Англ(2курс, 2 семестр)

папи дозволу на розлучення з Катериною, той відмовив. Генріх був такий злий на папу, що розірвав усі контакти між Англією та Римом. Він розлучився з Катериною Арагонською без дозволу папи й одружився з Анною Болейн. У 1534 р. парламент назвав Генріха главою англіканської церкви. Англіканська церква не була близькою до протестантської, і Генріх, звичайно, не відчував себе протестантом. Однак протестантський рух у Європі ставав дуже сильним у той час. Коли Генріх посварився з Римом і наказав перекласти Біблію англійською мовою, для протестантизму були відкриті шляхи до вірян Англії. У наступні роки багато людей прийняло цю релігію. У 1553 р. Марія, дочка Генріха від Катерини Арагонської, стала королевою Англії. Країна повернулася до римської церкви, тому що Марія була римською католичкою. Протестанти не надто сумували, коли Марія померла, тому що під час її правління багато протестантів було спалено за свої переконання. Після Марії главою англіканської церкви стала Єлизавета, і римський католицизм більше ніколи не був офіційною релігією Англії.

Нині церква в Британії все ще є впливовою. Але незважаючи на велику розмаїтість релігійних вірувань, тільки невелика кількість людей регулярно ходить до церкви. Більшість людей вважає неділю днем сімейного відпочинку або домашніх справ.

64. Listening

Henry VIII and the Church

a) Listen to the tape script and say whether the following statements are true or false.

1. King Henry VIII married Katherine of Aragon.

2. Emperor Charles V was the ruler of most of Europe and England.

3. When Henry’s mistress Mary Boleyn became pregnant he asked the Roman Catholic Church for a divorce.

4. Henry VIII got a divorce with Katherine of Aragon from the Pope.

5. In 1544 Parliament’s Active Supremacy made the King head of the Church of England.

6. The Spanish Armada, a fleet led by King Philip of Spain, was defeated in 1588. b) Listen to the tape script once again and answer the following questions.

1.What is King Henry VIII famous for?

2.Whose niece did he marry?

3.Why wasn’t Henry VIII happy about the children that he had with Katherine of Aragon?

4.What is Elizabeth I notable for?

5.Why did England become the most powerful and important protestant country of Europe?

THE UNION JACK AND "GOD SAVE THE QUEEN/KING"

65. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.

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This is the popular name given to the flag of the United Kingdom. Usually it is called the Flag and it consists of several flags.

It all began in 1603, when Scotland was joined to England and Wales. The Scottish Flag, St. Andrew's Cross, blue with a white cross from corner to corner, was joined to the English Flag, St. George's Cross, white with a red cross. The flag of St. George can still be seen on churches in England today. Later, in 1801, the Irish Flag of St. Patrick's Cross was added, white with a red cross from corner to corner.

In this way the British people got the Union Flag, which is red, white and blue. King James I (1566-1625) ordered the British Flag to be flown on the main mast of all British ships, except on ships-of-war. Here the flag was flown at the front of the ships, on what was called the bowsprit.

The end of the bowsprit was called the Jack Star and so we get the name of Union Jack. A "jack", by the way, is an old word for a "sailor".

"God Save the Queen/King” is the British national anthem. The words and tune probably date back to the 16th century, but the song took its present form during the 18th century.

