того як будівлю від- реставрували, вона чудово вигляділа.
7. When translated this article was sent to the editor.	Після того як статтю переклали, її відправили редактору.
III. Частина присудка (Part of the Predicate)
1. He is reading now.	Він читає зараз.
2. I have seen this film.	Я вже бачила цей фільм.
3. Newspapers are brought in the morning.	Газети звичайно приносять вранці.

Exercise1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Having graduated from the Institute, my brother decided to go to work in the Far East. 2. Having looked through a lot of magazines, she chose only one. 3. The man left the room saying that he was in a hurry. 4. Not having bought tickets in advance, we had to go to the theatre long before the performance started. 5. Having entered the room, he introduced himself to all those present. 6. Having finished the test, the students were allowed to leave the room. 7. Having spent a month in the country, she looked much better. 8. The man making a report is a good speaker. 9. When asked about the exhibition held in the Picture Gallery, the young man said that he had admired it greatly. 10. Being fond of skiing John always joins us fro skiing trips at week-ends. 11. The performance begun at six ended at eleven. 12. Having been given all the instructions, we begun our work. 13. Being a boy the artist was fond of painting his friends’ portraits. 14. If sent away now, the letter will arrive the day after tomorrow. 15. Being pleased with the student’s answer the examiner did not ask him any more questions. 16. Not knowing grammar one cannot speak correctly. 17. Having been tested the device was put into production.

Exercise 2. Define the part of the speech and function of words with –ed in the following sentences:

1. They published the results of the experiments completed. 2. The factory museum contained about 8000 exhibits collected during two centuries. 3. He described the method used by this engineer. 4. The engineer used the method described in this article. 5. The paintings discussed attracted the attention of many visitors. 6. His personality was reflected in his art. 7. He reflected these events in his paintings. 8. The lecture was followed b by a long discussion.

Exercise3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle I and the Participle II.

1. a) A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Odesa tomorrow. b) He saw some people in the post office sending telegrams. c) When sending the telegram, she forgot to write her name. 2. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important. b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian. c) While putting the eggs into the basket, she broke one of them. 3. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live. b) A person taking a sunbath must be very careful. c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text. 4. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double. b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it. c). Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: “Fire!” 5. a) The word said by the student was not correct. b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician. c) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.

The Absolute Participle Construction

Незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот

Participle I і Participle II у реченні утворюють складну конструкцію - незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот . Цей зворот складається з іменника в загальному відмінку або особового займенника в називному відмінку і дієприкметника. В цій конструкції дієприкметник має «свій» підмет. Цей підмет не є підметом всього речення.

Якщо зворот займає 0 місце в реченні, тобто стоїть на початку речення, то він перекладається підрядним обставинним реченням за допомогою сполучників : коли, якщо , тому що, після того як.
It being dark, we switched on the light.	Тому що було темно, ми ключили світло.
Якщо зворот стоїть на 4 місці, тобто наприкінці речення, то він перекладається простим реченням в складі складнопідрядного речення за допомогою сполучників: а, але, і, або безсполучниковим реченням.
We had a good time during the holidays, the weather being fine all the time.	Ми провели добре час під час канікул, погода була чудова.

Exercise4. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. The rain having stopped, we could continue your way. 2. My father being very ill, I had to call a doctor. 3. The weather being favorable, we shall start on a skiing trip. 4. The text was not very difficult, many words having been learnt before. 5. The project finished, I submitted it to the Commission. 6. The conditions of work improved, we could continue our experiments. 7. The research work fulfilled, we decided to publish the results. 8. My friends living far, I seldom see them. 9. There being no vacant seats, I had to stand during the lecture. 10. There being nothing to do, we went for a walk. 11. We can see a lot of new blocks everywhere, each having dozens of flats with all modern conveniences. 12. There being a great deal of people in the hall, we could not enter. 13. The signal given, the train started. 14. The necessary building materials and equipment received, the workers could continue their work. 15. There many long rivers in Ukraine, some of them being among the longest in the world.

Exercise5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Participle I and II. Find out the sentences containing the absolute participial construction.

1. The translated article was very interesting. The article being translated by this student is necessary for he report. Having been translated the article was published. Having translated the article, the student showed it to the teacher. The article translated, we decided to show it to the engineer.

2. Visiting art exhibitions people can admire art works of world artists. Having visited the art exhibition, the students organized a discussion. The art exhibition having been visited by a great deal of people, we were sure of its success.

3. He was given a very difficult text for translation. The text given to him at the examination was very difficult. Being occupied in his work he did not notice when we entered the room. The text being interesting, we translated it with pleasure.

4. The key having been found, we could open the room. Having found the work interesting, I decided to take part in it.

5. The letter having come too late, we could do nothing. People coming to St. Petersburg admire its architectural ensembles.

The Gerund

Герундій

Герундій (the gerund) – це не особова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова і іменника.

Форми герундія

	Indefinite	Perfect
Active	asking	having asked
Passive	being asked	having been asked

Exercise1. Read and pay attention to the translation of Gerund forms.

1. I am fond of reading.	1. Я люблю читати.
2. I am not fond of being read to.	2. Я не люблю, коли мені читають.
3. I remember having read the book.	3. Я пам’ятаю, що читав цю книгу.
4. I remember having been read the letter.	4. Я пам’ятаю, що мені читали цей лист.