Comprehension Check

66. Answer the questions.

1. How was the national British Flag constructed?

2. What tradition concerning the British flag is connected with the name of James the First?

3. What was the meaning of the word “jack”?

4. What is the British national anthem?

67. Complete the sentences.

1.The Union Jack is…

2.It consists of…

3.In 1603 Scotland was joined…

4.The Scottish Flag, St. Andrew’s Cross is a blue with white cross…

5.The English Flag, St. George’s Cross is white…

6.It can be seen…

7.In 1801 the Irish Flag, St. Patrick’s Cross was added…

8.King James I ordered…

9.The flag was flown…

10.The end of the bowsprit was called…

11.The British national anthem is…

Vocabulary Focus

68. Explain the meaning of the following words.

1.	Flag	6. anthem
2.	Cross	7. tune
3. mast		8. to date back

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4. bowsprit	9. jack star
5. jack	10. to fly
69. Match the words to their definitions.
1. flag;	a. a series of musical notes that are sung or played in a particular
	order to form a piece of music
2. cross;	b. a tall pole on a boat or ship that supports the sails
3. church;	c. a mark or an object formed by two lines crossing each other
4. mast;	d. a song which has a special importance for a country, an
	organization, or a particular group of people and is sung on special
	occasions
5. anthem;	e. a building where Christians go to worship
6. tune;	f. a piece of cloth with a special coloured design on it that may be the
	symbol of a particular country or organization, or may have a
	particular meaning
7. bowsprit;	g. a sailor
8. to date back;	h. a spar jutting forward from the bow of the boat
9. to fly;	i. to be fixed on a pole to be seen
10. jack	j. to have existed since a particular time

70. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the topical vocabulary, making any necessary changes.

cross	tune	mast	legally	anthem	flag	religion	established
recognized		community	cult	intolerance	declare

1.Immigrants have been successfully assimilated into the ___________.

2.The government has ___________ war on illiteracy.

3.The new treaty ___________ a free trade zone.

4.There are no analogies with any previous _________ cases.

5.The national ______ was played at the opening and closing ceremonies.

6.The heat was ____________.

7.The law states that everyone has the right to practice their own ___________.

8.Flags were flown at half _________ on the day of Captain’s funeral.

9.I __________ him as soon as he came in the room.

10.I’ve put a ___________ on the map to show where the hotel is.

11.Their son ran away from home and joined a ___________.

12.The black and white __________ went down, and the race began.

13.These proposals are perfectly in _________ with our own thoughts on the subject.

71. Render into English the following information about the national symbols of Great Britain.

НАЦІОНАЛЬНІCИМВОЛИВЕЛИКОБРИТАНІЇ

Усім відомо, що британський прапор часто називають «Юніон Джек». Ця назва бере свій початок з тих часів, коли державний прапор використовувався

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на судах. Він представляє емблеми трьох країн під одним командуванням. На прапорі - кілька емблем. Це хрести трьох заступників.

Червоний хрест на білому тлі — хрест святого Георга, заступника Англії. Білий діагональний хрест на блакитному тлі — хрест святого Ендрю, заступника Шотландії. Червоний діагональний хрест на білому тлі — хрест святого Патрика, заступника Ірландії. У 1801 р. з'явилася остання версія прапора, вона стала результатом об'єднання Великобританії з Ірландією, тоді й було додано хрест святого Патрика. Хрест усе ще на прапорі Британії, хоча тільки Північна Ірландія є частиною Сполученого Королівства.

Ви не знайдете на прапорі емблеми Уельса, тому що її там немає. Коли з'явилася перша версія прапора, Уельс уже був об'єднаний з Англією. Національний прапор Уельсу — червоний дракон на зелено-білому тлі. Він датується XV століттям.

Британський національний гімн — це патріотична пісня, яка була вперше представлена в 1745 р. На офіційних подіях виконується тільки його перший куплет.

BRITISH ROYAL CEREMONIES AND HOLIDAYS

72. Here is a table of main ceremonial and traditional events, public holidays and festivities in Great Britain. Look through the information below and think if you celebrate the same holidays in your country; if yes – then when?

Name

State Opening of

Parliament

Trooping the

Colour

Changing the

Guards

Lord Mayor's

Show

Ceremony of the

Keys

Christmas

Boxing Day

Usual activities on the day and before

The Monarch delivers the Speech from the Throne in Westminster Palace before the official opening of a new session of Parliament (usually at the end of October or beginning of November, or after a general election)

Inspection of the troops by the Monarch on His/Her Official Birthday (the second Saturday in June). The monarch reviews the seven regiments of the Royal Guard on Horse Guards Parade. Martial music, shouted commands, handing over the duty to the new guard in Buckingham Palace forecourt and in the Horse Guards court (daily)

Travelling of London's new mayor in a golden coach through the city to be sworn in at the Royal Courts of Justice (second Saturday in November)

The ritual daily locking up of the Tower of London for the night

Buying Christmas presents, putting presents for children into their stockings; using red and green decorations for the house, decorating Christmas trees, singing carols (December 25), bank holiday

The day of giving small Christmas presents/money to employees,

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New Year's Eve and / or New Year's Day

Remembrance Day (Poppy Day)

Spring Bank

Holiday

Summer Bank

Holiday (August

Bank Holiday)

Easter Sunday

(Easter Day) and

Easter Monday

Pancake Day

(Shrove Tuesday)

Mothering Sunday

Mother's Day

Father's Day

St. Valentine's Day

Halloween

Guy Fawkes Night

Eisteddfod

May Day

St. George's Day

St. Patrick's Day

postmen, milkmen, etc. (December 26), bank holiday

Making resolutions to give up smoking, to keep to a slimming diet, etc. Cooking New Year's dinner (December 31 / January 1), bank holiday

Laying wreaths at the Cenotaph in Whitehall, commemorating those who died fighting in the two world wars, poppies being a sym¬bol of mourning (Sunday nearest to 11 November, Armistice Day, the final day of the WW I, 1918)

The bank holiday that falls on the last Monday in May

The bank holiday that falls on the last Monday in August

Decoration of Easter eggs, eating candy eggs and giving chocolate eggs and bunnies as presents (no fixed day, falling between 22 March and 25 April), bank holiday

The day before Ash Wednesday in February, once thought of as a last day of enjoyment before the fasting of Lent in the Christian year. Many people still traditionally eat pan cakes on Shrove Tuesday (named from a rare verb 'shrive', meaning 'to make one's confession', i.e. to confess one's sins to a priest before Lent

The fourths Sunday in Lent, when people traditionally give or send cards and presents to their mothers. Now it is usually called Mother’s Day

The second Sunday in May (since WW II), the holiday of the American origin

The third Sunday in June, when presents are traditionally given by children to their father (based on Mother's Day, the tradition was imported to Britain in the 20th century from America)

Sending cards with red hearts, words of love, etc. (February, 14)

Telling ghost stories, making masks and playing tricks (October, 31)

Making a guy for the bonfire (November, 5)

The annual Welsh picturesque ceremony of choosing the winner among contesting poets and singers

The springtime festival celebrating the end of winter, morris men dances, children dancing round the maypole (May, 1)

The Day of the Patron Saint of England (April, 23), the church festival, regarded as England's national day (although not an official bank holiday)

The Day of the Patron Saint of Ireland (March, 17), regarded as a

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St. Andrew's Day

St. David's Day

national day in Northern Ireland and an official bank holiday there

The Day of the Patron Saint of Scotland (November, 30), the church festival, regarded as Scotland's national day (although not an official bank holiday)

The Day of the Patron Saint of Wales (March, 1), the church festival, regarded as the national holiday of Wales (although not an official bank holiday)

73. Answer the questions.

When do Britons celebrate …

-…Christmas?

-…Spring Bank Holiday?

-…Mother's Day?

-…Father's Day?

-…St. Valentine's Day?

-…May Day?

-…Halloween?

-…St. George's Day?

-…St. Patrick's Day?

-…St. Andrew's Day?

-…St. David's Day?

74. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions. BRITISH TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS

British nation is considered to be the most conservative in Europe. It is not a secret that every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. In Great Britain people attach greater importance to traditions and customs than in other European countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. The best examples are their queen, money system, their weights and measures.

British bank holidays have been recognized since 1871. The name Bank Holiday comes from the time when Banks were shut and so no trading could take place during this time. Even though Banks are still closed on these days, many shops now remain open.

Traditionally on a Bank Holiday many businesses are closed to enable the workers to have a holiday. This time is often spent with the family. Anyone, who works on Bank Holidays, usually gets extra payment — «time-and-a-half» or even «double time», negotiated for them by the Trades Unions.

In England and Wales there are six bank holidays: New Year's Day, Easter, May Day (not necessarily May, 1), Spring and Late Summer Holidays at the end of May and August respectively, and Boxing Day. There are also two common law holidays on Good Friday and Christmas Day.

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Scotland has nine public holidays: New Year's Day, January 2, Good Friday, Easter, May Day (not necessarily May, 1), spring and summer holidays at the end of May and the beginning of August, Christmas Day and Boxing Day.

In Northern Ireland there are seven bank holidays: New Year's Day, St. Patrick's Day (17 March), Easter Monday. May Day (not necessarily May, 1), Spring and Late Summer Holidays at the end of May and August respectively and Boxing Day. There are also two common law holidays on Good Friday and Christmas Day and a public day on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne that takes place on July, 12.

There are many customs and some of them are very old. There is, for example, the Marble Championship, where the British Champion is crowned; he wins a silver cup known among folk dancers as Morris Dancing. Morris Dancing is an event where people, worn in beautiful clothes with ribbons and bells, dance with handkerchiefs or big sticks in their hands, while traditional music sounds.

Another example is the Boat Race, which takes place on the river Thames, often on Easter Sunday. A boat with a team from Oxford University and one with a team from Cambridge University hold a race.

British people think that the Grand National horse race is the most exciting horse race in the world. It takes place near Liverpool every year. Sometimes it happens the same day as the Boat Race takes place, sometimes a week later. Amateur riders as well as professional jockeys can participate. It is a very famous event.

There are many celebrations in May, especially in the countryside. Halloween is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes. In fact, this holiday has a Celtic origin. The day was originally called All Halloween's Eve, because it happens on October 31, the eve of all Saint's Day. The name was later shortened to Halloween. The Celts celebrated the coming of New Year on that day.

Another tradition is the holiday called Bonfire Night.

On November 5, 1605, a man called Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament where the King James I was to open Parliament on that day. But Guy Fawkes was unable to realize his plan and was caught at later, hanged. The British still remember that Guy Fawkes' Night. It is another name for this holiday. This day on can see children with figures, made of sacks and straw and dressed in old clothes. On November 5th, children put their figures on the bonfire, burn them, and light their fireworks.

In the end of the year, there is the most famous New Year celebration. In London, many people go to Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve. There is singing and dancing at 12 o'clock on December 31st.

A popular Scottish event is the Edinburgh Festival of music and drama, which takes place every year. A truly Welsh event is the Eisteddfod, a national festival of traditional poetry and music, with a competition for the best new poem in Welsh.

If we look at English weights and measures, we can be convinced that the British are very conservative people. They do not use the internationally accepted measurements. They have conserved their old measures. There are nine essential

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measures. For general use, the smallest weight is one ounce, and then 16 ounce is equal to a pound. Fourteen pounds is one stone. The English always give people's weight in pounds and stones. Liquids they measure in pints, quarts and gallons. There are two pints in a quart and four quarts or eight pints are in one gallon. For length, they have inches, feet, yards and miles.

Ounce = 28,3 grams

Pound = 453,6 grams

Stone = 14 pounds = 6,34 kilograms

Pint = 0,57 litre in Britain

Quart = 2 pints

Gallon = 4,54 litre

Inch = 2,5 centimetres

Foot = 30,48 centimetres

Yard = 3 foots = 914,4 millimetres

Mile = 1609 metres

Comprehension Check

75. Answer the questions.

1. Why is the British nation considered to be the most conservative in Europe? 2. What are the best examples of their conservatism?

3. When were British Bank holidays recognized?

4. Where does the name Bank Holiday come from?

5. What are the most popular English traditions?

6. What is the original name of Halloween?

76. Arrange the British holidays and customs in the table according to the information in the text.

Date	Custom/ Holiday
January, 1	New Year's Day
March-April	Easter
May, 1	…
Language Focus

77. Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in

English and use them in situations of your own.

To attach greater importance; keep up; hold a race; conserve; negotiate; respectively; anniversary.

78. Check the pronunciation of the following words in the dictionary.

	Ounce		Mile
	Foot		Quart
	Pound		Meter
	Yard		Gallon

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	Stone		Kilogram
	Millimeter		Inch
	Pint		Centimetre

79. Complete the table to make word families (if possible). Use a dictionary to help you.

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
	attach		conservatively
		annual
	negotiate
keeper

About Some Holidays in Great Britain in Brief

80. Read the following texts, translate them into Ukrainian. Make sure you study the language of the text to be competent in further exercises and discussions. CHRISTMAS

Christmas is Britain's most popular holiday and is characterized by traditions which date back hundreds of years. It is celebrated on December, 25. The first ever Christmas card was posted in England in the 1840s and the practice soon became an established part of the build-up to Christmas. Over a billion Christmas cards are now sent every year in the United Kingdom, many of them sold in aid of charities.

Christmas decorations in general have even earlier origins. Holly, ivy and mistletoe are associated with rituals going back beyond the Dark Ages. The custom of kissing beneath a sprig of mistletoe is derived from an ancient pagan tradition. The Christmas tree was popularized by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who introduced one to the Royal Household in 1840. Since 1947, the country of Norway has presented Britain annually with a large Christmas tree which stands in Trafalgar Square in commemoration of Anglo-Norwegian cooperation during the Second World War.

Popular among children at Christmas time are pantomimes: song and dance dramatisations of well-known fairy tales which encourage audience participation.

Carols are often sung on Christmas Eve by groups of singers to their neighbours, and children hang a stocking on the fireplace or at the foot of their bed for Santa Claus (also named Father Christmas) to fill. Presents for the family are placed beneath the Christmas tree.

Christmas Day sees the opening of presents and many families attend Christmas services at church. Christmas dinner consists traditionally of a roast turkey, goose or chicken with stuffing and roast potatoes. This is followed by mince pies and Christmas pudding flaming with brandy, which might contain coins or lucky charms for children. Later in the day, a Christmas cake may be served - a rich baked fruit cake with marzipan, icing and sugar frosting.

The pulling of Christmas crackers often accompanies food on Christmas Day. Invented by a London baker in 1846, a cracker is a brightly coloured paper tube,

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twisted at both ends, which contains a party hat, riddle and toy or other trinket. When it is pulled by two people it gives out a crack as its contents are dispersed.

Another traditional feature of Christmas afternoon is the Queen's Christmas Message to the nation, broadcast on radio and television.

The day after Christmas is known in Britain as Boxing Day, which takes its name from a former custom of giving a Christmas Box - a gift of money or food inside a box - to the deliverymen and tradespeople who called regularly during the year. This tradition survives in the custom of tipping the milkmen, postmen, dustmen and other callers of good service at Christmas time.

EASTER

Easter, the Sunday of the Resurrection, or Resurrection Day, is the most important religious feast of the Christian liturgical year, observed at some point between late March and late April each year (early April to early May in Eastern Christianity), following the cycle of the moon. It celebrates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe occurred on the third day of his death by crucifixion some time in the period AD 27 to 33. Easter also refers to the season of the church year, called Eastertide or the Easter Season. Traditionally the Easter Season lasted for the forty days from Easter Day until Ascension Day but now officially lasts for the fifty days until Pentecost. The first week of the Easter Season is known as Easter Week or the Octave of Easter.

In the UK the Easter holiday has been partially secularized, so that some families participate only in the attendant revelry, central to which is decorating Easter eggs on Saturday evening and hunting for them Sunday morning, by which time they have been mysteriously hidden all over the house and garden. According to the children's stories, the eggs were hidden overnight and other treats delivered by the Easter Bunny in an Easter basket which children find waiting for them when they wake up. The Easter Bunny's motives for doing this are seldom clarified. Many families in America will attend Sunday Mass or services in the morning and then participate in a feast or party in the afternoon. In the UK, the tradition has boiled down to simply exchanging chocolate eggs on the Sunday, and possibly having an Easter meal, although in the north west of England, the tradition of rolling decorated eggs down steep hills is still adhered to. It is also traditional to have hot cross buns.

MAYDAY

May Day celebrations date back centuries, even before the birth of Christ. It originated in the British Isles as the second most important holiday to the nation.

The British Isles celebrated May Day on May, 1, as a festival of Beltane. It was originally set up as a half way point in the British Year. The other half day of the year was celebrated on November 1, and was known as Samhain Day. The original custom celebrated on May Day was a setting of a new fire. This new fire was supposed to lead life to the burgeoning spring sun. It was celebrated as a time of fertility and of new growth. People drove their cattle through this fire, thinking it would refine them, and men also walked through the fire with their wives in hopes to increase fertility. A common distinction among this fire is that the fire was to bring good luck in this half of the year.

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